现代大学英语精读四课件PPT.thinking-as-a-hobby.ppt 104页

'ThinkingasaHobby----williamGolding AuthorWilliamGoldingAuthorSirWilliamGeraldGolding(September19,1911—June19,1993)wasanEnglishnovelist,poetandwinnerof1983NobelprizeinLiterature: TheAuthor’sBackgroundAuthorBornonSeptember19,1911atSt.ColumbMinor,avillagenearNewquay,Cornwall（英国英格兰的一个郡：康沃尔郡）,hestartedwritingattheageofseven.HewenttoOxfordUniversityin1930,wherehestudiednaturalsciencesandEnglishlanguage.Hisfirstbook,acollectionofpoems,appearedayearbeforeGoldingreceivedhisBA. AuthorTobecontinuedonthenextpage.TheAuthor’sBackgroundHemarriedAnnBrookfield,ananalyticalchemist,in1939.HebecameateacherofEnglishandphilosophyatBishopWordsworth’sSchoolinSalisbury（英格兰南部城市）.DuringWorldWarIIheservedintheRoyalNavyandwasinvolvedinthesinkingofGermany’smightiestbattleship（战列舰，火炮威力巨大的主力战斗舰，目前已被淘汰）,theBismarck.HeparticipatedintheinvasionofNormandyonD-Day（二战中盟军在法国北部的开始进攻日，1944年6月6日）andatwar’sendwentbacktoteachingandwriting. AuthorTheAuthor’sBackgroundIn1961hissuccessfulbooksallowedGoldingtoleavehisteachingpostandhespentayearaswriter-in-residenceatHollinsCollegeinVirginia.Hethenbecameafull-timewriter.HereceivedaknighthoodfromQueenElizabethIIin1988.WilliamGoldingdiedinhishomeatPerranarworthal,nearTruro,CornwallonJune19,1993.Tobecontinuedonthenextpage. Rodin’sThinkerTobecontinuedonthenextpage.Restingonthehorizontalpanelabovethedoors,TheThinkerbecamethefocalpointofTheGatesofHellandsubsequentlyperhapsthemostwell-knownsculptureofalltime.Theathletic-lookingfigure,inspired（激发灵感）bythesculptureofMichelangelo（米开朗琪罗，1475---1564，意大利文艺复兴盛期雕塑家、画家）,depictsamaninsobermeditation,yetwhosemusclesstrainwitheffort—possiblytoevokeapowerfulinternalstruggle.RodininitiallyreferredtothefigureasDante（但丁，意大利文艺复兴时期诗人：史诗神曲）buteventuallywhatweknowasTheThinkerevolvedintoamoresymbolicrepresentationofcreativity,intellect,andaboveall—thought. GoddessVenusTobecontinuedonthenextpage.VenusofMiloVenusdeMilo(about150—100BC)isconsideredbymanyarthistorianstobetheidealofHellenisticbeauty.Itwascarvedoutofmarbleandstandsapproximately205cm(6ft10in)high.米洛的维纳斯，著名的古希腊大理石雕塑，作于公元前二世纪。公元1800年在希腊的米洛岛被发现。现藏于巴黎的罗浮宫。 GoddessVenusAsRomanGoddessofLoveandBeauty,VenusisassociatedwithcultivatedfieldsandgardensandlateridentifiedbytheRomanswiththeGreekGoddessofLove,Aphrodite阿佛洛狄特，爱与美的女神（希神）.TheBirthofVenusTheendofGoddessVenus. Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.“Intelligenceissomethingwearebornwith.Thinkingisaskillthatmustbelearned.”“Ithink,thereforeIam.”QuotationsonThinking Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.QuotationsonThinking“Icannotteachanybodyanything,Icanonlymakethemthink.”—Socrates苏格拉底，469—399BC,古希腊哲学家 QuotationsonThinking“Nurtureyourmindwithgreatthoughts.”—BenjaminDisraeli迪斯累里，1804—1881，英国首相（1874---1880），保守党领袖。作家“Whatisthehardesttaskintheworld?Tothink.”TheendofQuotationsonThinking. grammarschool:InBritain,itreferstoaschoolforchildrenover11whoareacademicallybright.Today,therearefewgrammarschools.Mostsecondaryschoolsarecalled“comprehensive”andtakeinallchildrenover11whatevertheirabilities.IntheUS,agrammarschoolusedtomeananelementaryschool,butitisnowconsideredold-fashioned. Itwasmyheadmaster…beforeme.第一个把思考这个问题带到我面前的是我文法学校的校长 8.nothingbut:only,merelyDon’thavehimforafriend:he’snothingbutacriminal.Hehadnothingforsupperbutalittlepieceofcheese.Nothingbutrosesmeetstheeye.