最新大学英语四级考试阅读理解辅导课件PPT.ppt 249页

'大学英语四级考试阅读理解辅导 一、试卷描述　　四级的试卷结构、测试内容、测试题型、分值比例和考试时间如下表所示： 基本考试流程9：00---9：10播放考场指令9：10---9:40作文（30分钟）9：40---10：10听力（30分钟）10:10---听力结束后完成剩余考项。（70分钟） 1.方法---略读法2.信息---了解文章结构3.困难---克服阅读障碍如何快速高效阅读全文？ 略读法略读有下列四个特点：1.以极快的速度阅读文章，寻找字面上或事实上的主要信息和少量的阐述信息。（重复字）2.可以跳过某个部分或某些部分不读。（哪些部分,英语文章的着眼点在什么地方）3.理解水平可以稍低一些，但也不能太低。（50%-60%）4.根据文章的难易程度和需要达到目的，不断灵活地调整阅读速度。（匹配题型，找对位置即理解大意即可。） 略读可以运用下列技巧：1.以一般阅读速度，阅读文章开头的一、二段，力求抓住文章大意、背景情况、作者的文章风格、口吻或语气等。2.阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句就掌握了段落大意，然后略去细节不读，以提高略读速度。3.要利用文体细节，如：文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号等，对文章进行预测略读。预测略读要了解作者的思路和文章模式，以便把握大意、有关的细节及其相互关系。（庖丁解牛）4.运用意群视读，不要在只言片语上纠缠，也不追求对所有细节都理解，只要能以最快的速度掌握文章大意即可。5.注意转折词和序列词。常见的转折词有however,moreover,inaddition等；序列词有firstly,secondly,atlast等。 以一般阅读速度，阅读文章开头的一、二段，力求抓住文章大意、背景情况、作者的文章风格、口吻或语气等。---预测阅读UniversitiesBranchOutAsneverbeforeintheirlonghistory,universitieshavebecomeinstrumentsofnationalcompetitionaswellasinstrumentsofpeace.Theyaretheplaceofthescientificdiscoveriesthatmoveeconomiesforward,andtheprimarymeansofeducatingthetalentrequiredtoobtainandmaintaincompetitiveadvantage.Butatthesametime,theopeningofnationalborderstotheflowofgoods,services,informationandespeciallypeoplehasmadeuniversitiesapowerfulforceforglobalintegration,mutualunderstandingandgeopoliticalstability. 2.阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句就掌握了段落大意，然后略去细节不读，以提高略读速度。Inresponsetothesameforcesthathavedriventheworldeconomy,universitieshavebecomemoreself-consciouslyglobal:seekingstudentsfromaroundtheworldwhorepresenttheentirerangeofculturesandvalues,sendingtheirownstudentsabroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers,offeringcoursesofstudythataddressthechallengesofaninterconnectedworldandcollaborative(合作的)researchprogramstoadvancescienceforthebenefitofallhumanity. Herbalmedicineiscommontoallracesandpeoples---Asian,Chinese,Egyptian,Greek,Roman,Indianandothers.AChineseherbalwrittenin2500B.C.listed365herbs.PapyrifromEgyptdatedto1550B.C.revealedaknowledgeof700plantmedicines,manyofwhichareknownandusedtoday:elder,juniper,gentian,fennel,linseed,myrrhandpeppermint.DuringtheGreekandRomancivilizations,Hippocrates,Galen,Dioscorides,Theophrastusandmanyotherphysiciansextendedherbalknowledgeprovidingdetailedmedicinaldescriptions.FollowingtheadventofprintingcamemanygreatEuropeanherbals,oneofthemostfamousbeingGerard’sherbalprintedin1636whichgavethemedicinalusesofabout3800plants.主题句 RadioAdvertisingonradiocontinuestogrow.Radioisoftenusedinconjunctionwithoutdoorbill-boards(广告牌)andtheInternettoreachevenmorecustomersthantelevision.Advertisersarelikelytouseradiobecauseitisalessexpensivemediumthantelevision,whichmeansadvertiserscanaffordtorepeattheiradsoften.Internetcompaniesarealsoturningtoradioadvertising.Radioprovidesawayforadvertiserstocommunicatewithaudiencemembersatalltimesoftheday.Consumerslistentoradioontheirwaytoschoolorwork,atwork,onthewayhome,andintheeveninghours.Twomajorchanges—satelliteandInternetradio—willforceradioadvertiserstoadapttheirmethods.Bothoftheseradioformsallowlistenerstotuneinstationsthataremoredistantthanthelocalstationstheycouldreceiveinthepast.Asaresult,radiowillincreasinglyattracttargetaudienceswholivemanymilesapart.4.Advertisingonradiocontinuestogrowbecause_______.A)morelocalradiostationshavebeensetupB)moderntechnologymakesitmoreentertainingC)itprovideseasyaccesstoconsumersD)ithasbeenrevolutionizedbyInternetradio BythetimethefirstEuropeantravelersontheAmericancontinentbegantorecordsomeoftheirobservationsaboutIndians,theCherokeepeoplehaddevelopedanadvancedculturethatprobablywasexceededonlybythecivilizedtribesoftheSouthwest：MayanandAztecgroups．ThesocialstructuresoftheCherokeepeopleconsistedofaformofclan(氏族)kinship(亲属关系)inwhichthereweresevenrecognizedclans．Allmembersofaclanwereconsideredbloodbrothersandsistersandwereboundbyhonortodefendanymemberofthatclanfromwrong．Eachclan,theBird,Paint，Deer,Wolf，Blue，LongHair,andWildPotatowasrepresentedinthecivilcouncilbyacounselororcounselors．Thechiefofthetribewasselectedfromoneoftheseclansanddidnotinherithisofficefromhiskinsmen．Actually,thereweretwochiefs,aPeacechiefandaWarchief．ThePeacechiefservedwhenthetribewasatpeace,buttheminutewarwasdeclared，theWarchiefwasincommand．Selectthestatementwhichbestexpressesthemainideaoftheparagraph．A.TheCherokeechiefwasdifferentinwartimethaninpeacetime．B.BeforethearrivaloftheEuropeanstheCherokeeshaddevelopedawell-organizedsociety．C.TheMayansandtheAztecswerepartoftheCherokeetribe．D.SeveralIndiancultureshaddevelopedadvancedcivilizationsbeforeEuropeansarrived. Mediaselectionforadvertisements（2008.6）……Television……Newspaper……Radio……Magazines……Out-of-homeadvertising……Internet……Directmail……3.要利用文体细节，如：文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号等，对文章进行预测略读。预测略读要了解作者的思路和文章模式，以便把握大意、有关的细节及其相互关系。 4.运用意群视读，不要在只言片语上纠缠，也不追求对所有细节都理解，只要能以最快的速度掌握文章大意即可。Asneverbefore/intheirlonghistory,/universitieshavebecomeinstruments/ofnationalcompetition/aswellas/instrumentsofpeace./Theyaretheplaceofthescientificdiscoveries/thatmoveeconomiesforward,/andtheprimarymeans/ofeducatingthetalent/requiredtoobtainandmaintaincompetitiveadvantage. 关键词阅读---KeywordWefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackbymixed-abilityteaching.Onthecontrary,boththeirknowledgeandexperienceareenriched.Wefeelthattherearemanydisadvantagesinstreamingpupils.Itcanhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandnot-so-brightchild. ListeninginWefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackbymixed-abilityteaching.Onthecontrary,boththeirknowledgeandexperienceareenriched.Wefeelthattherearemanydisadvantagesinstreamingpupils.Itcanhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandnot-so-brightchild.Wefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackbymixed-abilityteaching.Onthecontrary,boththeirknowledgeandexperienceareenriched.Wefeelthattherearemanydisadvantagesinstreamingpupils.Itcanhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandnot-so-brightchild. 5.注意转折词和序列词。常见的转折词有however,moreover,inaddition等；序列词有firstly,secondly,atlast等。UniversitiesBranchOutAsneverbeforeintheirlonghistory,universitieshavebecomeinstrumentsofnationalcompetitionaswellasinstrumentsofpeace.Theyaretheplaceofthescientificdiscoveriesthatmoveeconomiesforward,andtheprimarymeansofeducatingthetalentrequiredtoobtainandmaintaincompetitiveadvantage.Butatthesametime,theopeningofnationalborderstotheflowofgoods,services,informationandespeciallypeoplehasmadeuniversitiesapowerfulforceforglobalintegration,mutualunderstandingandgeopoliticalstability. 文章---7/81.题材体裁2.结构布局 文章题材、体裁题材：各种各样体裁：说明文、议论文 题材（what）阅读理解题材广泛，涵盖了人文科学、社会科学和自然科学，包括人物传记，社会文化，日常生活，科普知识，风土人情等，但所涉及的背景知识是学生基本具备的。文章的语言难度适中，无法猜测而又影响理解的关键词用汉语注明词义。近几年的试题中，社会生活方面的文章所占比例逐渐上升，而科普类文章则有所下降。 熟悉文章的题材1）题材即内容。四级阅读理解文章的内容有三大类：A社会问题方面。如家庭、婚姻、伦理、犯罪、青少年问题、妇女问题、种族问题等。---议论B人文科学方面。涉及到政治、经济、法律、历史、文化、习俗、教育、娱乐、人物、语言等。---说明议论C自然科学方面。这类题材大多是科普知识，如医学、海洋、地理、地质、遗传、天文、动植物、电子技术、空间技术等。---说明 体裁四级考试阅读体裁多样化，包括记叙文，说明文，议论文等，其中说明文和议论文所占比重较大。科普文章（题材）说明文（体裁）社会生活（题材）议论文（体裁）教育…夹叙夹议学会快速区分说明文和议论文 说明文和议论文的主要区别说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文体。它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等等做科学的说明的。它既不像记叙文那样重在记叙、描写和抒情，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张，批驳谬论。说明文通过说明客观事物，使人增长知识和技能---客观，不掺杂个人意见。议论文亦称说理文、论说文，就是讲道理、论是非。作者通过事实 材料和逻辑推理来阐明自己的观点，表明赞成什么或反对什么---主观，阐述个人意见。 Intimesofeconomiccrisis,Americansturntotheirfamiliesforsupport.IftheGreatDepressionisanyguide,wemayseeadropinourskyhighdivorcerate.Butthiswon’tnecessarilyrepresentanincreaseinhappymarriages.Inthelongrun,theDepressionweakenedAmericanfamilies,andthecurrentcrisiswillprobablydothesame.WetendtothinkoftheDepressionasatimewhenfamiliespulledtogethertosurvivehugejoblosses,By1932.whennearlyone-quarteroftheworkforcewasunemployed,thedivorceratehaddeclinedbyaround25%from1929Butthisdoesn’tmeanpeopleweresuddenlyhappierwiththeirmarriages.Rather,withincomesdecreasingandinsecurejobs,unhappycouplesoftencouldn’taffordtodivorce.Theyfearedneitherspousecouldmanagealone.Today,giventhejoblossesofthepastyear,fewerunhappycoupleswillriskstartingseparatehouseholds,Furthermore,thehousingmarketmeltdownwillmakeitmoredifficultforthemtofinancetheirseparationsbysellingtheirhomes.Afterfinancialdisastersfamilymembersalsotendtodowhatevertheycantohelpeachotherandtheircommunities,A1940book.TheUnemployedManandHisFamily,describedafamilyinwhichthehusbandinitiallyreactedtolosinghisjob“withtirelesssearchforwork.”Hewasalwaysactive,lookingforoddjobstodo.TheproblemisthatsuchanimpulseishardtosustainAcrossthecountry,manysimilarfamilieswereunabletomaintaintheinitialboostinmorale(士气).Forsome,thehardshipsoflifewithoutsteadyworkeventuallyoverwhelmedtheirattemptstokeeptheirfamiliestogether.Thedivorcerateroseagainduringtherestofthedecadeastherecoverytookhold.MillionsofAmericanfamiliesmaynowbeintheinitialstageoftheirresponsestothecurrentcrisis,workingtogetherandsupportingoneanotherthroughtheearlymonthsofunemployment.Today’seconomiccrisiscouldwellgenerateasimilarnumberofcoupleswhoserelationshipshavebeenirreparably(无法弥补地)ruined.Soit’sonlywhentheeconomyishealthyagainthatwe’llbegintoseejusthowmanybrokenfamilieshavebeencreated. -------2012年6月 Peoplearebeinglured(引诱)ontoFacebookwiththepromiseofafun,freeservicewithoutrealizingthey’repayingforitbygivinguptoadsofpersonalinformation.Facebookthenattemptstomakemoneybysellingtheirdatatoadvertisersthatwanttosendtargetedmessages.MostFacebookusersdon’trealizethisishappening.Eveniftheyknowwhatthecompanyisupto,theystillhavenoideawhatthey’repayingforFacebookbecausepeopledon’treallyknowwhattheirpersonaldataisworth.Thebiggestproblem,however,isthatthecompanykeepschangingtherulesEarlyonyoukeepeverythingprivate.Thatwasthegreatthingaboutfacebookyoucouldcreateownlittleprivatenetwork.Lastyear.Thecompanychangeditsprivacyrulessothatmanythingsyoucity.Yourphoto,yourfriends’names-wereset,bydefault(默认)tobesharedwitheveryoneontheInternet.AccordingtoFacebook’svice-presidentElliotSchrage,thecompanyissimplymakingchangestoimproveitsservice,andifpeopledon’tshareinformationTheyhavea“lesssatisfyingexperience”.SomecriticsthinkthisismoreaboutFacebooklookingtomakemoremoney.Inoriginalbusinessmodel,whichinvolvedsellingadsandputtingthenAtthesideofthepagestotallyWhowantstotookatadswhenthey’reonlineconnectingwiththeirfriends?TheprivacyissuehasalreadylandedFacebookinhotwaterinWashington.InApril.SenatorCharlesSchumercalledonFacebooktochangeitsprivacypolicy.HealsourgedtheFederalTradeCommissiontosetguidelinesforsocial-networkingsites.