中国文化-中华文明-英文简介-精品教学课件PPT.ppt 26页

'ChineseCivilizationInstitutions,WorldViews,andSignificance,2205B.C.E.-1644 GeneralizationsAboutChineseCivilizationPowerfulCentralAuthority—emperorVenerationofAncestorsBeginningw/HanDynast,ConfucianismisofficialgoverningphilosophyChinesecitizensmixConfucianbeliefswithTaoismPerennialproblems—foodproduction,invasion,andinternalstrife CradleofChineseCivilizationHuangHo(YellowRiver)iscradleofcivilization—alsotermedRiverofSorrows—itsfloodsdestroyevenastheygivelivelihood.Milletcultivation;stonetools;emergenturbanization.Threeculturalheroes:FuHsi—inventedwriting;ShenNung—farmingandcommerce;YellowEmperor—governmentandTaoism HuangHoRiver SageKings2350-2200MaynothavebeenhistoricalbutwereseenasespeciallyvirtuousPerceivedpatterninChinesehistory—wiseruleandorderfollowedbyperiodofmorallaxity,decline,decadence,anddisorderChinesehistorywouldemphasizepublicvirtue—obediencetoawiseemperor ShangDynasty—1766-1050First“historical”dynasty.DevelopmentofWritingBronzeagecivilizationalongHuangHoReadingoforaclebonesEmergenceof“T’ien”concept—heaven—whereGodandancestorsdwelled. ShangOracleBones ChouDynasty—1050-221B.C.E.Developmentof“T’ienMing”orMandateofHeavenMythofLegitimacy—howtojustifyoverthrowingofShangCentralauthorityweakenedin“SpringandAutumn”periods—771-401b.c.e.—andcollapseoforderinPeriodofWarringStates—401-256B.C.E.IroniccontributionofChoudynastywasprovidingincentivetodevelopclassicalphilosophyinChina. ClassicalChinesePhilosphyConfucianismTaoismLegalism ConfucianismK’ungFu-tzu(Confucius)551B.C.E.-479B.C.E.Publicordercomesfrom“jen”orhumanebehaviorbetweenpeople.SuperiorsshouldgovernwellInferiorsshouldobeyShu—reciprocityandchung—doingone’sbest SayingsfromtheAnalects:1Fan-ch"ihaskedaboutjen.TheMastersaid,"Itistoloveallmen."Heaskedaboutknowledge."Itistoknowallmen."Fanch"ihdidnotimmediatelyunderstandtheseanswers.TheMastersaid,"Employtheuprightandputasideallthecrooked;inthisway,thecrookedcanbemadetobeupright."Tzu-kungasked,saying,"Isthereoneworldwhichmayserveasaruleofpracticeforallone"slife?"TheMastersaid,"Isnotreciprocitysuchaword?Whatyoudonotwantdonetoyourself,donotdotoothers." SayingsfromtheAnalects:2TheMastersaid,"Withcoarsericetoeat,withwatertodrink,andmybendedarmforapillow;Istillhavejoyinthemidstofthesethings.Richesandhonorsacquiredbyinhumanityaretomeasafloatingcloud."TheMastersaid,"Thedeterminedscholarandthemanofvirtuewillnotseektoliveattheexpenseofhumanity.Theywillevensacrificetheirlivestopreservetheirhumanity."TheMastersaid,"Thesuperiormanineverythingconsidersrighteousnesstobeessential.Heperformsitaccordingtotherulesofpropriety(li).Hebringsitforthinhumility.Hecompletesitwithsincerity.Thisisindeedasuperiorman."TheMastersaid,"Theobjectofthesuperiormanistruth,notfood....Thesuperiormanisanxiouslestheshouldnotgettruth;heisnotanxiouslestpovertyshouldcomeuponhim." SocialOrderandConfuciusRuleofreciprocitypromotedbothorderanddisorder—presumablyanevilruleroranineffectivehusbandcouldbedisobeyed.SeeBanZhao,LessonsforaWomanSheacceptssomesubservienceandhumilitybutalsobelievesinthebalanceofYin/Yang—notthedominanceofYang TaoismBasedonideasofLaoTzuTao—thewayofheaven—unityBalanceofyang(maleness—cold,heaven)andyin(femaleness,warm,earth)Governmentshouldguidepeople,notrulethem. LegalismFoundedbyHsunTzu(298-238B.C.E.)Peopleareevilandmustbecontrolledthroughharshlaws.Rewardgooddeeds,punishbaddeedsseverely.Utilitarianism—meantthatgovernmentwouldencourageagricultureoverotherpursuitsRuleofLaw—lawissupreme—andlawisstandardinentirereal(twoideasthatpersistinChinesestate) Chi’nDynasty(221-206B.C.E.)OfficiallylegalistStandardizedformofgovt.EndedperiodofwarringstatesBeganGreatWallofChinaExtendedChina’sboundariestothesouth GreatWallofchina HanDynasty(202B.C.E.-220C.E.OfficiallyConfucianScholarbureaucratseducatedinConfucianclassicsgovernchinaonadaytodaybasis.HanWuTi(r.141-86)extendedChinafromKoreatoVietnamWangMang(9-23)overthrewcorruptHanbutwassoonoustedbypeasantswhowerethenoustedbythenobles.ConquestsoflaterHanopeneduptheSilkRoadstoMediterranean T’angDynasty(618-907)FollowedThreeKingdomsPeriod(220-589)andSuiDynasty(589-618)Chinesegovernmentrecentralizedunderemperorandthreekeyministers(butlocallandlordsretainedagreatdealofpower).EmpressWu(684-705)reliedonConfucianbureaucratsandusedmilitarytoextendboundariesofChina.HerownBuddhistbeliefsaddedBuddhisttraditiontoChina.GreatcosmopolitanculturalfloweringfacilitatedwithcontractsfromAsiaandevenEurope Sung(960-1279)Emperor’spowerrestoredConfucianbureaucratspre-eminentWangAn-shih(1068-85)—newlaws—maximumpricesongrain;taxequity;non-noblescouldtakeConfucianexams.(GreatestexampleofConfucianScholarBureaucrat)Neo-Confucianism YuanDynasty(1280-1386)EstablishedbydescendantsofGenghisKhan.MongolsruledthroughChineseScholarBureaucratsPapercurrencyTradew/Europe—MarcoPolo(1275-1292)PaxSinatica KublaiKhan(1215-1294) Ming(1369-1644)ChineseculturalsuperiorityGreatporcelainwareLaterMingrulersweredecadentandChinabegantoloseitsculturalsuperiority.Confucianismbecomesrigidandlessaguidetopracticalandeffectivegoverning. MingVase'