“nothing”phrasesTobecontinuedonthenextpage. “Let’sgoforaboatride!”“Nothingdoing!”毫无，决不Hewasnothingifnotclever.极其，极端There’snothinglikeaholidaytomakeonefellrested.没有什么能比得上That’snothinglessthanamiracle.(=nolessthan)不亚于，完全（强调其多、其大） Thedropsdidn’tgetverybig,andtheearthreceivednothingmorethanadrizzle.(=nomorethan)仅仅，只不过（强调其少、其小）“Anythinginterestinghappening?”No,nothingmuch.没什么“I’msorrytocauseyoutrouble.”“Mydearfriend,it’snothingofthekind”.哪里的话，没那回事 lest:andold-fashioned)conj.forfearthat唯恐、以免Hedoesn’tdaretoleavethehouselestheshouldberecognized.Note:Thesubjunctivemoodisusedintheclauselestintroduces.Becarefullestyoufallfromthattree. Sometimesusedafterdanger,fear,afraid,worried,functioningasthatIwasafraid/worriedlesthemightcometoolate.Therewasdangerlesttheplanshouldbecomeknown. fartherandfurtherfarther:physicaldistancefurther:degree,timeandallotherfigurativeusesThenextvillageturnedouttobemuchfartherthanwehadthought.Wewilldiscussitfurthertomorrow.Furtherdevelopmentofoureconomywillstrainourresourcestoo. bein…positiontodosth:tobeabletodosth.becauseyouhaveability,powerormoneytodoitIamnotinapositiontolendyoumoney.Forthefirsttimeinhistory,manisnowinapositiontodestroythewholeworld.Unfortunate:不利的Anunfortunateturnoftheevents事态的不利变化 Utterly:completely,totallyTheyseemutterlyunawareofwhatmayhappen. Symbolize:torepresent象征着，是。。。的象征InEurope,thecolorwhitesymbolizespurity,butinAsiaitisoftenthesymbolofdeepmourning. goto2Iwasnotintegrated,Iwas,ifanything,disintegrated.(Para.4)FormingapartofaharmoniousgroupThedirectoppositeof“integrated”,andthereforemeanssomekindoftroublemaker.Thisisnotthethewaythewordisnormallyused.onthecontraryMoreexamplesTobecontinuedonthenextpage. integrate:1.（inthetext)使完整、使完善Ifmanistointegratehimself,hemustdiscoverhisspringsofaction.人欲善其身，必先省其心。2.(with,into):tojoinorcausetojoinasawholeThecountryisinvitedtointegrateintoNATO.Thedifferentideashavebeenintegratedintooneuniformplan. 11.integratev.a.tomakeintoawholebybringingallpartstogether;tounifyb.tojoinwithsomethingelse;unitedisintegrate:tobecomereducedtocomponents,fragments,orparticlesExamples:Manysuggestionsareneededtointegratetheplan.Theteachersaretryingtointegrateallthechildrenintosociety.Thecasewassoolditjustdisintegratedwhenaworkerpickeditup.WordFormationa.integrated综合的,完整的 ifanythinga.如果有什么（区别）的话b.恰恰相反Ineverhadtocleanupafterhim.Ifanything,hedidmostofthecleaning.I’mnotashamedofher.Ifanything,I’mproud. Writhe:1.totwistthebody(asif)ingreatpain蠕动、扭动身体2.感到极度痛苦、难堪、厌恶等Writhewithshame羞愧难当Writheinapology深感内疚Writheunder(or:at)insults因受辱而极度痛苦 contemplate:tothinkforalongtimeinordertounderstandbetterinagloomymanner v.a.tolookatattentivelyandthoughtfully（沉思地）注视，凝视b.toconsidercarefullyandatlength对。。。做周密思考c.tohaveinmindasanintentionorpossibility盘算、打算Shestoodcontemplatingherfigureinthemirror.Theyoungsurgeoncontemplatedthedifficultoperationofkidneytransplant.SheiscontemplatingatriptoEurope,butshehasn’tplannedityet.5.contemplate Themusculargentlemancontemplatedthehindquartersoftheleopardinendlessgloom.tothinkforalongtimeinordertounderstandbetterinagloomymannerTheauthorexpressedtheboy’sviewingoftheimageofThinkerinahumorouswaytoshowthatthethinkingdoesn’tmakeanysensetohim. Theteacher’sglassescaughtthelightandthereforetheboycouldnotseetheteacher’seyes.Hecouldnothaveanyeyecontact.Hecouldnothaveanycommunicationwithhim.Theimpliedmeaningofthissentenceisthattheycouldnotcommunicate,notbecauseofthisbutbecauseoftheteacher’slackofunderstandingoftheboy.goto4Hisspectaclescaughtthelightsothatyoucouldseenothinghumanbehindthem.Therewasnopossibilityofcommunication.Tohavethelightshineonitbrightlyandsuddenly v.