“Ithinkthesenatorrightlycommunicatedthatwehadnotbeenclearaboutwhatthenewproductswereandhowpeoplecouldchoosetousethemornottousethem,”Schrageadmits.IsuspectthatwhateverFacebookhasdonesofartoinvadeourprivacy,it’sonlythebeginning.WhichiswhyI’mconsideringdeactivating(撤销)myaccount.Facebookisahandysite,butI’mupsetbytheideathatmyinformationisinthehandsofpeopleIdon’tThat’stoohighapricetopay. Boys’ schools are the perfect place to teach young men to express their emotions and involvethem in activities such as art, dance and music.Far from the traditional image of a culture of aggressive masculinity (阳刚), the absence of girls gives boys the chance to develop without pressure to conform to astereotype. a US study says，“Boys at single-sex schools were said to be more likely to get involved in cultural and artistic activities thathelped develop their emotional expressiveness, rather than feeling they had to conform to the“boy code” of hiding their emotions to be a “real man”.The findings of the study so against received wisdom that boys do better when taught alongside girls.Tony Little, headmaster of Eton, warned that boys were being faded by the British education system because it had become too focused on girls. He criticized teachers for failing to recognize that boys are actually more emotional than girls.The research argued that boys often perform badly in mixed schools because they become discouraged when their female peers do better earlier in speaking and reading skills.But in single-sex schools teachers can tailor lessons to boys’ learning style, letting them move around the classroom and getting them to compete in teams to prevent boredom, wrote the study’s author, Abigail James, of the University of Virginia.Teachers could encourage boys to enjoy reading and writing with “boy-focused” approaches such as themes and characters that appeal to them. Because boys generally have more acute vision learn best through touch, and are physically more active, they need to be given “hands-on” lessons where they are allowed to walk around. “Boys in mixed schools view classical music as feminine (女性的) and prefer the modem genre (类型) in which violence and sexism are major themes, ”James wrote.Single-sex education also made it less likely that boys would feel they had to conform to a stereotype that men should be “masterful and in charge” in relationships. “In mixed schools boys feel compelled to act like men before they understand themselves well enough to know what that means, ” the study reported. -----2011年12月 It’s an annual argument. Do we or do we not go on holiday?My partnersays nobecause the boiler could go, or the roof fall off and we have no savings to save us. I say you only live once and we work hard and what’s the point if you can’t go onholiday.The joy of a recession means no argument next year - we just won’t go.Since money is known to be one of the things most likely to bring a relationship to its knees, we should be grateful. For many families the recession means more than not booking a holiday A YouGov poll of 2, 000 people found 22% said they were arguing more with their partners because of concerns about money. What’s less clear is whether divorce and separation rates rise in a recession - financial pressures mean couples argue more but make splitting up less affordable. A recent research shows arguments about money were especially damaging to couples. Disputes were characterized by intense verbal (言语上的) aggression, tended to be repeated and not resolved and made men, more than women, extremely angry.Kim Stephenson, an occupational psychologist, believes money is such a big deal because of what it symbolizes, which may be different things to men and women. "People can say the same things about money but have different ideas of what it’s for." he explains. "They’ll say it’s to save to spend, for security, for freedom, to show someone you love them." He says men are more likely to see money as a way of buying status and of showing their parents that they’ve achieved something."The biggest problem is that couples assume each other know what’s going on with their finances, but they don’t. There seems to be more of a taboo (禁忌) about talking about money than about death. But you both need to know what you’re doing, who’s paying what into the joint account and how much you keep separately. In a healthy relationship, you don’t have to agree about money, but you have to talk about it." Severalrecentstudieshavefoundthatbeingrandomly(随机地)assignedtoaroommateofanotherracecanleadtoincreasedtolerancebutalsotoagreaterlikelihood(可能性)ofconflict.Recentreportsfoundthatlodgingwithastudentofadifferentracemaydecreaseprejudiceandcompelstudentstoengageinmoreethnicallydiversefriendships.AnOhioStateUniversitystudyalsofoundthatblackstudentslivingwithawhiteroommatesawhigheracademicsuccessthroughouttheircollegecareers.Researchersbelievethismaybecausedbysocialpressure.InaNewYorkTimesarticle,SamRoakye—theonlyblackstudentonhisfreshmanyearfloor—saidthat"ifyou"resurroundedbywhites,youhavesomethingtoprove."Researchersalsoobservedproblemsresultingfrompairinginterracialstudentsinresidences.Accordingtotworecentstudies,randomlyassignedroommatesofdifferentracearemorelikelytoexperienceconflictssostrainedthatoneroommatewillmoveout.AnIndianaUniversitystudyfoundthatinterracialroommateswerethreetimesaslikelyastwowhiteroommatestonolongerlivetogetherbytheendofthesemester.GraceKao,aprofessoratPennsaidshewasnotsurprisedbythefindings."Thismaybethefirsttimethatsomeofthesestudentshaveinteracted,andlived,withsomeoneofadifferentrace,"shesaid.AtPenn,studentarenotaskedtoindicateracewhenapplyingforhousing."Oneofthegreatthingsaboutfreshmanhousingisthat,withsomeexceptions,theprocessthrowsyoutogetherrandomly,"saidUndergraduateAssemblychairmanAlecWebley."Thisisthedefinitionofintegration.""I"veexperiencedroommateconflictsbetweeninterracialstudentsthathavebothbrokendownstereotypesandreinforcedstereotypes,"saidonePennresidentadvisor(RA).TheRAoftwoyearsaddedthatwhilesomeconficts"providedmoremulticulturealacceptanceandmelding(融合),"therewerealso"jarringculturalconfrontations."TheRAsaidthattheseconflictshavealsooccurredamongroommatesofthesamerace.Kaosaidshecautionsagainstforminganygeneralizationsbasedonanyoneofthestudies,notingthatmorebackgroundcharacteristicsofthestudentsneedtobestudiesandexplained.-----2010年6月 Globalwarmingiscausingmorethan300,000deathsandabout$125billionineconomiclosseseachyear,accordingtoareportbytheGlobalHumanitarianForum,anorganizationledbyKofiAnnan,theformerUnitedNationssecretarygeneral.Thereport,tobereleasedFriday,analyzeddataandexistingstudiesofhealth,disaster,populationandeconomictrends.Itfoundthathuman-influencedclimatechangewasraisingtheglobaldeathratesfromillnessesincludingmalnutrition(营养不良)andheat-relatedhealthproblems.Butevenbeforeitsrelease,thereportdrewcriticismfromsomeexpertsonclimateandrisk,whoquestioneditsmethodsandconclusions.Alongwiththedeaths,thereportsaidthatthelivesof325millionpeople,primarilyinpoorcountries,werebeingseriouslyaffectedbyclimatechange.Itprojectedthatthenumberwoulddoubleby2030.RogerPielkeJr.,apoliticalscientistattheUniversityofColorado,Boulder,whostudiesdisastertrends,saidtheForum"sreportwas"amethodologicalembarrassment"becausetherewasnowaytodistinguishdeathsoreconomiclossesrelatedtohumandrivenglobalwarmingamidthemuchlargerlossesresultingfromthegrowthinpopulationsandeconomicdevelopmentinvulnerable(易受伤害的)regions.Dr.Pielkesaidthat"climatechangeisanimportantproblemrequiringourutmostattention."Butthereport,hesaid,"willharmthecauseforactiononbothclimatechangeanddisastersbecauseitissodeeplyflawed(有瑕疵的)"However,SorenAnderasen,asocialscientistatDalbergGlobalDevelopmentPartnerswhosupervisedthewritingofthereport,defendedit,sayingthatitwasclearthatthenumberswereroughestimates.Hesaidthereportwasaimedatworldleaders,whowillmeetinCopenhageninDecembertonegotiateanewinternationalclimatetreaty.Inapressreleasedescribingthereport,Mr.Annanstressedtheneedforthenegotiationstofocusonincreasingtheflowofmoneyfromrichtopoorregionstohelpreducetheirvulnerabilitytoclimatehazards,whilestillcurbingtheemissionsoftheheat-trappinggases.Morethan90%ofthehumanandeconomiclossesfromclimatechangeareoccurringinpoorcountries,accordingtothereport. Throughoutthislong,tenseelection,everyonehasfocusedonthepresidentialcandidatesandhowthey’llchangeAmerica.Rightlyso,butselfishly,I’mmorefascinatedbyMichelleObamaandwhatshemightbeabletodo,notjustforthiscountry,butformeasanAfrican-Americanwoman.AsthepotentialFirstLady,shewouldhavetheworld’sattention.AndthatmeansthatforthefirsttimepeoplewillhaveachancetogetupcloseandpersonalwiththetypeofAfrican-Americanwomantheysorarelysee.Usually,thelivesofblackwomengolargelyunexamined.Theprevailingtheoryseemstobethatwe’reallhot-temperedsinglemotherswhocan’tkeepaman.Evenintheworldofmake-believe,blackwomenstillcan’tescapethestereotypeofbeingeye-rolling,oversexedfemalesraisedbyournever-married,alcoholic(酗酒的)mothers.Theseimageshavehelpeddefinethewayallwomenareviewed,includingMichelleObama.Beforesheevergetsthechancetocommittoacause,charityorfoundationasFirstLady,hermosturgentandperhapsmostcomplicateddutymaybesimpletobeherself.Itwon’tbeeasy.Becausefewmainstreampublicationshavedonein-depthfeaturesonregularAfrican-Americanwomen,littleisknownaboutwhoweare,whatwethinkandwhatwefaceonaregularbasis.Forbetterorworse,Michellewillrepresentusall.Justasshewillhavehercritics,shewillalsohavemillionsoffanswhousuallyhavelittleinterestintheFirstLady.ManyAfrican-Americanblogshavewrittenaboutwhatthey’dliketoseeMichellebringtotheWhiteHouse—mainlyshowingtheworldthatablackwomancansupporthermanandraiseastrongblackfamily.Michellewillhavetoworktopleaseeveryone—animpossibletask.ButformanyAfrican-Americanwomenlikeme,justalittleofherpoise(沉着),confidenceandintelligencewillgoalongwayinchanginganimagethat’sbeenaroundforfartoolong.-------2009年12月 Whennextyear’scropofhigh-schoolgraduatesarriveatOxfordUniversityinthefallof2009,they’llbejoinedbyanewface;AndrewHamilton,the55-year-oldprovost(教务长)ofYale,who’llbecomeOxford’svice-chancellor—apositionequivalenttouniversitypresidentinAmerica.Hamiltonisn’ttheonlyeducatorcrossingtheAtlantic.SchoolsinFrance,Egypt,Singapore,etc,havealsorecentlymadetop-levelhiresfromabroad.Highereducationhasbecomeabigandcompetitivebusinessnowadays,andlikesomanybusinesses,it’sgoneglobal.Yetthetalentflowisn’tuniversal.High-levelpersonneltendtoheadinonlyonedirection:outwardfromAmerica.ThechiefreasonisthatAmericanschoolsdon’ttendtoseriouslyconsiderlookingabroad.Forexample,whentheboardoftheUniversityofColoradosearchedforanewpresident,itwantedaleaderfamiliarwiththestategovernment,amajorsourceoftheuniversity’sbudget.“Wedidn’tdoanyglobalconsideration,”saysPatriciaHayes,theboard’schair.TheboardultimatelypickedBruceBenson,a69-year-oldColoradobusinessmanandpoliticalactivist(活动家)whoislikelytodowellinthemaintaskofmodernuniversitypresidents:fund-raising.Fund-raisingisadistinctivelyAmericanthing,sinceU.S.schoolsrelyheavilyondonations.Thefund-raisingabilityislargelyaproductofexperienceandnecessity.ManyEuropeanuniversities,meanwhile,arestillmostlydependentongovernmentfunding.Butgovernmentsupporthasfailedtokeeppacewithrisingstudentnumber.Thedeclineingovernmentsupporthasmadefunding-raisinganincreasingnecessaryabilityamongadministratorsandhashiringcommitteeshungryforAmericans.Inthepastfewyears,prominentschoolsaroundtheworldhavejoinedthetrend.In2003,whenCambridgeUniversityappointedAlisonRichard,anotherformerYaleprovost,asitsvice-chancellor,theuniversitypubliclystressedthatinherpreviousjobshehadoverseen“amajorstrengtheningofYale’sfinancialposition.”Ofcourse,fund-raisingisn’ttheonlyskilloutsidersoffer.Theglobalizationofeducationmeansmoreuniversitieswillbeseekingheadswithinternationalexperienceofsomekindofpromoteinternationalprogramsandattractaglobalstudentbody.Foreignerscanofferafreshperspectiveonestablishedpractices. 