最新汉字造字法及演变课件PPT.ppt 60页

'汉字造字法及演变 汉字的原始状态图画文字 汉字的造字法及演变 指事字 指事字简单线条表示抽象的概念。如：一、二、三、四、上、下等。象形字的基础上增加相应符号。如：本、末、刃。 会意字 会意字：把两个或两个以上的独体字结合起来表示一个新的意义的造字法。 同体会意 异体会意 象形字、指事字、会意字在汉字这个大家庭中是数量较少的成员，那谁最多呢？形声字拓展链接：《说文解字》中所收的9353字中，形声字已达80%以上。 形声文字的创造，就是以形旁和声旁组合而成一个新字，形旁指出事物的类別，声旁指出文字的读音。 汉字有哪些不同的样子呢？ 汉字的演变甲骨文金文篆书隶书楷书草书行书 甲骨文展示 金文展示殷周时期刻在青铜器上的文字，金文的象形度仍然比较高，但同时也有了线条化、平直化的趋势。 篆书 大篆小篆繁简 隶书小篆的简便写法，把小篆弯曲的线条改为平直的笔画，字体进一步简化。 楷书因它笔画平直，结构方正，通行至今，经久不衰，是汉字的标准字体，从楷书起，汉字成为方块字就定型了。 草书 行书 演变繁简实用审美 汉字游戏字谜牛过独木桥。生春少三日。人一上一下。卡 一半在河海，一半在天空，到底在哪里？老家在山东。鲁一个字，生得怪，六张嘴，两只角。曲 小试身手1.有些字虽然不是象形字，人们现在却能利用它们来“象形”。汉语中说“一字眉、八字脚、丁字路口、工字楼、国字脸、之字路线”等，无不形象生动。请同学们再想一想，还有哪些汉字的字形曾经给你带来记忆的联想或表达上的方便。 2.汉字演变过程中的种种形态一直启发着后人的书法艺术创作。“甲、金、篆、隶、楷”都成为书法创作的一种风格，并且演进分化出许多小的分支流派来。下面提供一些书法作品的图片，请同学们欣赏一下，看看分别属于或接近哪种字体。 谢谢观赏！ 完形填空题型分析应试策略实例详解 题型分析大纲介绍本题考查的短文，一般难度适中，长约250-300单词，内设15个试题，要求考生在全面理解短文的基础上选出最佳选项，使短文意思完整，语法无误。能力要求完形填空试题兼有语言和知识技能两种试题的特点，要求考生的理解水平从句子提高到语篇，掌握相当的词汇、牢固的语法知识、良好的阅读能力、一定的语篇分析能力。具体分析如下： 篇章理解能力和语篇分析能力。完形填空是语篇层次上的完句填空，短文在结构和意义上都是一个整体，它对考生的整体语感和语篇分析能力也有较高的要求。因此，考生在做题时必须结合上下文考虑，不该只看所填的词语在句子中是否合适。词汇知识。主要包括构词法、同义词、反义词、形近异义词、同形异义词等的辨析。句型和固定搭配。主要包括动词、名词、形容词的惯用句型，动词、名词、形容词和副词之间的搭配，介词词组以及一些习惯搭配。语法和句法。完形填空考察多为词汇题，但对句子和文章的理解少不了一定的语法知识和分析能力，在选用结构词（介词、连词）时，需要考虑在语法上是否适当。 考点解密词义辨析。词义辨析主要集中在名词、动词、形容词和副词，试题通常以同义词、反义词或形近词的形式出现，要求考生在做题时根据语境确定答案，首先排除意义相反或相差较大的选项，然后确定未知词在句法和语法上的要求，最后选择使句子结构完整、语法正确、符合语义逻辑的最佳答案。固定搭配。固定搭配主要包括介词词组、动词词组、名词词组和一些词语的特殊搭配，是英语学习的重点和难点，备考无技巧可言，关键在于考生对它们的熟悉程度。准确的记忆对提高正确率、节省时间大有裨益。逻辑衔接。在完形填空中，不少题目是利用上下文在逻辑上的排斥性和关联性来设计的，考生应在理解全文的基础上，结合上下文的语义和逻辑关系选择答案。 语法结构。应关注主谓一致、定语从句、名词和代词的数和格、非谓语动词、并列结构、虚拟语气和倒装结构。 应试策略三步走通读全文，了解话题大意，把握总体结构，粗选答案。逐句细读，仔细推敲，确定答案。先易后难，初定答案。填空时，要按照先句法，后语法、语义、逻辑关系及固定搭配的顺序，从各个角度考虑，可以先跳过无法确定的选题，先易后难，循序渐进。B.前后参照，寻找线索。对于较难的题目，要反复阅读空白前后的句子，联系上下文，寻找语境线索和提示。句中信息空白的填补，可以由该句内的信息提示来确定，但有时也需要参照相邻或相隔较远的句子中的信息提示，甚至需要结合全文内容，仔细琢磨，选出合乎逻辑的答案。 3.回读全文，难点补缺。复读全文，再次通过前两遍阅读所营造的语感来核实选项答案，检查文章前后是否连贯、语义是否流畅、内容是否矛盾、结构是否严谨，同时补上难点空缺。 试题详解2010年试题Zooshavebecomeanimportantsiteforthepreservationandprotectionofwildliferesources,_61_thosespeciesthatareendangered._62_,manyzoosdisplayedliveanimalsforpublicentertainment.Presentlysomezooshavebecomescientificandeducational_63_thathavecontributedtotheunderstandingandconservationofwildanimalspopulations._64_thechallengesfacingmodernzoosarethecostofupgradingoldfacilities,thestruggletoobtain_65_operatingfunds,andtheneedtoattractmorevisitorstonewandentertainingexhibits. Many_66_zoosinAmericancitieshaveundergonerenovation(翻新）duringthelastdecadesofthe2othcentury.Amongtherecenttrendsinzoo_67_istheconstructionofnewenclosuresthatresemblenaturalhabitats(栖息地).Thereplacementoftraditionalsteelbarsandconcretefloors_68_appropriatelydesignedsurroundingsimprovesvisitorappreciationoftheanimals.Suchrenovationsmay_69_stressonanimalsandallowthemtointeractwithoneanothermorenaturally.Severalmajorzoosconductcaptivepropagationprograms.Acaptivepropagationprogramincludesthebreedingof_70_zooorwildanimalstoobtainoffspring,usuallyforreleaseto_71_orfortransfertootherzoos.Captivebreedingisonemethodof_72_somespeciesfromextinction. Zooshaveexpandedandimprovedpubliceducationprogramsalso,witheducationdepartmentsthatdevelopprograms_73_zooexhibits.Publicactivitiesincludein0schoolprograms,zootours,specialevents,andwebsites.ThezoologicalSocietyofNewYork,forexample,conductedamajorprojectwithaWesternAfricangovernmenttomonitoranelephantherd_74_itmovedthroughoutitsrange.Theimportanceofzooswillincreaseasnaturalhabitatsarediminishing.Throughtheirefforts_75_conservation,education,andenvironmentaladvocacy.Zooswillcontinuetoplayacriticalroleinwildlifepreservationthroughouttheworld. 实例详解2010年试题快速阅读文章各个段落主题句，迅速把握话题，确定话题熟不熟悉。文章首句（主题句）大致呈现了文章内容：动物园的功能意义。Zooshavebecomeanimportantsiteforthepreservationandprotectionofwildliferesources.继续阅读前，考虑一下我们所知的动物园的功能有哪些。全文结构：段落首句帮助我们迅速获得该话题的大概信息。Many__zoosinAmericancitieshaveundergonerenovation(翻新).Severalmajorzoosconductcaptivepropagationprograms.Zooshaveexpandedandimprovedpubliceducationprogramsalso,witheducationdepartmentsthatdevelopprograms__zooexhibits.Theimportanceofzooswillincreaseasnaturalhabitatsarediminishing. 通读全文，顺手牵羊，粗选答案。Zooshavebecomeanimportantsiteforthepreservationandprotectionofwildliferesources,_61_thosespeciesthatareendangered._62_,manyzoosdisplayedliveanimalsforpublicentertainment.Presentlysomezooshavebecomescientificandeducational_63_thathavecontributedtotheunderstandingandconservationofwildanimalspopulations._64_thechallengesfacingmodernzoosarethecostofupgradingoldfacilities,thestruggletoobtain_65_operatingfunds,andtheneedtoattractmorevisitorstonewandentertainingexhibits.61.a.superficiallyb.especiallyc.importantlyd.supposedly62.a.Bythattimeb.Bythetimec.Atonetimed.Atthattime63.a.institutionsb.associationsc.foundationsd.corporations64.a.Alongb.Towardc.Amongd.Through65.a.limitedb.professionalc.sufficientd.excessive Many_66_zoosinAmericancitieshaveundergonerenovation(翻新）duringthelastdecadesofthe2othcentury.Amongtherecenttrendsinzoo_67_istheconstructionofnewenclosuresthatresemblenaturalhabitats(栖息地).Thereplacementoftraditionalsteelbarsandconcretefloors_68_appropriatelydesignedsurroundingsimprovesvisitorappreciationoftheanimals.Suchrenovationsmay_69_stressonanimalsandallowthemtointeractwithoneanothermorenaturally.66.a.newerb.olderc.formerd.later67.a.managementb.improvementc.achievementd.assessment68.a.underb.forc.intod.with69.a.reduceb.causec.increased.avoid