(vi.)tofeelorsufferanguish感受痛苦n.agonizingphysicalormentalpain;torment痛苦a.anguishedHerhusband’sdeathanguishedherdeeply.Shewasinanguishoverhermissingchild.anguishedcries2.anguishSynonymssuffering,agony,distress,grief,heartache,heartbreak,misery,painsorrow,torment,torture goto5Ononeoccasionheheadmasterleapedtohisfeet,reachedupandputRodin’smasterpieceonthedeskbeforeme.(Para.13)tojumpupTomoveahandorarmupwardinordertotouch,hold,orpickupsth.Also:toreachsth.down;toreachout(for);toreachintoThreeparallelverbphrasesareusedtodescribethesequenceofhisactions.Moreexamplestoone’sfeetTobecontinuedonthenextpage. gobackto4toleaptoone’sfeettorisetoone’sfeettostruggletoone’sfeettohelpsb.toone’sfeettopullsb.tohisfeet一跃而起站起身来挣扎着站起来扶某人站起来把某人拉起来toone’sfeet站起来 reachup:向上伸出手Ahandreachedoutandseizedmyarm.Hereachedacross(or:over)forthelastcake.Ireachedintomypocketforacigarette.Hereachedforastonewithhisfeet. goto6Naturehadendowedtherestofthehumanracewithasixthsenseandleftmeout.(Para.15)Akeenintuitive(直觉的)power.Heretheauthormeanstheabilitytothink.Toprovidesb.withanaturalqualityortalentEverybody,exceptme,arebornwiththeabilitytothink. endow:Sheisoneofthoseluckywomenwhoareendowedwithbothasharpbrainandgreatbeauty.Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,Liberty,andthepursuitofHappiness.我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物者赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利--TheDeclarationofIndependence,ThomasJefferson Leaveout:notincluding,exceptHeleftoutanimportantdetailinheraccount.Hefeltalittleout.他感到有点儿受冷落。 Bitterlydetermined:extremelydeterminedBitter:坚定不移的Bitterdetermination Modest:Thereisamodestincreaseincosts.费用略有增加。Thereisnosenseindoingsth.Thecleanlife:itnormallyreferstoalifewithoutvicesormoralsins.(decentlifeinthetext)Thevirtuesoffreshair:theadvantagesoffreshair Hedidnotpracticewhathepreached.Hewasahopelessalcoholicwhichhadruinedhishealth,andheobviouslydidnotlikeoutdoorlife.Yethekepttalkingaboutacleanandthevirtuesoffreshair. 7.exaltv.a.toraiseinrank,character,orstatus提升b.toglorify,praise,orhonor颂扬c.toincreasetheeffectorintensityof加深、增强exalteda.excited;noble;exaggeratedExamples:Complementary（相互补充的）colorsexalteachother.Hewasexaltedtothepositionofpresident.Theretiringprofessorisexaltedbyhiscolleagues.anexalteddedicationtolibertyHehasanexaltedsenseofhisimportancetotheproject. vt.a.toconveyinahurriedorroughmanner猛推b.tocauseorurgetoproceedquickly催促c.togainbyenergeticeffort赶紧做vi.toworkormoveenergeticallyandrapidly赶紧、奔忙9.hustleExamples:Thepolicehustledtheprisonerintoavan.Motherhustledthechildrenofftoschoollesttheyshouldbelate.Wehustledtogetdinnerreadyontime. oratory:artofpublicspeakingSometimeshegotcarriedawayandwouldjumpfromhisdeskandhurryusoutsideintoacoldandunpleasantwind 10.impedimentn.a.afactoreventwhichmakesactiondifficultorimpossible妨碍、阻碍、障碍物b.anorganicdefectpreventingcleararticulation口吃Examples:Themainimpedimenttodevelopmentisthecountry’shugeforeigndebt.Hehasanimpedimentinspeech.他讲话口吃。Tobecontinuedonthenextpage. impede:togetinthewayorslowdownbymakingactionormovementdifficulthisdeparturewasimpededbyheavyrain.