议论文：开门见山提出论点，多用人称代词，态度多为否定，风格幽默辛辣讽刺，多用感情色彩强烈的词语。说明文：开门见山说明主题，几乎不用人称代词，论点引用他人，风格郑重严谨，较少使用带有感情色彩词语。区别维度：内容层面&语言层面重点：弄清作者所肯定和否定的 英语文章结构布局的共同模式提出话题（观点或事例）----用事例分析原因(或批驳观点)------得出结论对文章结构特点的把握有助于读者更加自觉地关注文章的开始和结尾，分清观点和事例，从而在四级考试的阅读理解中准确定位，快速答题。 Intimesofeconomiccrisis,Americansturntotheirfamiliesforsupport.IftheGreatDepressionisanyguide,wemayseeadropinourskyhighdivorcerate.Butthiswon’tnecessarilyrepresentanincreaseinhappymarriages.Inthelongrun,theDepressionweakenedAmericanfamilies,andthecurrentcrisiswillprobablydothesame.（提出观点）WetendtothinkoftheDepressionasatimewhenfamiliespulledtogethertosurvivehugejoblosses.By1932.whennearlyone-quarteroftheworkforcewasunemployed,thedivorceratehaddeclinedbyaround25%from1929.Butthisdoesn’tmeanpeopleweresuddenlyhappierwiththeirmarriages.Rather,withincomesdecreasingandinsecurejobs,unhappycouplesoftencouldn’taffordtodivorce.Theyfearedneitherspousecouldmanagealone.(证明)Today,giventhejoblossesofthepastyear,fewerunhappycoupleswillriskstartingseparatehouseholds.Furthermore,thehousingmarketmeltdownwillmakeitmoredifficultforthemtofinancetheirseparationsbysellingtheirhomes.Afterfinancialdisastersfamilymembersalsotendtodowhatevertheycantohelpeachotherandtheircommunities.A1940book.TheUnemployedManandHisFamily,describedafamilyinwhichthehusbandinitiallyreactedtolosinghisjob“withtirelesssearchforwork.”Hewasalwaysactive,lookingforoddjobstodo.Theproblemisthatsuchanimpulseishardtosustain.Acrossthecountry,manysimilarfamilieswereunabletomaintaintheinitialboostinmorale(士气).Forsome,thehardshipsoflifewithoutsteadyworkeventuallyoverwhelmedtheirattemptstokeeptheirfamiliestogether.Thedivorcerateroseagainduringtherestofthedecadeastherecoverytookhold.（说明）MillionsofAmericanfamiliesmaynowbeintheinitialstageoftheirresponsestothecurrentcrisis,workingtogetherandsupportingoneanotherthroughtheearlymonthsofunemployment.Today’seconomiccrisiscouldwellgenerateasimilarnumberofcoupleswhoserelationshipshavebeenirreparably(无法弥补地)ruined.Soit’sonlywhentheeconomyishealthyagainthatwe’llbegintoseejusthowmanybrokenfamilieshavebeencreated.（回应开头）-------2012年6月 选词填空15选10长度：250词时间：≥5mins考察点：1.单词识记:词性，语法，词义，搭配2.短文理解：文章大意，句子语法结构难点：生词太多，边缘性单词，熟词新义，文章难度中等偏难，时间太太太短测验：第一篇2010.6&问题 1、主要考查名词、动词、形容词和副词等实词。篇章词汇理解主要测试的是考生在实际语境中对单词的理解和把握，因此一般不会涉及对介词、冠词等不具有实际意义的虚词的考查。2、对近义词细微区别的掌握。篇章词汇注重考查对词汇的精确理解，要求考生分清楚近义词在实际运用时的细微差别。3、对句子语法结构的准确分析。篇章词汇要求考生根据句子的语法结构判断空格处所需词性及形式，然后根据上下文含义进行选择。4、对上下文照应、衔接关系的理解。篇章词汇理解不同于传统的词汇和语法题型，对每一个词的选择都不是孤立地限定于某一个单独的句子，需要考生根据上下文寻找照应和合理的衔接，从这一点上来看，它与完形填空的考点更加贴近。 单词识记词性：一般考察：名词，动词，形容词，副词(实义词)通过经常用到的词缀来判断词性 常用词缀动词前缀be-使……belittle使缩小，贬低；befriend友好相待，帮助en-/em-使……enlarge扩大；enable使……能；embed埋置，嵌进；empower使……能；encage关入笼中；endear受喜爱后   缀-en加在形容词前或后使变成……harden使硬；lengthen使变长；weaken使变弱；broaden加宽；-ify加在名词、形容词后(v．)causetobecome使……成，使……化magnify放大；simplify简化；purify提纯；certify证明；glorify颂扬；electrify使电气化-ize/-ise/-yze/-yse加在形容词后,以……方式对待；……化realize实现；mechanize机械化；analyse，analyze分析；Americanize美国化；popularize推广-ate (v.)使成为activate使活动，generate产生 规律：前缀改变意义后缀改变词性名词：-ion,-ity,-ment,-er,-ism,-ness…形容词：-able,-ive,-ous,-ful…副词：-ly 3.一词多义，一词多性。需要注意的两类词：---ing和---ed4.Be+v-ing:现在分词Prep.+v-ing：动名词V-ing+noun：形容词（adj.）5.have+v-ed:过去分词v-ed+noun：形容词（adj.） 做题步骤第一步，把选项按词性分类，缩小范围，要做到尽可能的细化，动词(原形)，名词(单数、集合)，形容词，副词，-ing(形容词、名词、动词现在分词)，-ed(形容词、动词过去式、过去分词)，-es/s(动词单三、名词复数)。这样的分法可以使每类下的所属单词做到最小化(一般2~3个，最多4个，很可能只有一个)，而且分类明确对后面解题也会极大提高效率。建立自己的符号系统。 第二步：判断所填词可能的形式，缩小选择范围。根据所填词所在句子结构及上下文时态推测所填词可能的形式，可以大大缩小选择范围。第三步：根据所在句及上下文含义，选项合适的选项。可根据前面分析，将形式合适的选项带入空格所在句，联系上下文含义，利用排除法确定答案。第四步：复读全文，谨慎调整。填空完成后，再次复读全文，从整体上核查上下文是否通顺、主谓是否一致、语法结构是否正确、内在逻辑是否连贯等问题，以确保选择的准确性。 Whatdeterminesthekindofpersonyouare?Whatfactorsmakeyoumoreorlessbold,intelligent,orabletoreadamap?Alloftheseareinfluencedbytheinteractionofyourgenesandtheenvironmentinwhichyouwere47_.Thestudyofhowgenesandenvironmentinteracttoinfluence48_activityisknownasbehavioralgenetics.Behavioralgeneticshasmadeimportant49_tothebiologicalrevolution,providinginformationabouttheextenttowhichbiologyinfluencesmind,brainandbehavior.Anyresearchthatsuggeststhat50_toperformcertainbehaviorsarebasedinbiologyiscontroversial.Whowantstobetoldthattherearelimitationstowhatyoucan51_basedonsomethingthatisbeyondyourcontrol,suchasyourgenes?Itiseasytoacceptthatgenescontrolphysicalcharacteristicssuchassex,raceandeyecolor.Butcangenesalsodeterminewhetherpeoplewillgetdivorced,how52_theyare,orwhatcareertheyarelikelytochoose?Aconcernofpsychologicalscientistsisthe53_towhichallofthesecharacteristicsareinfluencedbynatureandnurture(养育),bygeneticmakeupandtheenvironment.Increasingly,science54_thatgeneslaythegroundworkformanyhumantraits.Fromthisperspective,peopleareborn55_likeundevelopedphotographs:Theimageisalreadycaptured,butthewayit56_appearscanvarybasedonthedevelopmentprocess.However,thebasicpictureistherefromthebeginning.[A]abilities[B]achieve[C]appeal[D]complaints[E]contributions[G]essentially[F]displayed[H]eventually[I]extent[J]indicates[K]proceeds[L]psychological[M]raised[N]smart[O]standard 47.Mraised48.Fdisplayed49.Econtributions50.Aabilities51.Bachieve52.Nsmart53.Kproceeds54.Jindicates55.Gessentially56.Heventually Thepopularnotionthatolderpeopleneedlesssleepthanyoungeradultsisamyth,scientistssaidyesterday.Whileelderlypeople47tosleepforfewerhoursthantheydidwhentheywereyounger,thishasa(n)48effectontheirbrain"sperformanceandtheywouldbenefitfromgettingmore,accordingtoresearch.SeanDrummond,apsychiatrist(心理医生)attheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,saidthatolderpeoplearemorelikelytosufferfrombrokensleep,whileyoungerpeoplearebetteratsleeping49straightthroughthenight.Moresleepinoldage,however,is50withbetterhealth,andmostolderpeoplewouldfeelbetterandmore51iftheysleptforlongerperiods,hesaid."Theabilitytosleepinonechunk(整块时间)overnightgoesdownasweagebuttheamountofsleepweneedto52welldoesnotchange,"DrDrummondtoldtheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceconferenceinSanDiego."It"s53amyththatolderpeopleneedlesssleep.Themorehealthyanolderadultis,themoretheysleepliketheydidwhentheywere54.Ourdatasuggeststhatolderadultswouldbenefitfrom55togetasmuchsleepastheydidintheir30s.That"s56frompersontoperson,buttheamountofsleepwehadat35isprobablythesameamountweneedat75."A)alertB)associatedC)attractingD)clingE)continuingF)definitelyG)differentH)efficientlyI)formallyJ)functionK)mixedL)negativeM)sufficientN)tendO)younger 47.N)tend48.L)negative49.H)efficiently50.B)associated51.A)alert52.J)function53.F)definitely54.O)younger55.E)continuing56.G)different Withtheworld’spopulationestimatedtogrowfromsixtoninebillionby2050,researchers,businessesandgovernmentsarealreadydealingwiththeimpactthisincreasewillhaveoneverythingfromfoodandwatertoinfrastructure(基础设施)andjobs.Underlyingallthis47________willbethedemandforenergy,whichisexpectedtodoubleoverthenext40years.Findingtheresourcestomeetthisdemandina48________,sustainablewayisthecornerstoneofournation’senergysecurity,andwillbeoneofthemajor49________ofthe21stcentury.Alternativeformsofenergy---bio-fuels,windandsolar,tonameafew---are50________beingfundedanddeveloped,andwillplayagrowing51________intheworld’senergysupply.Butexpertssaythat,evenwhen52________,alternativeenergysourceswilllikelymeetonlyabout30%oftheworld’senergyneedsby2050.Forexample,evenwith53________investments,suchasthe$93millionforwindenergydevelopment54________intheAmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentAct,importantalternativeenergysourcessuchaswindandbio-fuels55________onlyabout1%ofthemarkettoday.Energyandsustainabilityexpertssaytheanswertoourfutureenergyneedswilllikelycomefromalotof56________---bothtraditionalandalternative.AstableBsolutionsCsignificantDroleEprogressFmarvelousGincludedHgrowthIexactlyJconsistKcompriseLcompetitionsMcombinedNchallengesOcertainly 47.N)challenges48.A)stable49.E)progress50.O)certainly51.D)role52.M)combined53.C)significant54.G)included55.K)comprise56.B)solutions Whenwethinkofgreenbuildings,wetendtothinkofnewones–thekindofhigh-tech,solar-paneledmasterpiecesthatmakethecoversofarchitecturemagazines.ButtheU.S.hasmorethan100millionexistinghomes,anditwouldbe__47__wastefultotearthemalldownand__48__themwithgreenerversions.Anenormousamountofenergyandresourceswentintotheconstructionofthosehouses.Anditwouldtakeanaverageof65yearsforthe__49__carbonemissionsfromanewenergy-efficienthometomakeupfortheresourceslostbydestroyinganoldone.Sointhebroadest__50__,thegreenesthomeistheonethathasalreadybeenbuilt.Butatthesametime,nearlyhalfofU.S.carbonemissionscomefromheating,coolingand__51__ourhomes,officesandotherbuildings."Youcan"tdealwithclimatechangewithoutdealingwithexistingbuildings,"saysRichardMoe,thepresidentoftheNationalTrust.Withsome__52__,theoldesthomestendtobetheleastenergy-efficient.Housesbuiltbefore1939useabout50%moreenergypersquarefootthanthosebuiltafter2000,mainlyduetothetinycracksandgapsthat__53__overtimeandletinmoreoutsideair.Fortunately,therearea__54__numberofrelativelysimplechangesthatcangreenolderhomes,from__55__oneslikeLincoln"sCottagetoyourownpostwarhome.Andefficiencyupgrades(升级)cansavemorethanjusttheearth;theycanhelp__56__propertyownersfromrisingpowercosts.A)accommodationsB)clumsyC)doubtfulD)exceptionsE)expandF)historicG)incrediblyH)poweringI)protectJ)reducedK)replaceL)senseM)shiftedN)supplyingO)vast 47.Gincredibly48.Kreplace49.Jreduced50.Lsense51.Hpowering52.Dexceptions53.Eexpand54.Ovast55.Fhistoric56.Iprotect 47.N)challenges48.A)stable49.E)progress50.O)certainly51.D)role52.M)combined53.C)significant54.G)included55.K)comprise56.B)solutions47.N)tend48.L)negative49.H)efficiently50.B)associated51.A)alert52.J)function53.F)definitely54.O)younger55.E)continuing56.G)different47.Mraised48.Fdisplayed49.Econtributions50.Aabilities51.Bachieve52.Nsmart53.Kproceeds54.Jindicates55.Gessentially56.Heventually47.Gincredibly48.Kreplace49.Jreduced50.Lsense51.Hpowering52.Dexceptions53.Eexpand54.Ovast55.Fhistoric56.Iprotect选项分析Adv:2-1Adj:3-2V:4-3N:6-4Adv:1-1Adj:4+4-3V:3+4-3N:3+2-3 仔细阅读字数350左右*2题目：5个选择*2分值：20%时间：x≤10mins*2分值计算（主要得分题型） 仔细阅读与快速阅读的区别及解题总原则1.快速阅读的基本策略技巧仍然适用：关键词定位，题目顺序与文章基本一致。2.快速阅读主要考察信息定位能力，原文复现或是同义替换；仔细阅读考察对细节的理解推理能力，几乎没有原文再现。3.快速阅读文章很长，定位较难，但是选项容易辨别；仔细阅读文章较短，定位容易，但是选项复杂，需要认真比对原文内容。4.快速阅读选项出现的位置比较集中（在某一句话内）；仔细阅读虽然容易定位，但是却需要联系前后文进行判断。5.关键词定位（不是难点）对比原文与选项（难点所在） 阅读题型框架1.文章2.问题3.选项1.题材；体裁：议论文&说明文2.英语文章的基本结构布局1.问题类型2.解题策略1.特征分析2.技巧 说明文（描述文）说明文的一般结构模式和叙述文的结构模式有相通之处即：提出问题（或以一个事例引出问题）----发现直接原因-----分析深层原因-----得出结论或找到出路。2000年12月四级考试阅读理解第三篇就是这样的一篇文章。1)PriscillaOuchuida"s"energy-efficient"houseturnedouttobeahorribledream.……astrangeillness.（事例）2)Expertsfinallytracedthecauseofherillness.（直接原因）3)TheOuchuidasarevictimsofindoorairpollution,….（深层原因）4)Theproblemappearstobemoretroublesomeinnewlyconstructedhomesratherthanoldones.