Severalmajorzoosconductcaptivepropagationprograms.Acaptivepropagationprogramincludesthebreedingof_70_zooorwildanimalstoobtainoffspring,usuallyforreleaseto_71_orfortransfertootherzoos.Captivebreedingisonemethodof_72_somespeciesfromextinction.70.a.selectedb.sustainedc.promisingd.surviving71.naturalb.thenaturalc.wildd.thewild72.restrainingb.savingc.shelteringd.exempting Zooshaveexpandedandimprovedpubliceducationprogramsalso,witheducationdepartmentsthatdevelopprograms_73_zooexhibits.Publicactivitiesincludein-schoolprograms,zootours,specialevents,andwebsites.ThezoologicalSocietyofNewYork,forexample,conductedamajorprojectwithaWesternAfricangovernmenttomonitoranelephantherd_74_itmovedthroughoutitsrange.73.a.attributedtob.opposedtoc.referredtod.relatedto74.a.asb.asifc.sod.sothat Theimportanceofzooswillincreaseasnaturalhabitatsarediminishing.Throughtheirefforts_75_conservation,education,andenvironmentaladvocacy,zooswillcontinuetoplayacriticalroleinwildlifepreservationthroughouttheworld.75.a.insearchofb.inhonorofc.insupportofd.inchargeof 实例分析2（10年试题特点上下文中找答案）Areyousinglebuttoobusytosearchforlove?Thenyouneedtotrythelatestdatingphenomenonthatissweeping61theUK---speeddating.Speeddating62menandwomanmeetinginaroomandfindingoutasmuchastheycanaboutpossible63inthreeminutes.It’sprovingevery64withBritain’syoungpeoplewhofindthattheyhaven’tgotthetimetomeetthatspecialone.61.A.offB.acrossC.overD.through62.A.requiresB.inquiresC.revolvesD.involves63.A.partnersB.spousesC.friendsD.counterparts64.A.practicalB.popularC.favorableD.normal Ataspeeddatingeventyouaregiventhreeminutestotalk,65,withamemberoftheoppositesex.Thenabellis66andyoumovetoanotherpersonandstartchattingagain.Bytheendoftheeveningyouwillhavespokenwithuptotwentymenorwomen!65.A.allinoneB.oneafteroneC.oneononeD.oneandall66.A.knockedB.shakenC.swungD.rung If,bytheendofaconversation,you67thepersonorwouldliketoseehimorheragain,youwriteit68onacard.Then,iftheotherpersonalsofanciesyou,theorganizerswillcontactyouwiththeirdetails.Butisthreeminuteslongenoughtomakeanimpressionand69ifyouwanttoseesomeoneagain?Researchsuggeststhat70canbefeltwithinthefirstthirtysecondsofmeetingsomeone,andthatis71speeddatingisallabout,knowingquicklyifyouaregoingtolikesomeone.67.A.attractB.enjoyC.chaseD.fancy68.A.downB.offC.upD.back69.A.workonB.workoutC.workatD.workup70.A.emotionB.sentimentC.chemistryD.attachment71.A.howB.whatC.allD.where