妨碍、阻止Tobecontinuedonthenextpage. Reel:1.towalkunsteadily,movingfromsidetoside,asifdrunk踉跄2.tostepawaysuddenlyandunsteadilyasifafterbeinghit打趔趄3.tobeinastateofshock,confusion,oruncertainty（头脑）眩晕；（客体）似在摇晃Hismindreeledwhenheheardtheterriblenews.听到那骇人的消息，他只觉得一阵眩晕。Themountainsreeledbeforehereyes. Notethehumorouseffectachievedthroughtheuseoftheexaggerationandformalstylegoto7Thefreshairhadtostrugglewithdifficultytofinditswaytohischestbecausehewasunaccustomedtothis.HewouldstaggerorbethrownoffbalanceUnabletodoanythingfortherestofthemorningV-edandV-ingasobjectcomplementYoucouldhearthewind,trappedinhischestandstrugglingwithalltheunnaturalimpediments.Hisbodywouldreelwithshockandhisfacegowhiteattheunaccustomedvisitation.Hewouldstaggerbacktohisdeskandcollapsethere,uselessfortherestofthemorning.(Para.19) Mr.Houghtonwasgiventohigh-mindedmonologuesaboutthegoodlife,sexlessandfullofduty.(Para.20)Tobehabituallyinclinedtodo(sth.):有。。。倾向的Thechildisgiventolying.Shewasgiventohastydecision.ahighlymoralspeechObviouslyinMr.Houghton’scleanlife,thereisnoplaceforalcoholicdrink,sex,andotherworldlypleasures.Thisis,ofcourse,ironical. Spring:弹性、弹力、活力；弹簧Therewaslittlespringinhismuscles.他的肌肉不太有弹性了。Theoldmanwalkswiththespringofayoungone.那位老人走起路来和年轻人一样轻快有力。 Theauthorisridiculingthecontradictionbetweenhishighmoraltoneandtheworkingofhisgeneswhichcompelshimtoturnhisheadtowardyounggirls.goto9Yetinthemiddleofthesemonologues,ifagirlpassedthewindow,hisneckwouldturnofitselfandhewouldwatchheroutofsight.Inthisinstance,heseemedtomerulednotbythoughtbutbyaninvisibleandirresistiblespringinhisneck.(Para.20)Toturnbyitself;toturnonitsownParallelstructureoftwoprepositionalphrasestoshowthecontrastMetaphor:hissexualimpulse notthinkmuchofthinkbetterofsb.thinkbetterofsth.thinkhighlyofthinkwellofthinklittleofthinkpoorlyofthinknothingof看轻对某人印象好；看重某人改变……念头；打消主意看重；器重重视看轻；看不起不放在眼里；轻视轻视；认为无所谓；认为没什么了不起11.thinkwellof:tohaveagoodopinionofsb.;tothinkfavorablyofsb.;tolikesb.Trytomakesomesentenceswiththephrases disinterest:1.n.absenceofinterestHerdisinterestinartwasduetoherignorance.2.n.公正、无私therefereewaschargedwithalackofdisinterest.3.v.使兴趣索然;使无私Disinterested:1.unbiasedbypersonalinterestoradvantageAdisinterestedobserver2.(nonstandard)uninterestedThehusbandandthewifebecomedisinterestedineachother. metonymy转喻:e.g.TheworldiswatchingcloselywhattheWhiteHousewilldonext.(theAmericangovernment) Technically,itisaboutasproficientasmostbusinessmen’sgolf,ashonestasmostpoliticians’intentions,orascoherentasmostbooksthatgetwritten.(Para.23)orderly,logical,andconsistentrelationofparts从技术上而言，其宣讲的娴熟程度如商人玩高尔夫球，其宣讲的意图如政客的意图一般诚实，其宣讲的条理性如大多数写出来的书一般连贯。这就是后来被我称作第三等级的思考，虽然事实上称它为感觉更为恰当。Thisironicalsentenceshowsthattheauthornotonlyconsidersthosepeopleincompetent,dishonestandincoherent,butalsodespisesmostbusinessmen,distrustmostpoliticiansanddislikesmostpublications. Lightly:1.withoutcarefulthoughtandconsideration轻率地，轻蔑的，满不在乎的Thinklightlysb.’sachievements轻视某人的成就Itisamatternottobetakenlightly不可掉以轻心的事behavelightly行为轻浮2.轻轻地、轻松地、轻巧地Stepasidelightly轻捷地闪到一旁‘Don’tworryaboutitatall.’hesaidlightly.轻松地说3.ToaslightorlittledegreeSeasonfoodlightly给食物少许加些作料 Dismiss:1.torefusetoconsiderseriously2.toputasidefromconsideration Inolongerconsiderthewaygrade-threethinkersthinkunimportantbecausetheyaccountfornine-tenthsofthepeopleandthereforehavegreatpower.NowIknowthatignorance,prejudiceandhypocrisyareverypowerfulenemies.