最新初中定语从句课堂讲解课件PPT课件.ppt 65页

'初中定语从句课堂讲解课件 1.Themanisaworker.2.Themanisspeakingatthemeeting.合并句子:Themanwhoisspeakingatthemeetingisaworker. 定语从句概念:在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子.(Attributiveclause)Maryisabeautifulgirl.Maryisagirlwhohaslonghair.形容词作定语句子作定语,修饰girl,叫做定语从句 关系词判断步骤:首先，要看先行词。如果先行词是指人,关系代词可用who,that,whom,whose。如果先行词指物,关系代词可用which或that;然后，要确定关系词在从句中的成分。请看下表先行词主格宾格所有格人who,thatwho(m),thatwhose物which,thatwhich,thatwhose,ofwhich 最后，定语从句谓语动词和先行词一致.注:定语从句的时态不受主句的限制。Thewomanwho/thatspokeatthemeetingyesterdayismymother.(主句)Thewomanismymother.(叙述客观事实用一般现在时)(从句)Thewoman(who/that)spokeatthemeetingyesterday.(句中yesterday表示过去时间) 定语从句的用法:当先行词是物时,用which或that引导.Thesearethetreeswhichwereplantedlastyear.当先行词是人时,用who,whom,whose,that引导. who,whom,whose,that用法区别.who作定语从句的主语或宾语.Themanwhoisspeakingatthemeetingisaworker.Themanisaworker.Themanisspeakingatthemeeting.分解作主语 thetallthestrongthecleverboyTheboyisTom.TheboywhoistallisTom.TheboywhoisstrongisTomTheboywhoiscleverisTom TheboyisTom.Theboyissmiling.TheboyisTom.Theboyhasaroundface.TheboywhoissmilingisTom.(主语)TheboywhohasaroundfaceisTom.TheboyisTom.Hesitsinfrontofme.TheboywhositsinfrontofmeisTom. Whom作定语从句的宾语,在口语和非正式文体中常用who代替，可以省略.Thewomanwhom/whotheywantedtovisitisateacher.Thewomanisateacher.Theywantedtovisitthewoman.分解作宾语 Themaniskind.Everyonelikeshim.Theman(whom)everyonelikesiskind.(宾语)Thewomangotthejob.Wesawheronthestreet.Thewoman(whom)wesawonthestreetgotthejob.Theteacherwillgiveusatalk.Wemettheteacheryesterday.Theteacher(whom)wemetyesterdaywillgiveusatalk. 关系代词1.who指人,作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略）Theman(who)Italkedwithisourteacher.Apersonwhostealsthingsiscalledathief.2.whom指人,作宾语(作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省)Theman(whom/who)ItalkedtoisMr.Li.ThemantowhomItalkedisMr.Li. whose作定语从句的定语.Iknowthegirlwhosemotherisateacher.分解Iknowthegirl.Thegirl’smotherisateacher.作定语 关系代词3.whose是代词的所有格形式,它既可以代人也可以代物。Pleaseshowmethebook.Itscoverisred.Pleaseshowmethebookwhosecoverisred.Isawawoman.Herbagwasstolen.Isawawomanwhosebagwasstolen. that可以作定语从句的主语和宾语.注意:关系代词作动词宾语时可省略.Thewoman(whom/that)theywantedtovisitisateacher. 4.which指物，作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省)Thesearethetreeswhichwereplantedlastyear.TheTVset(which)heboughtyesterdayismadeinJapan.Isthisthelibrary(which)youborrowbooksfrom?Isthisthelibraryfromwhichyouborrowbooks? appletheredthegreenthesmallthebigTheapplewhichisredismine.Theapplewhichisgreenisyours.TheapplewhichisredissmallTheapplewhichisgreenisbig. Canyoufindthepen?Iwrotewithitjustnow.CanyoufindthepenwithwhichIwrotejustnow?Canyoufindthepen(which)Iwrotewithjustnow? 