英国概况课件PPT_Chapter 5 Work.ppt 21页

'ContemporaryBritishCulture&Society(5)Chapter5Work A1Whatis“Work”?Work:regularpaidemploymentWork:paidemploymentatajoboratrade,occupation,orprofessionImportant–1.materialconsequencesofwork2.theindividual&culturalbenefitsofworkUnemployment–havingdisastrousimplicationsfortheindividual,identifiedwithrejection,uselessness,dependenceonothers,lazinessandsocialisolation A2PatternofEmployment"000s"000s%TypeofIndustry1981200020001.Primary:-1,0437552.7Agriculture,forestry,fishing3435381.9Energyandwatersupply7002170.82.Manufacturing6,0994,28515.33.Construction1,1021,8236.54.Services:-13,14221,10675.5Distribution,hotelsandrestaurants4,0936,14422.0Transportandcommunications1,4041,6966.1Financeandbusinessservices1,7125,15118.4Publicadministration,educationandhealth4,6506,47923.2Other1,3151,6375.9Total21,38627,677100 A2PatternofEmploymentTotalWorkforceinUK:28.6m(2000fig.)TheUKworkforcecurrentlytotalsaround29million(UpdatedNovember2009)27million(15millionmenand12millionwomen)wereactuallyinemployment.2.8millionwereself-employedOfthetotalpopulationofworkingageof36.3million,7.7millionwere‘economicallyinactive’(earlyretired,womenwithchildren,adultsineducationandtraining)1.6millionclassifiedasunemployed EmploymentEmploymentratefallsto72.2%TheemploymentrateforthethreemonthstoJanuary2010was72.2percent.Therateisdown0.3percentonthequarterandithasnotbeenlowersincethethreemonthstoNovember1996.Thenumberofpeopleinemploymentfellby54,000onthequartertoreach28.86million.Thenumberofpeopleinfull-timeemploymentfellby54,000onthequartertoreach21.16million.Thenumberofpeopleinpart-timeemploymentwasunchangedat7.70million.Therewere1.04millionemployeesandself-employedpeopleworkingpart-timebecausetheycouldnotfindafull-timejob,up20,000onthequarter. A2PatternofEmploymentcontUnemploymentratesinUKEngland--rateswerelowestintheSouthEast(3.3percent)andintheEast(3.6percent)andhighestintheNorthEastandLondon,9.1percentand7.0percentrespectively.RateswerealsohighinScotland(7.6percent)andNorthernIreland(7.0percent). Theunemploymentratefellby0.1percentonthequartertoreach7.8percentforthethreemonthstoJanuary2010.ThiswasthefirstquarterlyfallintheunemploymentratesincethethreemonthstoMay2008.Thenumberofunemployedpeoplefellby33,000overthequartertoreach2.45million.TherehasnotbeenalargerquarterlyfallinthenumberofunemployedpeoplesincethethreemonthstoJuly2007.However,thenumberofpeopleunemployedformorethan12monthsincreasedby61,000overthequartertoreach687,000,thehighestfiguresincethethreemonthstoAugust1997. A2PatternofEmploymentcont A2PatternofEmploymentGrossweeklyearningsAveragegrossweeklyearningsoffull-timeemployeesin2000were£411.Averageearningsformenwere£453andforwomen£338.Earningswerehigherfornon-manualemployees(£465)thanformanualemployees(£321).Thenationalminimumwagewassetat£3.70perhourforthoseaged22orabove.Theinequalityinincomeismarginallyreducedbytaxation Whatarethecurrentratesofthenationalminimumwage?Therearethreelevelsofminimumwage,andtheratesfrom1October2009are:£5.80perhourforworkersaged22yearsandolderadevelopmentrateof£4.83perhourforworkersaged18-21inclusive£3.57perhourforallworkersundertheageof18,whoarenolongerofcompulsoryschoolage A2PatternofEmploymentDistributionofusualweeklyhoursofwork:bygender,Spring2000UnitedKingdomThousandsMalesFemales A3GettingaJobAbout25%ofschoolleaversgostraightintoajobat16,theresteithercontinuinginfull-timeeducationorjoiningagovernmenttrainingscheme.Thereareanumberofwaysinwhichpeoplegoaboutfindingajob.ThesearchforajobcaninvolvePersonalcontactsVisitingpotentialemployersinthefactoryorofficeLookingforadvertisementsinlocalandnationalnewspapersUsingthegovernmentrun"JobCentres",whichprovideinformationandadvisepotentialemployeesonjobsinthelocalityLargeemployerswillsometimestaketheinitiativeinrecruitinggraduatesbyvisitinguniversitiestoadvertisejobprospectsavailable