我不敢再轻视思考的过程了,十分之九的人士为三级思考者，而三级搜考已是他们能达到的最高境界。Mentalprocess:grade-threethinkingInolongerdismisslightlyamentalprocesswhichforninetenthsofthepopulationisthenearesttheywillevergettothought. Theyhaveimmensesolidarity.Solidarity:unionasbetweenthemembersinagroupTheyusuallyrepresentthegreatmajority.Thissentenceshowsthattheauthordoesnothaveanyromanticideasaboutmasswisdom.Infact,hebelievesthatmostpeopleareparrots.Theyliketofollowthecrowd. 一群三级思考者聚在一起，高声叫嚷着他们那些偏狭的观点，彼此聊得很投机。你若指出他们信仰中彼此矛盾的地方，他们绝不会对你感恩戴德。人类喜欢跟风，就像牛喜欢以同样的方式在一个山坡上吃草一样。Theauthorthinksthatitisprobablyhumannaturetoenjoyagreementbecauseitseemstobringpeace,security,comfortandharmony.Acrowdofgrade-thinkers,allshoutingthesamething,allwarmingtheirhandatthefireoftheirownprejudices,willnotthankyouforpointingoutthecontradictionsintheirbeliefs.Manenjoysagreementascowswillgrazeallthesamewayonthesideofahill.AllfeelingverycontentandhappybecausetheysharethesameprejudicesSimile:enjoythepeaceful,safeandharmoniousenvironment goto13Grade-twothinkersdonotstampedeeasily,thoughoftentheyfallintotheotherfaultandlagbehind.Grade-twothinkingisawithdrawal,witheyesandearsopen.Itdestroyswithouthavingthepowertocreate.(Para.25)TogeteasilyfrightenedandrunwiththecrowdTogototheotherextreme,thatistoacttooslowlyandlagbehindDetachment:(冷漠)asfromsocialoremotionalinvolvement;refusingtobepartofthecrowd. 14.stampedev.to(tocauseto)fleeinpanicortoactonmassimpulse使兽群惊跑；（人群）一窝蜂地涌向n.a.asuddenfrenziedorheadlongrushorflight惊跑、蜂拥b.amassimpulsiveaction冲动行动Rumorsofashortagestampededpeopleintobuyingupfood.aherdofstampedingcattleastampedeofsupportforthecandidate纷纷支持那个侯选人TheendofWordStudy. fallintotheotherfault:togototheotherextreme,thatistoacttooslowlyandlagbehindwithdrawal:detachment冷漠,asfromsocialoremotionalinvolvement;refusingtobepartofthecrowd Set:(后接宾语和补足语）使处于某状态；使开始Setsb’sheartatrest使某人放心SetthemachineinmotionSetamachinegoingThejokesetuslaughingHisbehaviorsetpeopletalking.使人们议论纷纷 Heady:exciting1.使人兴奋的Headynewprospects令人陶醉的前景2.头晕的Beheadywithsuccess因成功而感到飘飘然3.轻率的Giveaheadyopinion发表轻率的意见 8.headya.Trytotranslatethefollowingphrases:headyliqueurtheheadynewsoftriumphaheadyoutburstofangeraheadycurrentheadytacticstooheadytoreasonwith醉人的烈酒振奋人心的获胜消息猛一声怒喝一股湍流机敏的战术太专横而无法与之理论 Toomuchattentionorexcitementtounimportantthingstoreplacepay,rewardItmademewatchpeopleshoutinginjoyandsupportoftheKingandwonderwhatthissenselessexcitementwasallaboutalthoughIdidnothaveanythinggoodtoreplacethisexcitingorintoxicating（令人极其兴奋的）patriotism.ButIdidgetsomethingoutofit.objectcomplementItsetmewatchingthecrowdscheeringHisMajestytheKingandaskingmyselfwhatallthefusswasabout,withoutgivingmeanythingpositivetoputintheplaceofthatheadypatriotism.Buttherewerecompensations.(Para.25) v.a.tobestow(e.g.anhonor)授予b.toinvestwith(acharacteristic)赋予；使带有c.(vi.)tomeetinordertodeliberatetogetherorcompareviews协商4.conferExamples:Thegovernmentconferredamedalonthehero.Diplomaswereconferredonmembersofgraduatingclass.Theengineersandtechniciansarestillconferringontheunexpectedaccident.SynonymsawardTobecontinuedonthenextpage. Irresistiblespringinhisneck:ahumorousreferencetotheawakeningsexualimpulseCompulsive:verydifficulttostoporcontrol强迫的Thecompulsivevoice强制性的口气Thecompulsivehandofnature:theoverwhelminginterestintheothersex. atatimeatalltimesatonetimeatthetimeattimesatthesametimeatthebestoftimesPleasematchthefollowingphraseswiththeirtranslations一度，曾经在……时候尽管如此，同时有时候在最有利的时候在任何时候，经常那时候1.atthetime SheclaimedthattheBiblewasliterallyinspired.IcounteredbysayingthattheCatholicsbelievedintheliteralinspirationofSaintJerome’sVulgateandthetwobooksweredifferent.Argumentflagged.