1)Thisisthehero(whom)weareproudof.Thisistheheroofwhomweareproud.Thisisthehero(that)weareproudof.2)Theroom(that)Iliveinisverybig.Theroom(which)Iliveinisverybig.TheroominwhichIliveisverybig.关系代词与介词:介词放在关系代词的前面时,介词宾语只能用which代物,用whom代人。(介词在末尾时,关系词可以省略) 定语从句中需注意事项先行词是物，关系词只能用that,而不宜用which1.从句所修饰的词又被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时Thisisthemostinterestingstory(that)Ihaveeverheard.Thefirstmeeting(that)wewilltakepartinwillbeheldintheafternoon.2.先行词是something,nothing,anything，little,few,much,many,all,等不定代词时Hereissomething(that)Iwilltellyou. 3.先行词既有人也有物时,只能用thatIcanrememberwellthepersonsandsomepictures(that)Isee.4.先行词是oneof,theone,或用little,much,few,no,all,some,any,theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast作修饰时Isittheonethatyouwant?Ihaven’tgotmuchthatIcanofferyou.5.当主句已有疑问词who或which时，用thatWhoisthewomanthatwaspraisedatthemeeting? 先行词前有theonly，thevery，thesame，thelast等词修饰时，只能用that。例如：ThisisthesamebikethatIlost.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that。例如：Whoisthegirlthatiscrying？ 先行词是物关系词只能用which不能用that的情况：１．先行词为that，those时，只能用which。例如：Whatisthatwhichisunderthedesk?Thosearethebooks(which)Iboughtyesterday.２．关系词前有介词时，Thisistheroominwhichhelives. 注:who、that在指人可以通用，但下列宜用who,不用that1).先行词是anyone,someone,those时，关系词使用whoThosewhowanttogototheGreatWallsignuphere.Isthereanyonewhowantstogothere?2).在therebe句型中，先行词指人,关系词用whoThereisanoldmanwhowantstoseeyou.Therearemanyyoungmenwhoareagainsthim. Exercise1.Ihaveafriend________likeslisteningtoclassicalmusic.who/thatwhich/thatwhose3.Theman______legbrokeinamatchusedtobeafootballplayer.2.YesterdayEmilywaswearingthenewdress__________Igaveher. 4.Myparentsliveinahouse__________ismorethan100yearsold.5.Theboywith_______Johnspokeismybrother.which/thatwhom6.Kevinisreadingabook__________istoodifficultforhim.which/that 7.Isthereanything________youwanttobuyinthetown.8.All______wecandoistostudyhard.9.Thefirstone_____standsupisalittleboy.thatthatthat 句子翻译1.这就是救了那个孩子命的医生.Thisisthedoctorwhosavedtheboy’slife.2.正在跑步的那个人是我的叔叔.Themanwhoisrunningismyuncle. 3.我喜欢可以随之而唱的音乐.IlikethemusicthatIcansingalongwith.4.住在隔壁的那个女的是一名教师.Thewomanwholivesnextdoorisateacher. 1．Thisistheman_______________wantstoseeyou.．2．Thestudent__________________answeredthequestionisZhangHua.3．Theman_________________youwenttoseehascome.．4．Theman__________________Imetyesterdaylentmesomemoney.．5．Thewoman______________________yousawisourgeographyteacher6.Jack,thereissomeoneintheoffice_______wouldliketospeakwithyou.定语从句练习 6．Hereisthepen________________youlostthedaybeforeyesterday.7．