（得出结论）知道了类似的文章结构特点，就可以据此来进行考题预测。比如，我们看出了该篇文章属于这种结构类型，就能判断出几个问题中肯定有一个要问原因，还有可能要出现推断题。 议论文作者首先提出一种普遍认可的观点或某些人认可的主张或观点，然后进行澄清，说明自己的主张或观点，或者说提出反主张或真实情况。1996年1月大学英语四级考试阅读理解第四篇就是这样的结构。文章的开始提出某collegeteacher认为:"HighschoolEnglishteachersarenotdoingtheirjobs."因为HisstudentshasabadcommandofEnglish.作者的反观点是：1)Itisinevitableforonegenerationtocomplaintheoneimmediatelyfollowingit.Anditishumannaturetolookforreasonsforourdissatisfaction.2)Thepeoplewhocriticizethehighschoolteachersarenotawarethattheirlanguageabilityhasdevelopedthroughtheyears.最后的结论是：TheconcernaboutthedeclineandfalloftheEnglishlanguageisageneration,andisnotnewandpeculiartotoday"syoungpeople.议论文的这种结构特点决定了它的主要题型是作者观点态度题，文章主旨题以及推理判断题。 无论说明文还是议论文，无论是自然科学题材的，还是社会科学题材的，都采用书卷气较浓的正式体(formalstyle)。其主要表现是：语篇结构规整，层次分明；句子结构完整复杂；词汇选择讲究，有较多的专业术语；意义组织严密，逻辑性强。 体裁与题型叙述文叙述文一般以讲述个人生活经历为主，对于经历的陈述通常由一定的时间概念贯穿其中，或顺序或倒序。但是四级考试中一般不出现单纯的叙述文，因为单纯的叙述文比较简单、易懂。所以四级考试中的叙述文大多是夹叙夹议的文章。这类文章的基本结构模式是：1)用一段概括性的话引入要叙述的经历(话题)2)叙述先前的经历(举例1)及其感悟或发现3)叙述接下来的经历(举例2)及其感悟或发现4)做出总结或结论 2000年12月四级考试阅读理解的第二篇就是这样的结构。我们可以将其结构简化为：1)总括性的话：Engineeringstudentsaresupposedtobeexampleofpracticalityandrationality,butwhenitcomestomycollegeeducationIamanidealistandafool.2)先前的经历或想法InhighschoolIwantedtobe……，butIdidn"tchoseacollegewithalargeengineeringdepartment.3)往后的经历Ichosetostudyengineeringatasmallliberal-artsuniversityforabroadeducation4)接下来的经历IheadedoffforsurethatIwasgoingtohaveanadvantageoverothers.5)再下来的经历NowIamnotsosure.……Ihavelearnedthereasonswhyfewengineeringstudentstrytoreconcileengineeringwithliberal-artscoursesincollege.6)结论Ihaverealizedthatthestruggletoreconcilethestudyofengineeringandliberal-artsisdifficult.结构简单，阅读理解试题大多是和文章的内容先后顺序一致的细节题。 四级阅读要求&考察的四种能力四级阅读要求：能顺利阅读语言难度中等的一般性题材的文章，掌握中心大意及说明中心大意的事实和细节，并能进行一定的分析、推理和判断，领会作者的观点和态度。四种能力：1.把握文章中心大意的能力（主旨题）<20%2.把握文章重要细节的能力（细节题）>60%3.推理能力（按照原文逻辑对文章某一处信息点做第一步最直观的推断）（推断题）/（语义题）<10%4.把握作者态度的能力（态度题）<10% 阅读主要考点出处篇首,篇尾,段首,段尾;表转折,因果关系处;观点态度处;引言处,特殊标点处(如引号,破折号),特殊句式(如强调句,倒装句,虚拟语气);对比,比较处;并列,列举,举例处;指示代词处. 五大题型及解题方法主旨题---mainidea,besttitle,beentitled,summarize…(用略读方法快速查看段首，段尾)细节题---吃透原文，仔细推敲推断题---learn,infer,whatcanweknow…（不是原文的字面复述）态度题---believe,thinkof，attitude…（是作者的观点，而不是读者的）词汇语义题---“x”means“y”（原文会提供线索） 主旨大意类常见提问方式：Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?Whatdoesthepassagemainly/primarilydiscuss?Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?Theauthorismainlyconcernedabout___?Themainpointof…Whichisthebesttitleforthepassage?Thethemeofthepassageis……Thepurposeofthewriterinwritingthispassageisthat…Theauthor’sattitudeis…Whichcanbestsummarizethepassage?位置：第一题或者最后一题 解题策略如果是第一题，放到最后解答。定位主题句:简洁概括、语意完整、观点明确选项特征分析：同义复述是答案，关键词替换是答案，肯否转换是答案，客观积极是答案；照抄原文不是答案，概括过宽不是答案，以偏概全不是答案，主观消极不是答案。 如何定位主题句(插入语)主题句就是文章的中心思想，它对于文章的理解，把握以及正确答题都至关重要。规律：每篇文章都会有一个中心思想。如何定位：段落-论题-中心思想1.段首、段尾、段中及无主题句2.转折词后面3.因果关系4.例证前后5.长难句 位于段尾/转折词Thewaypeopleholdtothebeliefthatafun-filled,painfreelifeequalshappinessactuallyreducestheirchancesofeverattainingrealhappiness.Iffunandpleasureareequaltohappiness,thenpainmustbeequaltounhappiness.But,infact,theoppositeistrue:moreoftenthannot,thingsthatleadtohappinessinvolvesomepain. 因果关系词连词：because,since,as,for,why…副词：therefore,thus,consequently…名词：basis,result,consequence,reason…词组：resultin,resultfrom,becauseof,dueto…… 例子Thatchingisasolitarycraft,whichoftenrunsinfamilies.ThecraftofthatchingasitispracticedtodayhaschangedverylittlesincetheMiddleAges.Over800full-timethatchesareemployedinEnglandandWalestoday,maintainingandrenewingtheoldroofsaswellasthatchingnewerhouses.Manypropertyownerschoosethatchnotonlyforitsbeautybutbecausetheyknowitwillkeepthemcoolinsummerandwarminwinter.Thatchedhousesarestillpreferredbecauseof_A.theirdurabilityB.theireasymaintenanceC.theircheapandready-madematerialsD.theirstyleandcomfort 例证前后Theimportanceoftheproductlifecycletomarketersisthis:differentstagesintheproductlifecyclecallfordifferentstrategies.Thegoalistoextendproductlifesothatsalesandprofitsdonotdecline.Onestrategyiscalledmarketmodification.Itmeansthatmarketingmanagerslookfornewusersandmarketsections.Didyouknow,forexample,thatthebackpacksthatsomanystudentscarrytodaywereoriginallydesignedforthemilitary?Theauthormentionstheexampleof“backpacks”toshowtheimportanceof___.A.increasingusageamongstudentsB.exploringnewmarketsectionsC.pleasingtheyoungaswellastheoldD.servingbothmilitaryandcivilneeds 主旨题Coffeeisauniversalbeveragethatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld.InLondon，forexample，someEnglishmendipmustardintotheircoffee，whileinDenver，aPersonmightaddadashofketchup.StripsoforangeandlemonPeel，clovesandcinnamonsticksarenotunusualadditionstothebrewinEurope.AnAsiandelightconsistsofcoffeebrewedinboilingsugar.PerhapstherichestcupofcoffeecanbeenjoyedinIrelandwherewhiskeyandwhippedcreamareimportantingredients.InAustraliaawaitresswillask，“Doyouwantblackorwhite？”Blackisplainblackcoffee，butwhiteishalfcoffeeandhalfwarmmilk.IfanAustralianordersicedcoffee，hewillbeservedacupofsteamingcoffeewithascoopoficecream.ItsoundsliketheAustralianversionofa“snowballinhell.”1.Whichstatementbestexpressesthemainidea？a.TherichestcupofcoffeecanbeenjoyedinIreland.b.Asiansenjoyasweetcupofcoffee.c.Coffeeisenjoyedinavarietyofways.d.Australianshaveanunusualsenseofhumor.2.Theparagraphcouldbeentitleda.SomeLikeItHot.b.CoffeeAroundtheWorld.c.OrientalDelights.d.ASnowballinHell. 事实细节类常见提问方式：Accordingtothepassage,when(where,how,……)WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue……Allofthefollowingaretrueexcept……Whichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassage?Thereasonfor……is……Theauthorstatesthat…… 解题策略快速阅读技巧：看题干，确定考点，返回原文，对比选项与原文选项特征：一般是原文的同义替换或近义表达，题干+正确选项=原文的某句话注意事项：紧扣原文内容，切忌通过自己对某类知识的了解做出主观判断，也就是说，必须是原文的观点。 PeoplelivingonparsofthesouthcoastofEnglandfaceaseriousproblem.In1993,theownersofalargehotelandofseveralhousesdiscovered,totheirhorror,thattheirgardenshaddisappearedovernight.Theseahadeatenintothesoftlimestonecliffsonwhichtheyhadbeenbuilt.Whileexpertswerestudyingtheproblems,thehotelandseveralhousesdisappearedaltogether,slidingdownthecliffandintothesea.Erosion(侵蚀)ofthewhitecliffsalongthesouthcoastofEnglandhasalwaysbeenaproblembutithasbecomemoreseriousinrecentyears.Dozensofhomehavehadtobeabandonedastheseahascreptfartherandfartherinland.Expertshavestudiedtheareasmostaffectedandhavedrawnupamapforlocalpeople,forecastingtheyearinwhichtheirhomeswillbeswallowedupbythehungrysea…WhatisthecauseoftheproblemthatpeoplelivingonpartsofthesouthcoastofEnglandface?A.Thedisappearanceofhotels,housesandgardensB.Theexperts’lackofknowledgeC.TherisingofthesealevelD.Thewash-awayoflimestonecliffs WetendtothinkoftheDepressionasatimewhenfamiliespulledtogethertosurvivehugejoblosses.By1932.whennearlyone-quarteroftheworkforcewasunemployed,thedivorceratehaddeclinedbyaround25%from1929.Butthisdoesn’tmeanpeopleweresuddenlyhappierwiththeirmarriages.Rather,withincomesdecreasingandinsecurejobs,unhappycouplesoftencouldn’taffordtodivorce.Theyfearedneitherspousecouldmanagealone.58.IntheGreatDepressionmanyunhappycoupleschosetosticktogetherbecauseA)startinganewfamilywouldbehardB)theyexpectedthingswouldturnbetterC)theywantedtobetterprotecttheirkidsD)livingseparatelywouldbetoocostly 推理判断类既可以针对主旨题，也可以针对细节题常见提问方式：Itcanbeinferredformthepassagethat……Thewriterimpliesthat……Accordingtothepassage,……Itcanbeconcludedthat……Theauthorstronglysuggeststhat……Theauthorindicatesthat……Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat……Thepassageisintendedto…… 解题策略1.以原文为依据：虽然答案在原文中不会直接找到，但是仍然需要综合考虑原文。2.一步推理：四级考试要求读者能够根据所读材料进行初步的判断和推理，因此，四级考试中的推理判断题是能根据原文信息直接推导出来的，防止过度推理。3.选项特征：A-B-C Oftenpeoplewhoholdhigherpositionsinagivengroupoverestimatetheirperformance,whilepeopleinthelowestlevelsofthegroupunderestimatetheirs.Whilethismaynotalwaysbetrue,itdoesindicatethatoftentheactualpositioninthegrouphasmuchtodowiththefeelingofpersonalconfidenceapersonmayhave.Thus,ifamemberholdsahighpositioninagrouporifhefeelsthathehasanimportantparttoplayinthegroup,hewillprobablyhavemoreconfidenceinhisownperformance.A.Ifapersonhasconfidenceinhisownperformance,hewillachieveahighpositioninagroup.B.Ifweletsomeoneknowheisanimportantpartofagroup,hewillprobablybecomemoreself-confident.C.Peoplewhoholdlowpositionsinagroupoftenoverestimatetheirperformance.D.Peopleinpositionsofpowerinagroupmayfeeltheydobetterworkthantheyreallydo.E.Peoplewithhigherpositionsinagroupdobetterworkthanothergroupmembers. 词汇理解题常见提问方式：Accordingtotheauthor,theword“…”means……Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningto……Theterm“…”inparagraph…canbebestreplacedby……What’sthemeaningof“…”inline……Asusedinline……theword“…”refersto…Theword/phrasestandsfor……Bysaying……theauthormeans…… 解题策略1.重视语境：上下文中的同义表达、近义表达、反义表达、定义性表达、解释举例表达等等。同义近义关系：namely，inotherwords,thismeans,justas,also,similarly,likewise,correspondingly,accordingly……反义关系：but,however,although,though,while,whereas,despite,inspiteof,incontrast,onthecontrary等等。举例说明关系：thatis,forinstance,suchas,tospecify等等。2.分析构词法：词汇题较少考察此方面3.选项特征：熟词新义4.词汇量充足 2000.6Theresearcherthenstudiedthevideotapestoanalyzethematchesindetail.Surprisingly,hefoundthaterrorsweremorelikelywhentherefereeswereclosetotheincident.Whentheofficialsgotitright,theywere,onaverage,17metersawayfromtheaction.Theaveragedistanceinthecaseoferrorswas12meters.Theresearchershowstheoptimumdistanceisabout20meters.Theword“officials”(Line2,Para.4)mostprobablyrefersto______.A.theresearchersinvolvedintheexperimentB.theinspectorsofthefootballtournamentC.TherefereesofthefootballtournamentD.theobserversatthesiteoftheexperiment 如何猜测词义A.单词构词1)根据词根来猜测词义Antidisestablishmentarianism2)根据词缀猜测词义Hefellintoaditchandlaythere,semiconscious,forafewminutes.3)根据复合词的各部分猜测词义Growingeconomicproblemswerehighlightedbyaslowdowninoiloutput. B.针对性解释:在文章中，作者有时为了更好地阐述思想，对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或其他词汇做一些针对性的解释，形式有定义、复述、举例等。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性，把该单词含义与其他含义区分开来，利用它们我们可以比较容易地猜测词义。 1)根据定义猜测词义作者一般在生词之前后之后紧挨着生词给出定义内容。有时有标点符号，连字符或逗号提示。此外，如果定义内容为句子，谓语动词多为：be,beconsidered,tobe,becalled,beknownas,constitute,dealwith,define,mean,referto,represent,signify等。例如：Anthropologyisthescientificstudyofpeople,societyandculture.由定义可知，anthropology就是“研究人类的科学”。 2)根据复述猜测词义复述也是对某一单词所做的针对性解释，虽然不像定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息也能使我们猜出生词的词义。复述部分可能是单词、短语或者从句，一般作为生词的同位语，与生词间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号和括号等。同位语前常有or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords,namely,say,i.e.等副词或短语出现。例如：Semantics,thestudyofthemeaningofwords,isnecessaryifyouaretospeakandreadintelligently.此例逗号中短语意为“对词意义进行研究的学科”。该短语与前面生词semantics是同位关系，因此我们不难猜出semantics指“语义学”。定语从句KrabacbersuffersfromSAD,whichisshortforseasonalaffectivedisorder,asyndromecharacterizedbysevereseasonalmoodswings.根据生词SAD后面定语从句whichisshortforseasonalaffectivedisorder和同位语asyndromecharacterizedbysevereseasonalmoodswings,我们可以推断出SAD含义，即“季节性情绪紊乱症”。 3)根据举例猜测词义恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。如：Theconsequencesofepochaleventssuchaswarsandgreatscientificdiscoveriesarenotconfinedtoasmallgeographicalareaastheywereinthepast.句中“战争”和“重大科学发现”是生词的实例，通过它们我们可以猜出epochal的大致词义“重要的”，这与其确切含义“划时代的”十分接近。 