A4Unions&ManagementTrade unions:firstformedintheearlystagesof theIndustrialRevolution,bygroupsofindustrialworkerswhosufferedfromextremelylowpayand badworkingconditionsIn1999therewere242tradeunionsintheUKwith7.8millionmembers,ofwhichalmost1/3werewomen.Over one thirdofalltradeunionistsbelongtowhitecollarunionsTherearefourtypesofunion:GeneralUnions,whichrepresentworkersinarangeofindustries.CraftUnions,whichrepresentworkersfromagroupofindustrieswhoshareaparticularskillIndustrialUnions,whichrepresentworkersinaparticularindustrywhatevertheirskille.g.TheNationalUnionofMineworkers(NUM)WhiteCollarUnions,whichrepresentnon-manualworkerse.g.TheNationalUnionofTeachers(NUT) A4Unions&ManagementPros.theyare essentialforprotecting theinterestsofemployeeswhomightotherwisegetarawdeal from powerfulemployersorin industries which aredecliningand whereredundanciesarehighly likely.unions played anactivepartinpersuadingthe government topass theHealthandSafeActtheyofferarangeofservices,particularlythroughtheTUC.Constradeunionsmakeexcessive wageclaimsunionelectionsareundemocraticunionshavebecometoopowerfulandshouldhavetheir‘wingsclipped’.theyundermine thecompetitivenessofBritishindustrybecauseofrestrictivepractices&oppositiontotechnologicalprogress A4Unions&ManagementNewStyleManagement–JapaneseInfluenceOnlyoneunionrepresentingworkersDisputesthatcannotbesettledbyunion&managementwillbedecidedbyarbitratorNoindustrialactions(strikes)areusedindisputesWorkersenjoysamebenefitsandperksasmanagersPayrisesreflectincreaseinproductivity.Workersworkingroups.(CompareFord&Nissanpp84–85) A4Unions&ManagementTheTradesUnionCongress(TUC)--mostunions(70)areaffiliatedtoitTheConfederationofBritishIndustry(CBI)–employers’associationsaffiliatedtoitTheAdvisory,ConciliationandArbitrationServices(ACAS)--setupbygovernmentplayingimportantrolein‘newstyleagreementTUCmaycontinuetobeimportantforitsrangeofactivitieseventhoughnumberofstrikeshasbeendeclining&‘newstyleagreements’increasing. A4Unions&ManagementTUCCongress2003 A5Gender&EthnicityTheUKhasthehighestfemaleemploymentrateofthemajorEUcountriesandfourthhighestofallEuropeanUnioncountries,justbehindDenmark,SwedenandFinland.AmongstotherEuropeancountries,Iceland,NorwayandSwitzerlandallhavefemaleemploymentratesgreaterthantheUK’s.EqualopportunitieslegislationintroducedintheformoftheEqualPayAct,1970s,thereforeunlawfultodiscriminatebetweenmenandwomeninpayandothertermsofemploymentTheSexDiscriminationAct(1975)andtheRaceRelationsAct(1976)seektoensurepeoplearenotdiscriminatedagainstinselectionforjobsongroundsofsexorraceDespitealltheactsethnicminorityhavemoredifficultiesinfindingjobsthanthewhites. A5Gender&EthnicityPositionofwomenhasimprovedconsiderably,butsomeproblemsstillexistInBritishpoliticswomenarecontinuingtheirlongmarchtowardequality.IntheMay1997generalelection101femaleLabourmembersofParliament(MPs)wereelectedtothe659-seatHouseofCommons.BritainhasoneofthelowestlevelsofwomenMPsinEurope,just18percent,comparedwith43percentinSwedenand31percentinGermany.TherecentelectionstotheWelshAssemblyreturned,forthefirsttimeinanyassemblyinBritain,anequal50:50splitbetweenmenandwomen. A5Gender&EthnicityWomenMPs,1997ThatcherbrokethroughtheglassceilingofBritishpoliticswhenshewaselectedprimeministerin1979.Inoffice,however,shedidlittletoencouragewomeninpolitics.In1997Blairappointedfivewomentoseniorpositions,includingMoMowlamassecretaryofstateforNorthernIreland.'