(Para.26)AtruehistoricalrecordTheLatintranslationoftheBible,usedinarevisedformastheRomanCatholicauthorizedversiontobecomedull变弱、疲乏、变得枯燥无味Atsixty-six,hisenergyhadnotflagged.她声称圣经逐字逐句都是受到神的启示而写出来的。我反驳说天主教徒相信圣杰罗姆的拉丁文圣经也是逐字逐句受到神启示而写出来的。而这两个版本的圣经大相径庭。争论顿时变得了无生气。“BothMethodistsandCatholicsbelievedthattheirBooksareatruerecordoftheGod’sdivineplan.”TheauthorusedthisexampletodefyRuth’sillogicalopinion,thereforetheargumentbecamedullbecauseRuthdidn’tknowhowtorespondtoit. goto16Thatwastooeasy,saidIrestivelysincethereweremoreRomanCatholicsthanMethodistsanyway;…(Para.27)restlessly,difficulttocontrolone’semotion倔强的、焦躁不安的Here,theauthorpointedoutRuth’slogicalerror.Thenumberofpeoplewhoholdaviewisnoproofofitsvalidity. flicker:Thewindflickeredthelightofthecandle.风吹着烛光闪烁不定。Aflickerofsmileshowedatthecornerofhermouth.他的嘴角露出一丝微笑。Aflickeroffear/hope/envy Slide:tomovesth.quietlyandsmoothly悄悄地移动，悄悄地迅速放置Heslidthegunintohispocket.Theboys:1.（有共同兴趣的）一群男人2.政治上的追随者们、信徒（followersofabelief)Formymoney:usedwhengivingyouropinionaboutsth.toemphasizethatyoubelieveitstrongly在我看来、我敢肯定、我敢打赌 forloveormoneyinthemoneymoneytoburnone’smoney’sworthPutmoneyonIwouldn’tgivehimmydogforloveormoney.Afteryearsofstruggleanddependence,airtransportationisinthemoney.Dick’sunclediedandlefthimmoneytoburn.Itisabitexpensive,butyougetyourmoney’sworth.toputmoneyonoutcomeofaraceTrytotranslatethesesentences:keys无论如何，不管以任何代价非常有钱，有利可图大量的钱花钱值得为……打赌 Notetheauthor’sdescriptionofthecontrastingcombinationofhisintimateactionandstrongdefiantexpressions,whicheventuallymadeRuthwithdrawandgiveupasagrade-twothinker.IwouldbetontheBuddhists;Iamsure,theyaregreaterinnumberMorethanshecouldacceptorbearIfweweretalkingaboutthenumberofpeoplewhobelieveinthisIslidmyarmaroundherwaistandmurmuredthatifwewerecountingheads,theBuddhistsweretheboysformymoney.Shefled.ThecombinationofmyarmandthosecountlessBuddhistswastoomuchforher.(Para.27) Iwasgiventhethirddegreetofindoutwhathadhappened.IlostRuthandgainedanundeservedreputationasapotentiallibertine.Tobeseverelyquestionedorinterrogated盘问、拷问IgothomeaftermidnightandDadgavemethethirddegree.Theauthorlosthisgirlfriendandwonabadnameevenasagrade-twothinker,satisfyinghimselfbyfindingoutdeficienciesbutnotseekingforthetruth.Notetheeffectoftheauthor’sself-mockery. 7.makefortohaveorcausetohaveaparticulareffectorresult;tohelppromote;togotoaplaceorrushForward导致、造成；有利于；匆匆地走向smalldetailsthatmakeforcomfortThoughtfulnessmakesforcloserrelationships.Thisbookmakesforveryenjoyablereading.Assoonasitstartedtorainweturnedroundandmadeforhome. Tomakeonefeelproudofone’sabilityandclevernessTobeinthewaterthatistoodeepforyoutostandinandbreathe水深过头、超越自己的能力、理解不了的Theauthorusesthismetaphortoexpresstheideathatgrade-twothinkinghasitslimitations.Itdoesnothaveanythingpositivetooffer.Tofindoutthedeficienciesofourelderssatisfiestheyoungegobutdoesnotmakeforpersonalsecurity.Ittooktheswimmersomedistancefromtheshoreandlefthimthere,outofhisdepth.