Thesebooks____________________youlentmewereveryuseful.8．Aclockisamachine__________________tellspeoplethetime.．9．Thisistheshirt______________________Iboughtyesterday.．10．Thebook___________________isonthetableismine.．11．Thefilm___________________theyaretalkingaboutisveryinteresting.定语从句练习 13．Showmetheboy______________motherisawell-knownsinger.．14．Theboy_____________fatherisateacherisgoodatEnglish.．15.Youhaveseenthegirl____sisterisaChineseteacher.A.whomB.ofwhomC.whoseD.ofwhich16.Idonotlikethebook---------coverisblue。17.Helivesinthehouse-------walliswhite。12．Isthereanyone___________________familyisinBeijing?定语从句练习 18.Thebridge____abigshipcangohasbeenbuilt.A.underwhichC.inwhichB.underthatD.onwhich22.Theengineer______myfatherworksisabout50yearsold.A.towhomB.onwhomC.withwhichD.withwhom定语从句练习 23.Everything_____________Iknowwillbetaughttothestudents..23.Weshoulddoall____isusefultopeople.A./B.thatC.itD.which24.Thegirlhandedeverything_____shehadpickedupinthestreettothepolice.A.whichB.inwhichC.thatD.all25.Thisisthebestfilm_____________Ihaveeverseen.．定语从句练习 26.Thisisthebestbook_____Ihavebeenlookingforallthisyear.A.whoB.whomC.whichD.that27.Heisthemostcarefulboy_____Iknow.A.whatB.whichC.asD..that28.Heisthefirstone-------cometotheclassroomeveryday。29.Heisthesecondboy--------wintheprize。定语从句练习 30.Iwillneverforgetthepeopleandtheplaces____________Ihaveevervisited.．31.Hetalkedabouttheclassmatesandtheschool____hehadvisited.A.whoC.whichB.thatD.aboutwhich32.Thisistheonlyarticleofthese_____waswrittenbyhim.A.thatB.whichC.whoD.whose定语从句练习 36.Whoisthegirl---------sitsunderthetree？37.Those_____madenomistakesintoday’sexercisespleaseraiseyourhands.A.whichB.whomC.thatD.who38.That____finisheddoingitpleasestellme.A.whohaveC.whichhaveB.whohasD.have定语从句练习 根据汉语完成句子：6.Hereisthepen________________________________.(你昨天丢失的）7.Thisisthebestbook_____________________________.(我读过的）8.Ihavelostthepen_______________________________.（我父亲给我买的）9.Wheatisaplant______________________________________________________.（中国北方种植的）10.Idon’tlikethepeople___________________________.(说得多,做得少的）(that)youlostyesterday.(that)Ihaveeverread(which/that)myfatherboughtmewhich/thatisgrownwhotalktoomuchbutdolittleinthenorthofChina THEENDThankyou! 第三章急性出血廊坊市中医医院急诊科袁宏达 【定义】急性出血是急诊内科常见的病症，属于中医“血证”范畴。凡血液不循常道，上溢于口鼻诸窍之鼻衄，齿衄，呕血、咯血，下出于二阴之便血、尿血，以及溢于肌肤之肌衄等皆属血证范畴。急性出血发病急骤，病势险恶，如不及时处理可危及生命。本章主要讨论咯血、呕血、便血。 【病因病机】出血患者，多在内伤积损的基础上，因外感六淫、内伤七情或劳倦耗伤正气等而导致。咯血多存在肺脏内伤，如肺痨、肺痈、肺癌等。呕血多存在胃和肝胆的内伤，如胃脘痛、胃癌、鼓胀等。便血多存在肠道的内伤，如肠癌、休息痢等。此外，全身性疾病也易发生出血，如白血病等。 【病因病机】1、外邪侵袭2、内伤七情3、劳倦内伤4、饮食不节5、药物损伤6、其他诱因（一）病因 【病因病机】急性出血患者，无明显的劳倦过度诱因，初起皆以实证为主，此时表现为出血势猛，神志清楚，无肢冷、语低气微、面色苍白等表现。