4)根据对比关系猜测词义在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是although,but,despite,however,not,unlike,inspiteof,incontrast和while引导的并列句等。例如：AndrewisoneofthemostsuperciliousmenIknow.Hisbrother,incontrast,isquitehumbleandmodest.该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词，但是句中短语incontrast，(相对照的，相对比的)可以提示我们supercilious和后面词组humbleandmodest(谦卑又谦虚)是对比关系。分析出这种关系后，我们便能猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的，傲慢的”。Agoodsupervisorcanrecognizeinstantlytheadeptworkersfromtheunskilledones.该句中并未出现上面提到的表示对比关系的词或短语，但是通过上下文可以判断出句子前后是对比关系，即把熟练工人与非熟练工人区分开。这时我们也能够推断出生词adept的词义“熟练的”。 5)根据比较关系猜测词义同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。例如：Greenlovestotalk,andhisbrothersaresimilarlyloquacious.该句中副词similarly表明短语lovestotalk与生词loquacious之间的比较关系。以此可以推断出loquacious词义为“健谈的”。表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly,like,justas,also等。 6)根据因果关系猜测词义在句子或段落种，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。例如：Tomisconsideredanautocraticadministratorbecausehemakesdecisionswithoutseekingtheopinionsofothers.根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以推断出生词autocratic指“独断专行的”。ThereweresomanydemonstratorsintheRedSquarethathehadtoelbowhiswaythroughthecrowd.此句为结果状语从句。根据从句的描书“许多示威者”我们便可推知elbow的词义为“挤，挤过”。 7)根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境推断生词词义。例如：JustbeforetheexamCarl"shandsshookandsweatedsomuchthathecouldnotholdapen.Hisheartbeatfastandhisstomachached,eventhoughheknewthesubjectverywell.Hereallyhadastrangephobiaabouttakingtest.有些学生也曾有上文中所表述的考试时是紧张状态，所以很容易就能猜出“phobia”指“恐惧症”。 3.外部相关知识Husband：it"sreallycoldouttonight.Wife:Sureitis.Myhandsarepracticallynumb.Howaboutlightingthefurnace?Thesnakeslitheredthroughthegrass. 态度题1.作者对某人/事物的观点或态度;3.文中人物的观点或态度;4.文中例子所支持的观点; 提问方式：Whatistheauthor’sattitudetoward……Whatdoestheauthorbelieve/thinkof…… 态度题做题原则一、干扰选项：过正，过负，过主观，不是作者本人的观点和立场二、如果两个同感情色彩，则同错 1.常见错误选项特征2.选项的长短3.选项的表达4.选项之间的异同5.选项中所含的特殊词语插入语：关于选项的一些特征（纯粹技巧） 干扰项（错误选项）1.概括范围太窄，只表达局部信息或某一细节，不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意。2.概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容。3.无关信息：即文章中未提到、或找不到语言依据的信息。4.不符信息：与原文所给信息不符或者无法根据原文信息判断真伪 阅读理解正确选项特征1.答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案。2.选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案。（10.06，63,65,66）3.选项中照抄原文的一般不是答案，而同义替换的一般是答案。4.较全面、有针对性地表达文章中心思想的选项一般是答案。5.选项中表达意义较具体的、肤浅的(字面意思)一般不是答案，而概括性的、抽象的、含义深刻的是答案。阅读理解正确选项特征1.答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案。2.选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案。（10.06，63,65,66）3.选项中照抄原文的一般不是答案，而同义替换的一般是答案。4.较全面、有针对性地表达文章中心思想的选项一般是答案。5.选项中表达意义较具体的、肤浅的(字面意思)一般不是答案，而概括性的、抽象的、含义深刻的是答案。 2010.6四级真题Passage2（细节题）63.WhatisthefindingoftheCanadianresearchers?A)Encouragingpositivethinkingmaydomoreharmthangood.B)Therecanbenosimpletherapyforpsychologicalproblems.C)Unhappypeoplecannotthinkpositively.D)Thepowerofpositivethinkingislimited. 2010.6四级真题Passage265.WhatdowelearnfromtheexperimentofWood,LeeandPerunovic?A)Itisimportantforpeopletocontinuallyboosttheirself-esteem.B)Self-affirmationcanbringapositivechangetoone"smood.C)Forcingapersontothinkpositivethoughtsmaylowertheirself-esteem.D)Peoplewithlowself-esteemseldomwritedowntheirtruefeelings. 2010.6四级真题Passage266.Whatdowelearnfromthelastparagraph?A)Theeffectsofpositivethinkingvaryfrompersontoperson.B)Meditationmayprovetobeagoodformofpsychotherapy.C)Differentpeopletendtohavedifferentwaysofthinking.D)Peoplecanavoidmakingmistakesthroughmeditation. 2012考研真题Passage230.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]Entergy’sbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.[B]theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.[D]Vermont’sreputationmightbedamaged. 2012考研真题Passage229.Intheauthor’sview,theVermontcasewilltest[A]Entergy’scapacitytofulfillallitspromises.[B]thematureofstates’patchworkregulations.[C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.[D]thelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearissues. 2012考研真题Passage439.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunions[A]oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem.[B]canchangepeople’spoliticalattitudes.[C]maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms.[D]aredominantinthegovernment. 长难句的特点：1.主语太长，且在前——倒金字塔句英语的句子大都排列成金字塔形，尽量避开头重脚轻。如果句子的主语比谓语长许多，可用各种修辞手段变成主谓语两头基本平衡。阅读理解短文中大多数也是这种句子。但是，也有相当一部分长句子不是这样，而是头顶一个长长的主语，其后的谓语又短又小。形成一个倒金字塔句。如：Thosepeoplewhohaveaccurate,reliableup-to-dateinformationtosolvetheday-to-dayproblems,thecriticalproblemsoftheirbusiness,socialandfamilylife,willsurviveandsucceed.长难句 2.句首一个长状语状语通常放在句末或句中，在句首出现一个长长的状语较少见，但考试短文中不时地出现，应予注意。Withasmanyas120varietiesinexistence,discoveringhowcancerworksisnoteasy.3.附带成分的延伸句子短时，可能一个单词就是一个句子成分。但是，在长句中，某一个简单的句子成分有可能附带很长的修饰成分。InAmericaneconomy,thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller-producers. 4.句中句，成分套成分我们平常学习和常见到的大都是一些简单句、并列句、复合句，然而，语言的多变性使得句子结构并不都那么简单明了。句中套句子，一种句子成分又套其它成分的现象时常出现在阅读理解短文之中。不管句子结构多么复杂多变、盘根错节，我们只要把握住句子结构的主脉络，就可理出头绪，找到思路。Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursetokeepsilent. 5.主谓被隔离主语和谓语之间出现一个较长的隔离成分时，往往会给我们阅读理解造成困难。主谓之间被隔离大体上有两种情况：A，被定语隔离（定语从句、形容词短语、分词、不定式）；B，被状语成分隔离（状语从句、介词短语等）。主谓语被隔离虽然在阅读理解上给我们带来困难，但是我们了解了这种现象后也可变成好事，即隔离的定语是对主语的进一步解释或阐述。如果主语是你不明白的生词或概念，那么隔离的定语有时会给你有力的帮助。1）被定语从句隔离Theresearchersmadegreatprogressintheearly1970s,whentheydiscoveredthatoncogenes,whicharecancer-causinggenes,areinactiveinnormalcells. 被同位语从句隔离Thetraditionalbeliefthatawoman’splaceisinthehomeandthatawomanoughtnottogoouttoworkcanhardlybereasonablymaintainedinpresentconditions.被不定式隔离Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstress,theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.被形容词短语隔离…thecell,unabletoturnthemoff,becomes… 5)被介词短语隔离Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.被分词短语隔离Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendesertedinthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit. 夹心金字塔句——主语的of…定语放在谓语之后有一种长句的结构是这样的：主语的定语of…因太长而放在谓语之后这种结构的特点是：谓语通常为被动语态，主语很短，of…部分很长。虽然主语部分被谓语隔离，但仍是头轻脚重的常规句式，因此且谓之“夹心金字塔句”。Casesarerecordedofpeoplewho(byordinarystandards)forgotsolittlethattheireverydayactivitieswerefullofconfusion. 逻辑关系词的理解A正确理解句中连接词语的作用表示平行：also,too,and表示对上文的增补和递进：furthermore,moreover,even,inaddition表示下文要进行转折：but,yet,nevertheless,however,ontheotherhand,incontrast,inspiteof,though,instead,despite表示时空关系或重要性的顺序：first,next,finally,now,then,later,before,after,until 表示因果关系：because,therefore,thus,hence,asaresult,asamatteroffact表示下文要开始先退后进的让步关系：although,ofcourse,itistrue表示条件关系：or,whether,neither表示比较或对照关系：as,asif,on(the)onehand表示下文要引出例证：forexample,forinstance表示要进行总结或作出结论等：inshort,toconclude,tosumup,inconclusion,so,thus,asaresult,consequently 仔细阅读的难点文体正式，生词、长难句较多内容相对较难，非日常生活熟悉材料干扰项迷惑性大，难以判断 影响阅读理解的因素（基本条件）1.时间限制2.阅读速度太慢：生词太多（词汇性缺乏，语言范畴）长句太多（语法性缺乏，语言范畴）缺乏背景知识（文化性缺乏）无生难单词却读不懂（知识性缺乏） 如何进一步提高阅读速度（提高技巧）阅读信息观：阅读速度&信息处理（着力点）改掉不良阅读习惯：唇读，指读，回读…(信息处理；量加大)1.读什么：what关键词阅读：标题、引号部分、粗体字、黑体字、斜体字和划线部分（预测内容，语义场，背景知识---思维活跃，占据主动）（具有区别度的词）段首、段尾（英语写作规律，主要信息，次要信息）句中的名词、动词、形容词注意衔接词（路标功能）2.怎么读：how词读到句读到段读（视觉覆盖面，意群，实词，虚词自动填充）可以跳过的信息：举例，统计数字，比较说明…边读边预测总原则：需要看的看，不需要的跳过，坚决避免逐词阅读。（精读另当别论轮） 词读：When/you/phrase/read/it/should/feel/like/this.Your/eyes/should/move/and/stop.Each/time/your/eyes/stop/,orfixates/,it/should/see/a/meaningful/phrase.Phrase/reading/will/improve/your/comprehension/andhelp/you/read/faster.(42)意群阅读：Whenyouphraseread/itshouldfeellikethis.Youreyes/shouldmoveandstop.Eachtimeyoureyesstop,/orfixates,itshouldseeameaningfulphrase.Phrasereading/willimproveyourcomprehension/andhelpyoureadfaster.科学规律：视线移动，信息处理暂停；视线停止，信息处理开始。 总结回顾树立积极阅读心态牢记解题思路加快阅读速度保证单词量限时做练习及时做总结 Greatnesscanbeprepared!准备四级的原则：不打没有充分准备的仗目标、信心、勇气、耐心 实战环节2012.62011.122011.62011.12 细读的主要目的是领会文章细节，判断推测文章的言外之意，做出合乎逻辑的推论判断。细读时应注意：1）先略读浏览全文和问题，把握文章结构，确定提问区域。2）细读的结果应是精确的，只有仔细推敲才能正确选择答案，但并非慢读。3）细读提问区域时，应作出适当的联想、合理的判断，悟出言外之意。4）不是细读生词，生词词义的获得主要通过上下文来理解。5）细读是在特定提问区域进行推理判断，而寻读则是直接从提问区域的表面文字获得答案。 根据考试大纲的规定，大学英语考试中的阅读理解部分主要测试下述能力：1.掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；2.了解说明主旨和大意的事实和细节；既理解字面意思，也能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推理；4.既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文的逻辑关系。一、阅读理解部分主要测试方向 阅读理解测试的六大题型1）主旨大意题A位于段首的主题句Televisionisaddictive.Forexample,whensetbreaks,mostfamiliesrushtohaveitrepaired,oftenrentingoneiftherepairprocesstakeslongerthanadayortwo.When“nothing’sonTV,”peopleexperienceboredomwiththeirlives,notknowingwhattodowiththemselves.PerhapsthebestexampleoftelevisionaddictionwasanexperimentinGermany,where184volunteerswerepaidtogowithouttelevisionforayear.Atfirst,mostvolunteersdidwell,reportingthattheywerespendingmoretimewiththeirchildren,reading,andvisitingfriend.Then,withinamonth,tension,restlessness,andquarrelingincreased.Notonevolunteerlastedmorethanfivemonthswithoutatelevisionset.Oncethesetswereonagain,peoplelosttheiranxietiesandreturnedtonormal. Themainideaofthispassageisthat_________.A.manypeoplehavefallenvictimstotelevisionaddictionB.mostfamiliescannotgowithoutaTVsetevenforacoupleofdaysC.withnoexcitingTVprogrammestoentertainthemwith,peoplewillfeelboredtodeathD.anexperimentinGermanyshowednoneofthe184volunteerscouldlastmorethanfivemonthswithoutaTVset B位于段末的主题句Biomedicaljewelry,chic(时髦的)accessories(复数表妇女的装饰物)whichmonitorthewearervitalfunctionsorsoundawarninginresponsetounhealthyenvironmentalconditions,isalreadyonthemarketandpromisestobecomemuchmoremedicallysophisticatedandcommonplaceintheforeseeablefuture.Today,heart-monitoringdevicesandpostureindicatorscanbehiddeninattractivebelts;necklacesmaycontainportableelectrocardiographs(心电图扫描仪),ormayregisterbodytemperatureorthelevelofpollutionintheair.Ifthepollutionlevelisdangerous,somenecklacesopenanddispense(配药)afacemaskandaten-minutesupplyofoxygen.Oneofthelessseriousversionsofthistypeofnecklacesimplytellsthewearerifhisorherownbreathhasreachedanoffensivelevel.Stillonthedrawingboardaredesignsforattractivepersonalornamentswhichcouldwarnofimpending(即将发生的)epileptic(癫痫的)seizures(突然发作)ormigraineheadaches(偏头痛).Designersofbiomedicaljewelrypredictthatthetimewillcomewhenartfullydesignedbraceletsornecklaceswillbeabletodiagnose,analyze,andevenprescribetreatmentfortheirwearers. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.FashionForecast:AccessoriesfortheYear2000B.JewelryforToday’sDoctorC.AttractiveAccessoriesforCleaninguptheEnvironmentD.Whatiswrong?AskYourNecklace! C位于段中的主题句ThegovernmentofIndiaencouragesmarriedmenandwomentobesterilizedsotheycannothavemorechildren.InChina,familiescanbepunishedforhavingmorethanonechild.Bothofthesecountrieshaveverylargepopulations,andifthenumberofpeoplecontinuestoincrease,therewillnotbeenoughfood,houses,orjobsforthepeople.Asaresult,India,Chinaandotherpopulouscountriesarefollowingafamily-planningpolicy---theywantfamiliestolimitthenumberofchildrentheywillhave.Teachers,doctors,andsocialworkersareexplainingtothepeoplewhytheyshouldhavefewerchildrenbyusingbirthcontrolmethodssuchascontraceptionandsterilization. Whichstatementbestexpressesthemainideaoftheparagraph?A.Somepopulouscountriesarefollowingafamily-planningpolicy.B.IndiaandChinahaveverylargepopulations.C.ThegovernmentofIndiaencouragessterilization.D.InChina,familiescanbepunishedforhavingmorethanonechild. D前后呼应的主题句Whenyoulearnaforeignlanguageyoumustlearnmorethanjustthevocabularyandthegrammar.Tocommunicatesuccessfullyinspeech,youmustalsolearnthenonverballanguage,or“bodylanguage”,ofthatculture.