(Para.29) InNevadathetownsarefewandfarbetween.Reallyexcitinggamesarefewandfarbetween.Placeswhereyoucangetwaterarefewandfarbetweeninthedesert.3.fewandfarbetween：rare稀少的“far”phrases“few”phrases farasfarasbyfarfarandawayfarandnearfarandwidesofar,sogoodsofarfrom就……而言；只要；一直走到远比……，……得多最最（和adj.adv最高级连用）到处，从各地到处，各地到目前为止情况是不错的不仅没有……，相反……Tobecontinuedonthenextpage. fewnofewerthannotafewquiteafew(agoodfew)thefew有……之多，至少有不少，相当多好些，相当多少数（有特殊要求的）人Exercises Pleasefillintheblankswith“far”and“few”phrases:Wesearched_____forthemissingchild.____;Ihopewekeeponwithsuchgoodluck.Heis____thebest-preparedcandidateforthePresidency.Theyshouldbeconcentratedinoneplace____thisisreasonable.Therewere____500peoplepresent.____readerswrotelettersofcommendationtothemagazine.____takingmyadvice,hewentanddidjustwhatIwarnedhimagainst.keysfarandnear/farandwideSofar,sogoodfarandawayasfarasnofewerthanNotafewSofarfrom intheperson,presentIhavecorrespondedwithhimforsomeyears,butIhavenevermethimintheflesh.Heisnicerinthefleshthaninhisphotograph.fleshandblood:血肉之躯Thosesorrowsaremorethanfleshandbloodcanbear.Theauthordoesn"tgivehischaractersanyfleshandblood.逼真的形象5.intheflesh Aspire(for,to,after):AspireafterknowledgeAspiretosucceedWhatareyouaspirefor?SheaspiredtoagoodcommandoftheEnglishlanguage.Hewasonewasthemostaspiringstudentsinourclass. Irreverent:lackingreverence;criticalofwhatisgenerallyacceptedorrespected不虔诚的、不恭敬的Tumble:TumbletothegroundThehousetumbleddowninthestorm. Comeupwith:Hecouldalwayscomeupwithareasonforthemtostayforanotherweek. Icameupintheendwithwhatmustalwaysremainthejustificationforgrade-onethinking.Idevisedacoherentsystemforliving.Itwasamoralsystem,whichwaswhollylogical.(Para.31)Accordingtotheauthor,grade-onethinkingmustbebasedonacoherentandlogicalsystemforliving,inotherwords,amoralsystem,withoutwhichyoucannotproveyourselftobeagrade-onethinker.Judgingbythecontext,thissystemprobablyreferstoone’sworldoutlookandbasicpoliticalbeliefsandmoralprinciples. 12.standbyHestoodbymethroughallmytroubles.Thepolicearestandingbytocontrolthecrowdifitisnecessary.Youshouldalwaysstandbyyourpromises.Youcan’tstandbyandallowsuchathing.a.toremainuninvolved;torefrainfromacting旁观b.toremainloyalto;toaidorsupport支持c.tokeepormaintain遵守d.tobereadyoravailabletoact准备行动 Repeated再来一遍、重新开始WhathadhappenedtoRuthandmenowhappenedagain.Mygrade-twothinkingfrightenedawaymanyofmyacquaintances.ItwasRuthalloveragain.Ihadsomeverygoodfriendswhostoodbyme,andstilldo.Butmyacquaintancesvanished,takingthegirlswiththem.(Para.32) Inthoseprewardayswhenmanypeoplewerefullyworkeduptoapoliticalfrenzy,itwasverydangeroustovoicedifferentopinions.Youmightlosefriendsoryourjob.Hadthegamegonetoofar?Inthoseprewardays,Istoodtoloseagreatdeal,forthesakeofahobby.TogobeyondwhatisreasonableandacceptableHisgrade-onethinkingwhichhetakesasahobbyTobelikelytolose定然会 NowyouareexpectingmetodescribehowIsawthefollyofmywaysandcamebacktothewarmnest…NowyouthinkIwilltellyouhowIgraduallysawmystupidityinbeingagrade-onethinkerandthereforedecidedtogiveitupandreturntothemajorityofgrade-threethinkers. Butyouwouldbewrong.Idroppedmyhobbyandturnedprofessional.Butyouguessedwrong.Ididnotdropmyhobbyofthinking(here,wecansayhemightgiveupthehobbyofgrade-twothinking).InsteadIwentfurtherandbecameaprofessionalthinker. TextAnalysisThinkingisnotjustforprofessionalthinkerslikephilosophers.Itissomethingalleducatedpeopleshouldenjoydoing,anditisconsideredoneofthemostpreciousqualitiesinyoungscholarsforthehealthymentaldevelopment.Theme