虚可致实，实可化虚，亦有虽有虚态，但与出血无关，实为邪盛所致；亦有虽有实象，但出血实为气不固摄而为。出血进展，气随血脱，则以虚证为主，急性出血病势紧急，病机的虚实转化可在数小时内完成。（二）病机 【诊查思路】1、望诊失神患者表现为淡漠，意识模糊，提示出血并发了脱证，病情危急，需立即进入抢救程序。乱神患者表现为躁扰不安，语无伦次，提示将要出现脱证，随时观察病情变化，准备进入抢救程序。得神患者表现为言语清晰，对答切题，目光灵活，呼吸平稳，提示病情较轻，实证居多。出血患者呼吸急促，多为情志紧张所致。若呼吸急促，伴有神志改变，病情较重，易发脱证。呼吸微弱，叹气样呼吸，见于脱证。出血者的面色，肤色：（1、出血量2、伴见面色黧黑或巩膜黄染3、皮肤黏膜）出血的颜色：偏红---实热；晦暗、紫黑—虚寒或瘀血形体：消瘦—久病坏病；正常或肥胖—新病和实证 【诊查思路】2、闻诊呼唤患者听其应答反应，如无应答提示意识丧失，病情危重。应答语音低弱，提示虚证；应答切题，语音洪亮，提示实证。闻到酒味提示患者有酗酒史，口中臭秽提示胃肠积热；有机磷中毒可闻见大蒜味；肝病患者可有肝臭味。 【诊查思路】3、问诊对于酗酒和毒物接触的患者，尽量明确时间、品种以及数量。对于有内伤基础的患者，要尽量明确病史长短，控制病情情况及诊疗经过。问出血时间、出血量、诊疗经过对诊治血证极为重要。 【诊查思路】4、切诊触摸四肢，四肢厥冷，伴冷汗出者，提示虚证，有厥脱征象，须严密观察，积极抢救。四肢温暖，干湿适中，提示病情尚轻。出血者脉象受出血量、出血速度、病情轻重等因素影响。5、病情危重程度判断失神，面色苍白，出血不止，肢端湿冷，脉细数或浮大，尿少或无尿，病情危重。 【诊断】（一）咯血1、疾病诊断咯血，血由肺内或气管而来，经气道咳嗽而出，常伴有胸闷、喉痒、咳嗽等症状。 【诊断】（一）咯血2、证候诊断（1）肺热伤络主症：咳嗽，痰中带血或咳吐纯血，咳血量多，血色鲜红，甚或从口涌出，咳而气逆，胸胁隐痛，头痛眩晕，口苦而干，目赤，或胸满胸痛，气急，口渴心烦，便秘溲赤，或伴发热。舌脉：舌质红，苔薄黄，脉弦数。 【诊断】（2）阴虚肺热主症：咳嗽阵作，反复咳血，血色鲜红或淡红，或痰中带血，咳嗽少痰，或干咳无痰，常伴有口干咽燥，潮热盗汗，五心烦热，颧红，或兼耳鸣，腰膝酸软。舌脉：舌红乏津，少苔或无苔，脉细数。（3）气不摄血主症：痰中带血或咳吐纯血，或兼见衄血、便血，或咳或不咳，面色无华，身疲乏力，头晕目眩，耳鸣心悸，或肢冷畏寒。舌脉：舌质淡，脉虚细或芤。 【诊断】（二）呕血、便血1、疾病诊断呕血、血由胃来，随呕吐而出，血出有声，常伴胃脘不适、恶心、呕吐等症状。便血：指血从肛门排出，大便带血，或全为血便，颜色呈鲜红、暗红或柏油样。 【诊断】（二）呕血、便血2、证候诊断：（1）胃热伤络主症：胃脘胀满不舒，甚则作痛，恶心呕吐，呕吐鲜血或紫暗，常夹有食物残渣，口苦口臭，大便次数常增加，便血紫黑。舌脉：舌质红，苔黄腻，脉滑数。（2）气虚血瘀主症：吐血绵绵不止，时轻时重，或下血紫暗，或色黑如漆，胃脘疼痛隐隐，神疲乏力，心悸气短，面色苍白无华。舌脉：舌质淡，苔薄，脉细弱。 【急救处理】急性出血病情危急，易气随血脱，血从口鼻而出者，易将血误吸入气道造成窒息，均会迅速危及生命，一旦发现急性出血，立即救治。减少搬动，保持适当体位，避免紧张情绪。应当维持生命体征平稳为先，为止血治疗争取时间。 【急救处理】（一）基本处理1、摆放体位：血从肺咯出者，取头低脚高位，并将头偏向一侧；呕血者取侧卧位；出血部位不明可取平卧位。尽量减少患者与医疗无关的体位变动。2、开放气道：血从口鼻而溢出者，可将头偏向一侧，谨防血液误吸入气道造成窒息。3、监测患者神志、脉搏变化、尿量、出血情况。4、迅速开放静脉通道，补充晶体液及胶体液，出现脱证予益气固脱类中药制剂，在保证重要脏器灌注压的基础上，血压维持在适当水平。同时完善血常规及血型检查，必要时输血治疗。 【急救处理】（二）综合救治1、针刺治疗，呕血可单独选用人迎穴，用梅花针从穴位中心向外周圆圈叩击，先叩右侧再叩左侧，每侧3-5分钟。咯血可针刺孔最穴止血，便血可针刺足三里、地机穴。2、口服云南白药保险子，根据出血情况灵活调整用量及用药间隔时间。3、呕血、便血初起，出血势急，可用冰水（或鲜藕汁、芦茅根水）频频调服三七粉、白及粉、大黄粉。4、咯血初起，鲜藕节60-100g，生白芍60-100g水煎频频冷服，虚证实证皆可使用。5、凡失血过多，出现气虚欲脱，汗出肢冷，脉细微，急用人参30-60g，生甘草15-30g，水煎频服。或静脉予生脉注射液、参附注射液益气固脱，可1-2小时重复给药一次，以脱证得到控制为度。待生命体征平稳后，若血仍未止，可参考以上三项对症止血。 【分证论治】（一）咯血1、肺热伤络治法：清肺泄热，凉血止血。方药：黛蛤散合泻白散加减，常用桑白皮、地骨皮、海蛤壳、青黛、甘草等。加减：痰热较重，可加黄芩、鲜竹沥、鱼腥草，或合《千金》苇茎汤；咯血较重者，可另加白及粉、三七粉吞服以止血；大便干结者，可加大黄以泻热通便，凉血止血。 【分证论治】2、阴虚肺热治法：滋阴清热，润肺止血。方药：百合固金汤加减，常用生地黄、熟地黄、玄参、当归、白芍、百合、麦冬、贝母、生甘草、桔梗等。加减：咳血较重者，去桔梗，加白及，茜草、仙鹤草、侧柏叶、或十灰散凉血止血；反复咳血者，加阿胶、三七养血止血；潮热、颧红者，加青蒿、鳖甲、地骨皮、白薇以退虚热；由肺痨所致者，用月华丸加减治疗。 【分证论治】3、气不摄血治法：益气摄血，健脾养血。方药：人参甘草汤加减，常用人参、甘草煎汤频服，以补气摄血。 【分证论治】（二）呕血、便血1、胃热伤络治法：清胃泻火，凉血止血。方药：黄连解毒汤合止血散加减，常用黄芩、黄连、大黄、栀子、白及粉、三七粉等。加减：阴虚者加生地、石斛。 【分证论治】2、气虚血亏治法：健脾益气、补气摄血。方药：归脾汤加减，常用人参、茯苓、白术、甘草、黄芪、当归、龙眼肉、酸枣仁、远志、木香等。加减：偏于阳虚者，加炮姜、灶心土，或用黄土汤加减。 临证备要预后转归'