…………Althoughwespendmanyyearslearninghowtospeakaforeignlanguage,misunderstandingscanoccurunlessweknowthenonverballanguageandthecorrectbehaviorofthatculture.…… E无明确的主题句Alongstandingreticence(沉默寡言),perhapsbornofanationalabhorrence(厌恶)ofmonarchiesandkings,keptfacesandportraitsoffUnitedStatescoinsasaregularpracticeuntil1909,thecentennialofAbrahamLincoln’sbirth.TheLincolnPennywasthefirstcointocarryaportrait.Congresspassedtheenablingact,butatthesametimestoodbyanearlierlaw,stipulatingthateveryUnitedStatescoinmustbearasymbolofliberty.WiththeissueoftheLincolnPenny,CongressandthefederalmintrealizedthatgreatmenlikeLincolnandWashingtonwouldnotbetreatedasdeitiesbutasparagonsoffreedomandliberty. Washingtonwasnothonoredwithacoinuntilthebicentennialofhisbirthwhenhisportraitwasputonthequarter.Other’srolesinrepresentingpatrioticvirtuesweremorequicklyacknowledged:theRooseveltdimewasissuedin1946,ayearafterthedeathoffour-termPresidentFranklinD.Roosevelt,andtheKennedyhalf-dollarwasmintedin1946,lessthanayearaftertheyoungestPresidentinUnitedStateshistorywasassassinated.TheEisenhowersilverdollararrivedin1970,adecadeaftertheformersupremeAlliedcommanderandPresidentleftoffice. Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?A.AnationaldislikeofkingsB.CongressionallegislationtocreatenewcoinsC.TheuseofLincolnPennyasasymboloflibertyD.PresidentialportraitsonUnitedStatescoins 词汇意思题利用词汇形合手段A-1.同义关系（synonomy）Foodanddrinkofthemselvesaregoodanddesirable,buttheirabusecancauseserioushealthandmentalproblems.Manydoctorsbelievethatovereatingisoneofthecountry"smainhealthproblemssinceitplacesagreatstrainontheheart.Anotherareaofconcernisalcohol.Theresultsofalcoholabusearewellknown.Thesocialdrinkerturnedalcoholic;thedrunkendriver"scontributionstohighwaydeaths,thebrokenhomes,etc.,allpointtothedangersofmisusingoneofnature"sgifts.Althoughtheabuseofathingisnoargumentagainsttheuseofit,reasonandrestraintshouldprevail. A-2反义关系（antonymy）FirstofallIwanttointroducemyself:MynameisCarmen.SomepeoplecallmeSmiley.Itrytoactnice,butsometimesIjustcan"tdoit.Somepeopledon"thelpme.Inmyschoolnoteveryoneisnice.Somepeopleinmyschoolacttoughwithmeandwanttobossmearound.Ican"talwaysfightbecausesomepeoplehaveolderbrothersandsisterswhofightforthem,andIdon"t.IhaveacousinwhoistheonlyoneIcancountontohelpme.ButItrynottobotherhimbecauseIhavetolearntostandupbymyselftogetalonginlife. A-3上下义关系TheEinsteinObservatoryisanorbitingspacecraftthatismappingindetailextremelydistantsourcesofX-rays.Ithassentbackinformationthathasledtoanewconceptofhowtheuniversewasformed.Someleadingscientistsnowconcludethattheevolutionoftheuniversedependedheavilyonsequencesofexplosionsandthattheshockwavesthatfollowedthemmayhaveplayedanimportantpartingalaxyformation. A-4.词的集合ThebestwaytobeginaNationalForestadventureistostopatanInformationStationoraVisitors"Center.Theformerprovidesmaps,brochuresanddirections,while,inadditiontotheseservices,thelatterofferstalks,filmsandexhibits.Theseprofessionalservicesarefree,contributetothepublic"ssafeenjoymentoftheforests,andplayanimportantroleinthedevelopmentandpreservationofourforestresources. A-5.词的搭配Thereisproofthatthislittlecreaturewasanancestorofthehorseoftoday.Scientistshaveexcavatedfossilsofcertainanimalsthatlivedafewmillionyearslaterandfoundthat,althoughtheywerebiggerthantheanimalofearliertimes,theyresembleditandthemodern-dayhorse.注：同一种搭配也有不同的意义。如：athome①在家，在本地，在国内；②像在家一样舒适自在；③熟悉的（with,on,in) 利用语法形合手段或上下文B-1.照应（reference）Thedog,whohadsoundedsoferociousinthewinterdistances,wasafemaleGermanshepherd.Shewasshivering.Hertailwasbetweenherlegs.Shehadneverbeentowarbefore.Shehadnoideawhatgamewasbeingplayed.HernamewasPrincess. B-2.替代（substitution）Thewatertreatmentindustryemploysanumberofchemicalandmechanicalmeansto"tailor"watertomeettheneedsofcustomers.Ofthehalf-dozenprocesses,thetwobasiconesareclarificationandfiltration.英语中有三种替代现象：①名词性替代：one,ones,thesame,thekind,thesort。有时each,none,all,some,any,either,neither,both等词也可起类似作用。②动词性替代通常由do的一定形式充当。③分句性替代词主要有so和not。前者用于替代肯定陈述句，后者用于替代否定陈述句。 省略（ellipsis）例1：AnadultAmericandrinksfromoneandahalftofiveormorequartsofwateraday.Histotaldailyintakedependsonclimate,workload,bodysize,andmanyotherfactors.Mostofusthinkthatthewaterwedrinkissafe.Itusuallyis,butsomeofusareusingpoorlytreateddrinkingwaterwhichhasbeenspoiledbybacteria,toxicchemicals,metal,andapossiblewiderangeofotherpollutants. 例2：TelevisionisasuccesswiththeAmericanpublic.Peoplearrangetheirlives,theirleisuretimeandeventheirlivingroomfurniturearoundtelevision.Moreover,theaverageadultspends3-4hoursadaywatchingitandtheaveragechild,morethanfourhourseachday.Question:Inthelastsentenceofthepassagewhatwordisomitted? 根据定义或解释猜测词义例1：Theperiodofadolescence,i.e.,theperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthood,maybelongorshort,dependingonsocialexpectationsandonsociety"sdefinitionastowhatconstitutesmaturityandadulthood…例2：Accountabilityisn’thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences...例3：Ingeneral,continuousexposuretosoundsofover80decibels(ameasureoftheloudnessofsound)canbeconsidereddangerous. 利用构词法知识D-1.词缀法：指的是在词根的基础上加词缀构成的新词。D-1-1.词根。请看以下这组词：cycler（周期计）、cyclizing（环化）、cyclotron（回旋加速器）、cycloid（圆状的）、cyclgraph（圆弧器）、cyclometer（记转器）、cyclist（骑自行车的人）、cyclone（气旋）、cyclorama（圆形画景）。Cycl就是“圆、环”的意思，通常把这种构词成份称作词根。D-1-2.词缀。英语词缀大体上分为前缀与后缀两类。看以下两组词：例1：miscalculate,misunderstand,misdescription,misread,mistake,mistaught,misrepresent,mislead,misname,mismanage例2：worker,manager,writer,farmer,teacher,painter,observer,footballer,third-placer(第三名),second-guesser(事后诸葛亮) D-2.转类法:指的是无需借助词缀就实现词类的转换。D-2-1.名词转化为动词。例如：telephone（电话）——totelephone（打电话）screen（银幕）——toscreen（上映）fork（叉子）——tofork（分叉）Taxi（计程车）——totaxi（乘计程车）Centre中心位于中心pilot飞行员驾驶飞行器Claw爪子用手抓date日期确定…的年代Drugaddict吸毒成瘾者吸毒成瘾elbow胳膊肘用肘挤Filter漏斗缓缓移动hem衣服的褶边处于边沿Lump一堆合在一起matter事情事关重要Shape形状影响，左右，发展snake蛇蜿蜒Staff工作人员配备工作人员voice声音讲出，表达 D-2-2.动词转化为名词Cut割，砍acut一处刀伤tramp流浪atramp一个流浪者Smile笑asmile一笑smoke冒烟smoke烟尘Cheat骗取acheat一个骗子find发现afind一个发现物注：英语中有许多短语动词也可转化为名词。这类短语动词可分为两大类，一类是副词在动词前面，另一类是副词在动词后面。如：1）Thebreakdownofthecarwasannoying.（故障）2）Thehold-upwasirritating.（交通阻塞）3）Theoverflowofthewaterposedathreattothecrops.（泛滥）4)Theoutputofsteelhasbeendoubledinthepastfiveyears.（产量） D-2-3:形容词转化为名词。如：green绿色的青菜nasty龌龊的讨厌的家伙crazy疯狂的疯子creative创造性的有创造性的人D-2-4：形容词转化为动词。如：empty空的倒空sour酸的使变酸brave勇敢的充勇敢blank空的使无效 D-3：合词法：即把两个或两个以上的词按照一定的次序排列构成新词的方法。用这种方法构成的新词叫做复合词。D-3-1：复合名词hotline热线hard-line主张推行强硬路线者blackhole黑洞biologicalclock生物钟D-3-2：复合形容词round-the-clock连续二十四小时的back-up备用的see-through透明的hit-and-run打了就跑的stand-up竖着的D-3-3：复合动词white-wash涂白、粉刷overwork工作过度mass-produce成批生产daydream白日做梦 D-4：拼缀法：即对原有的两个词进行剪裁，取舍其中的首部或尾部，然后连成一个新词，这种方法叫拼缀法。如：smog=smoke+fog。从形态结构来看，拼缀法大致可分为四大类。D-4-1：一个词的首部与一个词的尾部相拼缀。botel=boat+hotel：汽艇游客旅馆telecast=television+broadcast电视广播mobot=mobile+robot移动式机器人smaze=smoke+haze烟霾（haze霾，烟雾）D-4-2：一个词的首部与一个词的首部相拼缀。comsat=communication+satellite通信卫星sitcom=situation+comedy情景喜剧interpol=international+police国际警察组织 D-4-3：一个词的首部与另一个词的全部相拼缀。paratroops=parachute+troops伞兵部队heliport=helicopter+port直升飞机场medicare=medical+care【美】老年保健医疗D-4-4：一个词的全部与另一个词的尾部相拼缀。newscast=news+broadcast新闻广播workfare=work+welfare工作福利（指规定金领取人担任一定工作或参加在职受训的计划） D-5：逆成法：逆成法与词缀法恰好相反。词缀法借用词缀构成新词，而逆成法则去掉被误认的后缀构成新词。如televise由television删去-ion逆生而成。其实是先有名词television，后有动词televise。利用这种构词手段创造的新词叫做逆生词。逆生词多半属动词，极少数属于其它此类。形成逆生词的原形词最常见的有两类：1）名词peddler小贩peddle叫卖burglar夜盗burgle盗窃beggar乞丐beg乞讨 editor编辑edit编辑emotion感情emote表现感情donation捐赠donate捐赠aggression侵略aggress侵略2）形容词gloomy阴暗的；郁闷的gloom变阴暗、使阴暗；变郁闷、使郁闷cosy舒适的cose或coze使感到舒适惬意lazy懒惰的laze偷懒 D-6：缩略词缩略词并不创造新词，而是将原词缩短或将原来固定词组、复合词简略缩写而成为缩略词。这种构词法具有造词简练、使用简便的特点。在英语发展过程中，运用缩略法构成的词替代了原有的词或词组，如bus代替了omnibus，plane代替了aeroplane，zoo代替了zoologicalgarden，radar取代了词组radiodetectingandranging，laser取代了lightamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation等。缩略法分为两种。一种是对原来完整的词进行加工，缩略其中一部分字母，构成新词，这种词叫做缩短词（clippedword）。另一种是将词组中主要词的开首字母联成一个词，这种词叫做首字母缩略词（acronym）。 1）缩短词。phone=telephonechute=parachute降落伞ad=advertisementpro=professional专业人士，内行demo=demonstration示威游行memo=memorandom备忘录flu=influenza流行性感冒tec=detective侦探frige=refrigerator冰箱auto=automobile汽车2）首字母缩略词。TV=Television电视kg=kilogram公斤V.O.A.=VoiceofAmerica美国之音I.O.C=InternationalOlympicCommittee国际奥林匹克委员会B.C=BeforeChrist公元前 3)关于阐述主旨的事实和有关细节Cattlehaveservedhumanitysinceprehistoricdayasbeastsofburdenandassuppliersofleather,meat,andmilk.Someoftheearliestwrittenrecordsconcernthesaleofcattle.Thesevaluableanimalsareunusualinthattheydonothavefrontteethintheirupperjaw.Insteadtheychewwiththeirrearteethandgums.Cowsswallowtheirfoodquicklyandstoreitinthepaunchorrumen,1thefirstofthefourcompartmentsstomachsintheirstomachs.Laterthefoodpassesintothe1Asecondstomachorreticulumwhereitisrolledintolittleballsorcuds.Whileresting,cowcough22D upthesecudsandchewthemmorethoroughly.Thistimethefoodpassesintothethirdandthenintothefourthstomach,wheredigestiontakesplace.Bacteriaincows’stomachsaidindigesting4C4C4thecelluloseinstemsofgrassorhay.OveronehundredmillionheadsofcattleareraisedintheUnitedStates.Dairycattleproducemorethanfifteenandone-halfbilliongallonsofmilkeveryear.Althoughdairycattlearebredprimarilytoproducemilk,abouthalfthebeefusedintheUnitedStatescomefromdairybreeds.3DThisisbecausewhendry(nolongerproducingmilk)theyfattenquicklyandproducehigh-qualitybeef. 1.Accordingtothepassage,whatistherumen?A.ThefirststomachcompartmentB.ThenameoftheupperjawC.ThestomachwheredigestiontakesplaceD.Thenameofthebacteriainthecow’sstomach2.Whatistheprimaryuseofthecow’ssecondstomach?A.foodstorageB.theproductionofmilkC.digestionD.thecreationofthecuds 3.Accordingtothepassage,whybreeddairycattle?A.producebeefB.provideincomeC.provideleatherD.producemilk4.Whichofthefollowingisessentialinthedigestionofcelluloseinthecow’stomach?A.CudB.ReticulumC.BacteriaD.Grass Thesehugewaveswreakterrificdamagewhentheycrashontheshoresofdistantlandsofcontinents.Underaperfectlysunnyskyandfromanapparentlycalmsea,awallofwatermay1B1Bbreaktwentyorthirtyfeethighoverbeachesandwaterfronts,crushinghousesanddrowningunsuspectingresidentsandbathersinitspath.Howarethesewavesformed?Whenasubmarineearthquakeoccurs,itislikelytosetupatremendousamountofshook,disturbingthequietwatersofthedeepocean.Thisdisturbancetravelstothesurfaceandformsahugeswellintheoceanmanymilesacross.Itrollsoutwardinall1Ddirections,andthewaterlowersinthecenterasanotherswellloomsup.Thus,aseriesofconcentricswellsareformedsimilartothosemadewhenacoinorsmallpebbleisdroppedintoa1Abasinwater.Thebigdifferenceisinthesize.Eachoftheconcentricringsofbasinwatertravelingouttowardtheedgeisonlyaboutaninchacrossandlessthanaquarterofaninchhigh.Theswellsintheoceanaresometimesnearlyamilewideandrisetoseveralmultiplesoftenfeetinheight. 