Part1(Paras.1-24)Part2(Paras.25-29)Part3(Paras.30-35)TextAnalysisStructureHowthesubjectofthinkingwasfirstbroughtuptotheauthorandhisunderstandingofthenatureof“grade-threethinking”Theauthor’sanalysisofthenatureof“grade-twothinking”Theauthor’sunderstandingofthe“grade-onethinking”andhisdesireforit TextAnalysisThesummaryofthecharacteristicsofthethreegradesofthinkingGrade-threeGrade-twoGrade-onecharacteristicsexamplesIgnorance,hypocrisy,prejudice,self-satisfied,contradictionsMr.Houghton,ninetensofpeopleDetectingcontradictions;donotstampedeeasily;lagbehind,awithdrawal,destroybutnotcreateRuth,theauthor,(maybe)someacquaintancesTofindoutwhatistruth,basedonalogicalmoralsystemfarandfewbetween,onlyinbooksthinking WritingDevicesMetonymy（转喻）Inmetonymy,anideaisevokedornamedbymeansoftermdesignatingsomeassociatednotion.“It”standsfor“thought”ingrammar,butactuallyreferstoMr.Houghton,anditisvulgartorefertoagirlasaskirt.Itwilllectureondisinterestedpuritywhileitsneckisbeingremorselesslytwistedtowardaskirt.(Para.23)Mr.HoughtonMoreexamplesTobecontinuedonthenextpage.girls WritingDevicesTheburglarwasinSally’smindalldaylong.(burglar=someideaoftheburglar)Democracyfavorsthevoteratherthanthebullet.(Vote=election,bullet=militarysolutions)“Politicalpowergrowsoutofthebarrelofagun.”(MaoZedongrefersittothemilitaryrevolution)BillGatesisthekingofoperatingsystemsworldwide.(BillGates=Microsoft)Thepenismightierthanthesword.(pen=writer;sword=fighter)ComparisonsynecdocheTobecontinuedonthenextpage. WritingDevicesSynecdoche（提喻）Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.Synecdochecanbeincludedinmetonymy,anditreferstothesubstitutionofthepartforthewholeorofthewholeforthepart.Ifwewerecountingheads,theBuddhistsweretheboysformymoney.(Para.27)(head=person)Therearetwomouthstofeedinmyfamily.(mouth=person)Godblessthehandsthatpreparedthisfood.(hand=person) WritingDevicesIrony（反语）Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.Ironyistheexpressionofone’smeaningbyusinglanguagethatnormallysignifiestheopposite,typicallyforhumorousoremphaticeffect.Technically,itisaboutasproficientasmostbusinessmen’sgolf,ashonestasmostpoliticians’intentions,orascoherentasmostbooksthatgetwritten.(Para.23)Mr.Houghtonwasgiventohigh-mindedmonologuesaboutthegoodlife,sexlessandfullofduty.(Para.20) WritingDevicesTobecontinuedonthenextpage.Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.Forinstance.Youcouldhearthewind,trappedinhischestandstrugglingwithalltheunnaturalimpediments.Hisbodywouldreelwithshockandhisfacegowhiteattheunaccustomedvisitation.Hewouldstaggerbacktohisdeskandcollapsethere,uselessfortherestofthemorning.(Para.19)Hyperbole（夸张） WritingDevicesTobecontinuedonthenextpage.Simile（明喻）Itmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslike“as”,“as...as”,“asif”and“like”areusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.Theyallcametumblingdownlikesomanyrottenapplesoffatree.(Para.31)Manenjoysagreementascowswillgrazeallthesamewayonthesideofahill.(Para.24) WritingDevicesMetaphor（暗喻）Itislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.Heseemstomerulednotbythoughtbutbyaninvisibleandirresistiblespringinhisneck.(Para.20)Ittooktheswimmersomedistancefromtheshoreandlefthimthere,outofhisdepth.(Para.29)TheendofWritingDevices.'