1.OnesurprisingaspectofthewavesdiscussedinthepassageisthefactthattheyA.areformedinconcentricpatternsB.oftenstrikeduringclearweatherC.ariseunderconditionsofcoldtemperatureD.areproducedbydeepswells2.ThewavesdiscussedinthepassageoftenstrikeA.alongthecoastsoftheAleutianIslandsB.inregionsoutsidetheareamonitoredbytheCoastandGeodeticSurveyC.atgreatdistancesfromtheirplaceororiginD.atthesametimeastheoccurrenceofearthquake 3.ItisbelievedthatthewavesarecausedbyA.seismicchangesB.concentrictimebeltsC.atmosphericconditionsD.underwaterearthquakes4.ThenormalmaximumwidthofthewavesisapproximatelyA.fivefeetB.tenfeetC.onemileD.fivemiles Doyoufindgettingupinthemorningsodifficultthatit’spainful?Thismightbecalledlaziness,butDr.Kleitmanhasanewexplanation.Hehasprovedthateveryonehasadailyenergycycle.Duringthehourswhenyoulaborthroughyourworkyoumaysaythatyou’re‘hot’.That’strue.Thetimeofdaywhenyoufeelmostenergeticiswhenyourcycleofbodytemperatureisatitspeak.Forsomepeoplethepeakcomesduringtheforenoon.Forothersitcomesintheafternoonorevening.Noonehasdiscoveredwhythisisso,butitleadstosuchfamiliarmonologues(自言自语)as:’Getup,John!You’llbelateforworkagain!’ThepossibleexplanationtothetroubleisthatJohnisathistemperature-and-energypeakintheevening.Muchfamilyquarrellingendswhenhusbandsandwivesrealizewhattheseenergycyclesmean,andwhichcycleeachmemberofthefamilyhas. Youcan’tchangeyourenergycycle,butyoucanlearntomakeyourlifefititbetter.Habitcanhelp.Dr.Kleitmanbelieves.Maybeyou’resleepyintheeveningbutfeelyoumuststayuplateanyway.Counteractyourcycletosomeextentbyhabituallystayinguplaterthanyouwantto.Ifyourenergyislowinthemorningbutyouhaveanimportantjobtodoearlyintheday,risebeforeyourusualhour.Thiswon’tchangeyourcycle,butyou’llgetupsteam(鼓起干劲)andworkbetteratyourlowpoint.Getofftoaslowstartwhichsavesyourenergy.Getupwithaleisurelyyawn(呵欠)andstretch.Sitontheedgeofthebedaminutebeforeputtingyourfeetonthefloor.Avoidthetroublesomesearchforcleanclothesbylayingthemoutthenightbefore.Wheneverpossible,doroutineworkintheafternoonandsavetasksrequiringmoreenergyorconcentrationforyoursharperhours. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?A.Gettingofftoworkwithaminimumefforthelpssaveone’senergy.B.Dr.Kleitmanexplainswhypeoplereachtheirpeaksatdifferenthoursofday.C.Habithelpsoneadapttohisownenergycycle.D.Childrenhaveenergycycles,too. Acausealwayshasaneffect,andaneffecthasacause.Often,however,insearchingforthecauseoreffectofanact,wejumptoconclusions.IfJohnWilkins,whoisbigandstrong,doesn’tgooutforthefootballteam,somepupilssays,“Wilkinshasnocourage.”Perhapstherealreasonisthathisparentsobject,heisbehindinhisschoolworkandcan’taffordthetime,orhebelievesthatfootballisnotworthplaying.Q：Whatisthebesttitleofthisparagraph?A.HowtoPlayFootball?B.CauseandEffectC.DangerofJumpingtoConclusionsD.SportandStudy Theoldideathattalentedchildren“burnthemselvesout”intheearlyyears,andtherefore,aresubjectedtofailureand,atworst,mentalillnessisunfounded.Asamatteroffact,theoutstandingthingthathappenstobrightkidsisthattheyareverylikelytogrowintobrightadults.Q:Theoldideathattalentedchildren“burnthemselvesout”intheearlyyearsis________.A.trueinallsensesB.refutedbytheauthorC.medicallyprovenD.abeliefoftheauthorB正确理解句中指代词的作用 C正确理解句中的重述现象例1:Wemeetatveryshortintervals,nothavinghadtimetoacquireanynewvalueforeachother.Frequentmeetingspreventusfrom_______.A.refreshingourselvesB.appreciatingthevaluesofsolitudeC.acquiringnewvaluesforeachotherD.feelinglonelybetweenmeetings 例2：Itisallverywelltoblametrafficjams,thecostofpetrolandthequickpaceofmodernlife,butmannersontheroadsarebecominghorrible.Everybodyknowsthatthenicestmenbecomemonstersbehindthewheel.Itisallverywell,again,tohaveatigerinthetank,buttohaveoneinthedriver’sseatisanothermatteraltogether.Youmighttoleratetheoddroad-hog,therudeandinconsideratedriver,butnowadaysthewell-manneredmotorististheexceptiontotherule.Perhapsthesituationcallsfora“BeKindtoOtherDrivers”campaign,otherwiseismaygetcompletelyoutofhand.Q:Accordingtothispassage,troublesontheroadareprimarilycausedby_________.A.people’sattitudetowardstheroad-hogB.therhythmofmodernlifeC.thebehaviorofthedriverD.trafficconditions 5）关于根据材料进行一定的判断推理及引申例1：Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilswasforgoodmentodonothing.Soasapoliceofficer,Ihavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople.DayafterdaymymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.Akeyingredientisdisappearing,andIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability.Q:Whatthewisemansaidsuggeststhat_______.A.it’sunnecessaryforgoodpeopletodoanythinginfaceofevilB.it’scertainthatevilwillprevailifgoodmendonothinginfaceofevilC.it’sonlynaturalforvirtuetodefeatevilD.it’sdesirableforgoodmentokeepawayfromevil 例2：Theoldideathattalentedchildren“burnthemselvesout”intheearlyyears,and.Therefore,aresubjectedtofailureandatworst,mentalillnessisfound.Asamatteroffact,theoutstandingthingthathappenstobrightkidsisthattheyareverylikelytogrowintobrightadults.Tofindthisout,1500giftedpersonswerefolloweduptothirty-fifthyearwiththeseresults:Onadultintelligencetests,theyscoreashighastheyhadaschildren.Theywere,asagroup,ingoodhealth,physicallyandmentally.84%oftheirgroupweremarriedandseemedcontentwiththeirlives.About70percenthadgraduatedfromcollege,thoughonly30percenthadgraduatedwithhonors.Afewhadevendroppedout,butnearlyhalfofthesehadreturnedtograduate. Ofthemen,80percentwereinoneoftheprofessionorbusinessmanagementorsemiprofessionaljobs.Thewomenwhohadremainedsinglehadoffices,business,orprofessionaloccupations.Thegrouphadpublished90booksand1500articleinscientific,scholarly,andliterarymagazinesandhadcollectedmorethan100patents.Inamaterialwaytheydidnotdobadlyeither.Averageincomewasconsiderablyhigheramongthegiftedpeople,especiallythemen,thanforthecountryasawhole,despitetheircomparativeyouth.Infact,farfrombeingstrange,mostofthegiftedwereturningtheirearlypromiseintopracticalreality. 1.Themainideaofthispassageis______.A.talentedchildrenaremostlikelytobecomegiftedadultsB.brightchildrenareunlikelytobementallyhealthyC.thesurveyofbrightchildrenwasmadetofindoutwhathadhappenedtotalentedchildrenwhentheybecameadultsD.whentalentedchildrengrewintoadults,theyhadaconsiderablelossofintelligence2.Thepurposeofthispassageisto______.A.provethatoldideathattalentedchildren“burnthemselvesout”intheearlyyearB.persuadereaderstoacceptunquestioninglythefactthattalentedchildrenaremostlikelytobecomebrightadultsC.tellreadersthattheoldideaishisownbeliefD.provetheoldideatrueinallsenses 例3：IntheEnglisheducationalsystem,studentstakethreeveryimportantexaminations,thefirstistheeleven-plus,whichistakenattheageofelevenoralittlepast.Atonetimetheabilityoraptitudeshowontheeleven-pluswouldhavedeterminedifachildstayedinschool.Now,however,allchildrencontinuein“comprehensive”schools,alltheeleven-plusdetermineswhichcoursesofstudythechildwillfollow.Attheageoffifteenorsixteen,thestudentsaretestedforOriginalLeveloftheGeneralCertificateofEducation.Thisexaminationcoversawiderangeofsubjects;oncestudentshavepassedthisexam,theyareallowedtospecialize,sothattwo-thirdsormoreoftheircourseswillbeinphysics,chemistry,classicallanguages,orwhatevertheywishtostudyatgreatlength.Thefinalexamination,ateighteen,coversonlythecontentofthespecialsubjects.Evenattheuniversities,studentsstudy,onlyintheirconcentratedarea,andveryfewstudentseverventureoutsidethatsubjectagain,inarealsense,theEnglishboyorgirlisaspecialistfromtheageoffifteen. 1.Thepurposeofthispassageisto_______.A.showwhymostEnglishstudentsare“specialists”B.showthesuperiorityoftheEnglisheducationalsystemC.discusstheinequalitiesoftheEnglisheducationalsystemD.describethethreeteststhattheEnglisheducationalsystemisbasedon2.Wemayconcludefromthepassagethat_______.A.theexamthatistakenattheageofeighteeniseasierthantheothertwoexamsB.failureontheeleven-plusexamexcludesastudentfromfurtherschoolingC.highereducationismuchnarrowerinscopeinEnglandthaninAmericaD.physicsandchemistryaretoomostpopularcoursesofstudy3.Thepassagesuggeststhat_______.A.mostpeopleinEnglandarecollegeeducatedB.schoolingisverycloselycontrolledinEnglandC.thefailurerateoneleven-plusexamisquitehighD.England’sstructurededucationalsystemhadreducedtheilliteracyrateinthatcountrydramatically 例4：TheAmericanRevolutionwasnotarevolutioninthesenseofaradicalortotalchange.Itwasnotasuddenandviolentoverturningofthepoliticalandsocialframework,suchaslateroccurredinFranceandRussia,whenbothwerealreadyindependentnations.Significantchangeswereusheredin,buttheywerenotbreathtaking.Whathappenedwasacceleratedevolutionratherthanoutrightrevolution.Duringtheconflictitselfpeoplewentonworkingandplaying,marryingandpraying.Mostofthemwerenotseriouslydisturbedbytheactualfighting,andmanyofthemoreisolatedcommunitiesscarcelyknewthatawarwason.America’sWarofIndependenceheraldedthebirthofthreemodernnations.OnewasCanada,whichreceiveditsfirstlargeinfluxofEnglish-speakingpopulationfromthethousandsofloyalistswhofledtherefromtheUnitedStates.AnotherwasAustralia,whichbecameapenalcolonynowthatAmericawasnolongeravailableforprisonersanddebtors.Thethirdnewcomer---theUnitedStates---baseditselfsquarelyonrepublicanprinciples. Yeteventhepoliticaloverturnwasnotsorevolutionaryasonemightsuppose.Insomestates,notableConnecticutandRhodeIsland,thewarlargelyratifiedacolonialself-rulealreadyexisting.Britishofficials,everywhereousted,werereplacedbyahome-growngoverningclass,whichpromptlysoughtalocalsubstituteforKingandParliament.1.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheUnitedStates:AnIsolatedCommunityB.BreathtakingEventsDuringtheAmericanRevolutionC.CanadaandtheAmericanWarofIndependenceD.TheAmericanRevolution:EvolutionNotRevolution2.Inthefirstparagraph,whatdoestheauthorsuggestabouttheFrenchandRussiaRevolution?A.Theywereexplosiveandabrupt.B.Theywereineffective.C.Theyinvolvedonlythosepeoplelivinginurbanareas.D.Theyledtothereleaseofallpoliticalprisoners. 3.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheloyalistswhoescapedtoCanadawere______.A.RussianB.FrenchC.BritishD.Australian4.Whatwilltheparagraphfollowingthepassagemostprobablydiscuss?A.ThetransportofprisonerstoAustraliaB.Thecreationofnewstategovernments.C.EventsleadinguptotheAmericanRevolution.D.HowCanadaandtheUnitedStatesbecamefriends. 6）关于对作者观点和态度的领会A观点和事实IbelievethatmostAmericanswouldnotwantmyjob.Iworkfromninetofive,sixdaysaweek.TheroomIworkinis14by20feet.Tenpeopleworkinthatspace.Therearenowindows.We"regiventwentyminutesforlunch.Thereisnoovertimepay.1).Whatopinionabouthisjobdoestheauthorexpress?Underlineit.2).Highlightthefactsthattheauthorusestodevelopthatopinion. B领会作者的观点Thetraditionalbeliefthatawoman’splaceisinthehomeandthatawomanoughtnottogoouttoworkcanhardlybereasonablymaintainedinpresentconditions.Itissaidthatitisawoman’stasktocareforthechildren,butfamiliestodaytendtobesmallandwithayearortwobetweenchildren.Thusawoman’swholeperiodofchildbearingmayoccurwithinfiveyears.Furthermore,withcompulsoryeducationfromtheageoffiveorsix,herroleaschiefofherchildrensoonceases.Thusevenifweagree,thatawomenshouldstayathometolookafterherchildrenbeforetheyareofschoolage,formanywomen,thisperiodwouldextendonlyforabouttenyears. Itmightbearguedthatthehouse-proudwomenwouldstillfindplentytodoaboutthehome.Thatmaybeso,butitiscertainlynolongernecessaryforawomantospendherwholelifecooking,mendingandsewing.Washingmachinestakethedrudgeryoutoflaundry,thelatestmodelsbeingentirelyautomaticandabletowashanddryalargequantityofclothesinafewminutes.Refrigeratorshavemadeitpossibletostorefoodforlongperiodsandmanypre-cockedfoodsareobtainableintins.Shopping,insteadofbeingadailytask,canbecompletedinonedayaweek.Thenewman-madefibresandgreatlyreducemending,whilegoodready-madeclothesarecheapandplentiful. Apartfromwomen’sownhappiness,theneedsofthecommunitymustbeconsidered.Modernsocietycannotdowellwithoutthecontributionthatwomencanmakeintheprofessionsandotherkindsofwork.Thereisaseriousshortageofnursesandteachers,tomentiononlytwooftheoccupationsfollowedbywomen.Itisextremelywastefultogiveyearsoftrainingatpublicexpenseonlytohavethequalifiedteacherornursemarryafterayearortwoandbelostforevertoherprofession.Thetraining,itistrue,willhelpherinherdutiesasamother,butifshecontinuedtowork,herservicewouldbemorewidelyuseful.Manyfactoriesandshops,too,arelargelystaffedbywomen,manyofthemmarried.Whileherethequestionoftrainingisnotsoimportant,industryandtradewouldbeseriouslyshortofstaffitmarriedwomendidnotwork. 1.Theauthorholdsthat_______.A.therightplaceforallwomen,marriedorotherwise,isthehome,notelsewhereB.allmarriedwomenshouldhavesomeoccupationoutsidethehomeC.amarriedwomanshouldgivefirstprioritytoherdutiesasamotherD.itisdesirableforuneducatedmarriedwomentostayathomeandtakecareofthefamily2.Accordingtotheauthor,ahouse-proudwoman________.A.woulddevoteherwholelifetoherfamilyB.wouldtakeherownhappinessandthatofherfamilyasherchiefconcernC.wouldstillneedsomespecialtrainingatpublicexpensetohelpherindutiesasahousewifeD.wouldtakefulladvantageofmodernhouseholdappliancesandtakeupajob3.Accordingtotheauthor,modernsociety_______.A.canoperatejustaswellevenwithoutwomenparticipationB.hasbeengreatlyhamperedinitsdevelopmentbytheshortageofwomennursesandwomenteachersC.cannotoperateproperlywithoutthecontributionofwomenD.willbeseriouslyaffectedbythecontinuingshortageofworkingwomeninheavyindustriesandinternationaltrade C辨别文章的笔调，推断作者的态度1.Peoplewhokeepdogsareselfishandstupid.Itisadisgracetofeedadumbdoggoodfoodwhentherearesomanychildrenstarvingintheworld.2.Thepoordoglayonhisside.Hisbacklegswerebrokenandhecouldnotstandup.Hisfeeblecrieswerelostintheterriblenoiseofthetrafficandnoonecouldstopforhim.Carsandtruckswhizzedby.Hewouldsurelybehitagaininafewmoments.3.Thiscrazypuppywillnotlearn.Itakeherouteverydayforawalk.EverydayImakehersitbeforewecrosstheroad.EverydayItellhershemustwaituntilIsay“Walk”.Buteverydayshetriestoboundacrosstheroadwithoutme.4.Thenewpuppywassohappywhenthekidscamehome.Herusheddownthehallandforgotaboutthepolishonthekitchenfloor.Whoosh!Heslidpastthestove,pasttherefrigerator,pastthebackdoor,andheadfirstintoanemptysupermarketsackunderthechair.5.Adogwillcomfortyouwheneveryoneelseisagainstyou.Adogdoesnotcareaboutwhatyouhavedoneorwhattheworldthinksofyou.Heputshispawonyourkneeandlooksatyouwithadoringeyes.Youarehishappiness. 3.掌握阅读方法1）QPQAneweraisuponus.Callitwhatyouwill:theserviceeconomy,theinformationage,theknowledgesociety.Italltranslatestoafundamentalchangeinthewaywework.Alreadywe’repartlythere.ThepercentageofpeoplewhoearntheirlivingbymakingthingshasfallendramaticallyintheWesternWorld.TodaythemajorityofjobsinAmerica,EuropeandJapan(twothirdsormoreinmanyofthesecountries)areintheserviceindustry,andthenumberisontherise.Morewomenareintheworkforcethaneverbefore.Therearemorepart-timejobs.Morepeopleareself-employed.Butthebreadthoftheeconomictransformationcan’tbemeasuredbynumbersalone,becauseitalsoisgivingrisetoaradicalnewwayofthinkingaboutthenatureofworkitself.Long-heldnotionsaboutjobsandcareers,theskillsneededtosucceed,eventherelationbetweenindividualsandemployers—allthesearebeingchallenged. Wehaveonlytolookbehindustogetsomesenseofwhatmaylieahead.Noonelookingahead20yearspossiblycouldhaveforeseenthewaysinwhichasingleinvention,thechip(集成块)，wouldtransformourworldthankstoitsapplicationsinpersonalcomputers,digitalcommunicationsandfactoryrobots.Tomorrow’sachievementsinbiotechnology,artificialintelligenceorevensomestillunimaginedtechnologycouldproduceasimilarwaveofdramaticchanges.Butonethingiscertain:informationandknowledgewillbecomeevenmorevital,andthepeoplewhopossessit,whethertheyworkinmanufacturingorservices,willhavetheadvantageandproducethewealth.Computerknowledgewillbecomeasbasicarequirementastheabilitytoreadandwrite.Theabilitytosolveproblemsbyapplyinginformationinsteadofperformingroutinetaskswillbevaluedaboveallelse.Ifyoucastyourmindahead10years,informationserviceswillbepredominant.Itwillbewayyoudoyourjob. 1.Acharacteristicoftheinformationageisthat________.A.theserviceindustryisrelyingmoreandmoreonthefemaleworkforceB.manufacturingindustriesaresteadilyincreasingC.peoplefinditharderandhardertoearnalivingbyworkinginfactoriesD.mostofthejobopportunitiescannowbefoundintheserviceindustry2.Oneofthegreatchangesbroughtaboutbytheknowledgesocietyisthat______.A.thedifferencebetweentheemployeeandtheemployerhasbecomeinsignificantB.people’straditionalconceptsaboutworknolongerholdtrueC.mostpeoplehavetotakepart-timejobsD.peoplehavetochangetheirjobsfromtimetotime3.Byreferringtocomputersandotherinventions,theauthormeanstosaythat______.A.peopleshouldbeabletorespondquicklytotheadvancementoftechnologyB.futureachievementsintechnologywillbringaboutinconceivabledramaticchangesC.theimportanceofhightechnologyhasbeenoverlookedD.computersciencewillplayaleadingroleinthefutureinformationservices 4.Thefuturewillprobablybelongtothosewho______.A.possessandknowhowtomakeuseofinformationB.givefullplaytotheirbrainpotentialC.involvethemselvesinserviceindustriesD.casttheirmindsaheadinsteadoflookingback5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.ComputersandtheKnowledgeSociety.B.ServiceIndustriesinModernSociety.C.FeaturesandImplicationsoftheNewEra.D.RapidAdvancementofInformationTechnology. 2）PQP3）PQPQ… 4.理清思路1）尽管不同国家有文化差异，但人类总的知识结构是相同的。2）无论是作者，还是读者，还是命题人员，基本常识是相同的。3）不是所有题目都是无懈可击的。 寻找证据合理安排时间六、平时训练：限时阅读及增加强度 原则★1)题目的顺序与文章的顺序高度一致。（如果在做题中出现某道题的关键词不够明确，也可以通过这个小规律，采用“迂回”战术来解决，那就是先放着无法定位的题目不做，而去做下一道能够明确定位的题目，再利用题目与文章顺序一致，大概确定上题的范围，再做查找，范围缩小，也就意味着难度降低了。）2)解题句几乎是将文章等分。3)正确答案基本是原文再现。（重在查找，而非转述或分析，只要找到信息就可以了，那么在答案中往往是以原文原词再现或者同义替换。） 寻读法寻读是快速阅读，期望找到具体信息的一种方法。三步走：关键词信息：一是文章中的标题、题干中的引号部分、粗体字、黑体字、斜体字和划线部分等；二是句子中的名词、动词、形容词等。原文定位：寻找第一个步骤中所标注的关键信息词。对比解答：注意同义替换或者概括总结（原文重现不一定是答案） 解题方法★1)看题干，划出关键词（具有区别度）（可以同时记录两个题的关键词，以防错过。）★2)看一题，定位一题。（在原文中标出，避免回读。）3)对比原文与题干，找出异同或丢失信息，解题。(词语替换) 基本要求1.十套真题：第一遍：考试流程，把握时间，安排难易第二、三….遍：精读---how2.建立自己的生词本3.关于阅读:文章的目的性---进入作者的观点---分清事实和观点---信息解构（Readbeyondwords!!!）（一定找到文章的中心思想）针对阅读：文章与问题谁先谁后？ 大学英语四级阅读A:选词填空(15选10):词汇理解B:长篇阅读:匹配(原快速阅读理解调整为长篇阅读理解，篇章长度和难度不变。篇章后附有10个句子，每句一题。每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的段落。有的段落可能对应两题，有的段落可能不对应任何一题。)C:仔细阅读:理解选择(2篇10个选择)三个题型，考察重点各不相同，做题方法差别很大：长篇阅读考察信息定位---难点在于快速查找仔细阅读考察信息理解---难点在于选项甄别选词填空考察词汇识记---难点在于词汇意义共同点：考察对文章的整体理解 痉证 痉证是指筋脉失养或热甚风动所引起的项背强急,四肢抽搐,甚至角弓反张为主要表现的一种病证。 瘈疭即抽搐。《张氏医通·瘈疭》“瘈者,筋脉拘急也，疭者，筋脉弛纵也。”《温病条辨·痉病瘈疭总论》“痉者,强直之谓,后人所谓角弓反张，古人所谓痉也。瘈者,蠕动引缩之谓,后人所谓抽掣,搐搦,古人所谓瘈也” 首见《内经》,与感受风、寒、湿、热之邪有密切关系。《素问·至真要大论》:“诸痉项强,皆属于湿。”“诸暴强直,皆属于风。”《灵枢·经筋》:“经筋之病,寒则反折筋急。”《灵枢·热病》:"热而痉者死。" 《金匮要略》将表实无汗与表虚有汗分为刚痉、柔痉,还提出----误治致痉,即表证过汗、风病误下复发汗、疮家误汗等----津液受伤,筋脉失养。 《痉湿暍病脉证治》“太阳病,发热无汗,反恶寒者,名曰刚痉”“太阳病,发热汗出,而不恶寒,名曰柔痉”“夹风病下之则痉,复发汗,必拘急”“疮家虽身疼痛,不可发汗,汗出则痉” 《金匮要略》：瓜萎桂枝汤、葛根汤、大承气汤治疗痉证的主方。大承气汤----温病学派治疗"热甚致痉"先导。 唐•孙思邈《千金方》首提“新产妇人及金疮血脉虚竭,小儿脐风”致痉。明代•张景岳----阴虚精血亏损《景岳全书·杂证谟·痉证》“凡属阴虚血少之辈,不能养营筋脉,以致抽孪僵仆者,皆是此证。” 清代温病学说----提出“热极生风,热甚津伤”----病因学说更趋完善。《临证指南医案》“肝为风木之脏,因有相火内寄,体阴用阳，其性刚，主动主升……倘精液有亏,肝阴不足,血燥生热,热则风阳上升,窍络阻塞,头目不清，眩晕跌仆,甚则瘈疭厥矣。” 《温热经纬·薛生白湿热病篇》“湿热证,三四日即口噤，四肢牵引拘急,甚则角弓反张,此湿热侵入经络脉隧中。”“木旺由于水亏,故得引火生风，反焚其木,以致痉厥。” 王清任----气虚血瘀。《医林改错·论抽风不是风》云：“殊不知项背反张,四肢抽搐，手足握固，乃气虚不固肢体也……元气既虚,必不能达于血管,血管无气,必停留而瘀。” 病因病机肝主筋,主藏血,为风木之脏,体阴而用阳.热动肝风水不涵木,风阳内动，血虚肝失滋养,虚风内动,邪壅经脉-----筋脉拘急,项背强急,甚至角弓反张。 病因--外感与内伤。外感--风、寒、湿、热,邪壅经脉，或热盛风动而致痉；内伤--热甚于里,热极生风消灼津液,阴虚风动气血亏虚，筋脉失养病久入络,瘀血内阻。 1.邪壅经脉起居不慎,卫表不固,风寒湿热之邪外袭,邪壅经脉,致气血运行不畅,筋脉失养,拘急而成痉。 《金匮要略方论本义·痉病总论》“脉者，人之正气正血所行之道路也,杂错于邪风、邪湿、邪寒,则脉行之道路必阻塞壅滞,而拘急痉挛之证见矣。” 2.热甚风动外感热邪,或热从内生,邪热炽盛引动肝风,肝风内动,风火相煽则筋脉拘急而发为痉；或邪热内结阳明,阳明腑实,热极生风,或热甚津伤,筋脉失养致筋脉拘急而发为痉； 《临证指南医案.痉厥》“五液劫尽,阳气与内风鸱张,遂变为痉。”《温热经纬.薛生白湿热病篇》“发痉撮空,神昏谵妄,舌苔干黄起刺,或转黑色，大便不通者，热邪内结阳明。” 或邪热内陷，入营入血，上扰神明，闭塞经脉，致使神昏，筋脉拘急发为痉。《温病条辩》“痉厥神昏，舌短，烦躁，手少阴证未罢”。 3.阴虚血少素体阴虚血少失血过多,汗、吐、下太过-----致阴虚血少，虚风内动筋脉失养而致痉。《金匮要略心典》“亦有亡血竭气,损伤阴阳,而病变成痉者……阴阳既衰，筋脉失其濡养，而强直不柔矣。” 4.瘀血内阻久病不愈,气血耗伤，血行不畅,瘀血内阻。外伤致瘀血内阻,筋脉为之失养而发为痉。 《医林改错·论抽风不是风》"因见其病发之时,项背反张,两目天吊,口噤不开,口流涎沫,咽喉痰声,昏沉不省人事,以为中风无疑。殊不知项背反张,四肢抽搐，手足握固,乃气虚不固肢体也;两目天吊,口噤不开乃气虚不上升也……元气既虚,必不能达于血管,血管无气,必停留而瘀。" 痉证--筋脉病,基本病机：筋脉失养与热甚风动。筋脉失养-邪阻经脉阴虚血少热甚伤阴。热甚风动-热邪致肝风;热结阳明,阳明腑实;邪热内陷营血。 诊断1.起病突然,以项背强急,四肢抽搐,甚至角弓反张为主要特征。2.外感--起病前多有恶寒发热、头痛等症状; 内伤--常有素体虚弱,反复发作抽搐史,或有失血过多史,或有汗、吐、下太过史等。3.血常规、生化、脑脊液检查,头颅CT、MRI等 鉴别诊断1.痫病痫病反复发作性突然昏倒不省人事,四股抽搐,口吐涎沫,两目上视,喉中发出猪羊样叫声,移时自行苏醒,醒后如常人。痉证无上述特征,一般不会自行恢复,即使能暂时缓解,亦多有发热、头痛等症状存在。 2.厥证突然昏仆不省人事,四肢厥冷,移动时苏醒,或一厥不起为特征无四股抽搐和项背强急等症状 3.子痫特征:发生在妊娠中后期,或围生期,突然昏仆不省人事,四肢抽搐,牙关紧闭,两目上视,口吐涎沫伴随症:发作前有眩晕、头痛、下肢浮肿、高血压、蛋白尿等症状。 4.破伤风外伤后创口不洁,感受风毒而成,常在外伤后4~14天出现恶寒发热,苦笑面容,项背强急,四肢抽搐,甚至角弓反张,此为典型的痉证。有明显的外伤史,本病常在外科学中介绍。 辨证论治辨证要点1.辨外感与内伤外感--常有恶寒发热、头痛、脉浮等表证,即使热邪直中,虽无恶寒,但必有发热。内伤--无恶寒、发热等表证。 2.辨虚实外感及热甚致痉者,抽搐多强劲有力,属实证;素体虚弱、失血、失津过多或久病入络者,抽搐无力,多属虚证,或虚实夹杂。 治疗原则急则治其标,应首先止痉。风寒湿热----祛风散寒,除湿清热;肝风内动----平肝潜阳、熄风镇痉;阳明热盛----通腑泄热,急下存阴; 热入营血----清热凉血,开窍止痉;瘀血----活血化瘀,通窍止痉;阴虚血少----滋阴养血;虚实夹杂----根据虚实的轻重主次,或补虚为主,或祛邪为主,或标本兼顾。 分证论治1.邪壅经脉主症:项背强急,四肢抽搐,口噤不开。兼次症:头痛恶寒发热,股体酸重,无汗。舌象:舌质淡红,苔薄白或白腻。脉象:浮紧或濡数。 治法:祛风散寒,除湿通络。方药:羌活胜湿汤。羌活、独活、防风祛风胜湿;川芎、藁本、蔓荆子散风寒、止头痛;甘草调和诸药。----祛风散寒、除湿通络,邪祛络通则痉止。 寒邪偏盛恶寒重,无汗者--解肌发汗--葛根汤。葛根解肌养筋,以舒拘急;麻黄、桂枝解表散寒；白芍、甘草益阴缓急;生姜、大枣调和营卫。 暑温犯卫--身热无汗,微恶风寒,头痛呕吐,项背强急,筋脉拘急,苔薄黄,脉濡数----清暑解表,芳香化湿--新加香薷饮加藿香、佩兰、荷叶、苡仁等,新加香薷饮清暑解表,藿香、佩兰、荷叶、苡仁等芳香化湿。 湿热入侵--身热不扬,筋脉拘急,胸脘痞闷,渴不欲饮,小便短赤,苔黄腻,脉滑数--清热化湿,舒筋通络--三仁汤加地龙、丝瓜络、威灵仙等。三仁汤清热利湿、宣化畅中;地龙、丝瓜络、威灵仙、生苡仁舒筋通络。 2.肝经热盛主症:项背强急,四股抽搐,口噤啮齿,甚则角弓反张。兼次症:高热头痛,心烦易怒,口苦咽干,眩晕,面红目赤。舌象:舌质红,苔黄或少苔。脉象:弦数或弦细数。 治法:清肝泻火,熄风潜阳。方药:羚角钩藤汤。羚羊角、钩藤、桑叶、菊花清肝熄风止痉;川贝、竹茹清热化痰,茯神宁神定志;白芍、生地、甘草酸甘化阴以缓肝急。可酌加黄苓、栀子、黄连以清肝泻火;加全蝎、蜈蚣以祛风止痉;加石决明、牡蛎以潜阳。 3.阳明热盛主症:项背强急,四肢抽撞,甚则角弓反张。兼次症:壮热,汗出,口渴引饮。舌象:舌质红，苔黄燥或焦黑。脉象:洪数。 治法:清胃泄热,熄风止痉。方药:白虎汤加味。生石膏清泄阳明经之火热;知母清热养阴,助石膏以清阳明热盛;粳米、甘草和胃养阴。可酌加羚羊角、钩藤以清肝熄风止痉。 腹胀满,大便秘结--阳明腑实--通腑泄热,急下存阴--增液承气汤。大黄、芒硝通腑泄热以存阴;玄参、麦冬、生地黄养阴清热以增液。 腹胀坚满疼痛,屎水旁流,秽臭,舌苔焦黑--阳明腑实,热结旁流--大承气汤,峻下阳明热结以保存阴津。 4.心营热盛主症:项背强急,四肢抽搐,甚则角弓反张。兼次症:头痛,呕吐,高热,神昏,谵语,皮肤紫斑或瘀点,夜热早凉。舌象:舌质红绛,少苔或剥苔。脉象:细数。 治法:清心凉营,开窍止痉。方药:清营汤送服安宫牛黄丸。犀角(水牛角代)清心凉血解毒;竹叶心、连翘、黄连清心泄热;生地黄、麦冬、玄参、丹参凉血活血,滋阴清热。 酌加羚羊角、钩藤以清肝熄风止痉。安宫牛黄丸清热解毒,开窍止痉。两方合而有清心凉营,开窍止痉之功。 5.阴虚风动主症:项背强急,四肢抽搐无力。兼次症:头晕目眩,面色潮红,五心烦热。舌象:舌质红,少苔或剥苔。脉象:细数。 治法:滋阴潜阳,熄风止痉。方药:大定风珠。生地黄、阿胶、火麻仁、麦冬滋阴养液;龟板、鳖甲、牡蛎育阴潜阳;白芍、五味子与甘草合用酸甘化阴以缓其急;鸡子黄滋阴液、熄风阳。 6.气血亏虚主症:项背强急,四肢抽搐无力。兼次症:头晕目眩,神疲乏力,气短懒言,心悸怔忡,面色萎黄或白光白。舌象:舌质淡,苔薄白。脉象:细弱。 治法:补益气血,养筋缓痉。.方药:八珍汤加味。四君子汤益气健脾,旺盛生化之源;四物汤补血。酌加天麻、钩藤、全蝎、蜈蚣以熄风止痉。 自汗多--黄芪、五昧子益气固表敛汗;心悸怔忡,失眠多梦--酸枣仁、元肉、柏子仁、珍珠母。 7.瘀血内阻主症:项背强急,四肢抽搐。兼次症:头痛如刺,固定不移,形体消瘦,面白唇暗,神疲乏力。舌象:舌质紫暗,或舌边有瘀斑、瘀点,苔薄白。脉象:细涩。 治法:活血化瘀,通窍止痉。方药:通窍活血汤加味。赤芍、川芎、桃仁、红花活血消瘀;麝香开通诸窍,活血通络;姜、枣调和营卫;老葱通阳入络,为诸药之使。 酌加全蝎、蜈蚣以熄风止痉。若伴气虚而症见面色白光白,神疲乏力者,可酌加黄芪、党参以益气助血运行。 热证--清开灵注射液或醒脑静注射液。'