Andwhataboutromance?Isitpossibletomakeagood72insuchashorttime?73,peoplesayyoucan’thurrylove.However,Britainwillsoonhaveitsfirstmarriagefromaspeeddate.So,ifyouareona74tofindMr.orMissRight,whathaveyougottolose?75,youstillgohomeonyourown.Butatbest,thepersonofyourdreamscouldbejustthreeminutesaway.72.A.conclusionB.refectionC.guessD.judgment73.A.InallB.AfterallC.OfallD.Andall74.A.tourB.routeC.directionD.mission75.A.AtlastB.AtfirstC.AtworstD.Atend 实例3（09年）Nuclearenergyisanefficientandconvenientsubstituteforconventionalformsofenergywhichwerefoundinspecialgeographicallocations.Largeamountsof___61___andeffortarerequiredto___62___theselocations.Oncethesitesarefound,manandequipmentmustbebroughttotapandusethesesourcesofenergy.However,alargeproportionofsuchsitesarefoundonlyinfarand___63__places.Thisincreasesthedifficultiesof___64___theseformsofenergy.Withnuclearenergy,suchdifficultiesareatpresent.Nuclearreactorscaneasilybebuiltanywhere,andmandoesnothavetocompetewiththe___65___ofnatureinordertoobtaintheenergy.Forequalamountsofenergy,nuclearenergyismuchmoreconvenientandinexpensivetoobtainthanconventionalsourcesofenergy. 61.A.incentiveB.capitalC.interestD.currency62.A.pointB.recognizeC.identifyD.label63.A.isolatedB.singleC.soleD.solitary64.A.detectingB.selectingC.harnessingD.concentrating65.A.potentialsB.powersC.strengthsD.forces Withnuclearenergy,theamountofpollutionisgreatlyreduced.___66___theproductionofnuclearenergyisbasedonthefission(裂变)ofatoms,pollutioniskepttoaverylowlevel.Theenergyproducedinthereactorsisconvertedintoheatandelectricity,andthesehave___67___ornopollutionatall.Conventionalformsoffuel,___68___,producelargeamountsofpollution.66.A.IfB.WhileC.ThoughD.Since67.A.littleB.muchC.moreD.less68.A.asaresultB.ingeneralC.ontheotherhandD.ineffect Productionofnuclearenergyusesthe___69___ofthefissionofatoms:thus,___70___amountsofenergycanbeobtainedfromit.Theworld’sreservesofoil,coalandnaturalgasarerunning___71___atatremendousrateandcurrentestimatespredictthat___72___ofthe21stcenturymostoftheseconventionalfuelswillbeusedup.Nuclearenergyistheexception___73___thisgloomypredictionthroughsplittingandfusingatoms,largeamountsofenergycanbeproduced,and___74___thisprocesscangoonandonuntilallourenergyneedsaresatisfied.The___75___ofnuclearenergyasaboundlesssourceofenergyisindeedgreat,andwemustharnessitwheneverpossibleasconventionalfuelswillnotbearoundmuchlonger. 69.A.processB.ruleC.principleD.function70.A.incompleteB.definiteC.infiniteD.defined71.A.outB.upC.awayD.down72.A.attheendB.bytheendC.intheendD.totheend73.A.inB.forC.ofD.to74.A.substantiallyB.additionallyC.effectivelyD.theoretically75.A.useB.potentialC.popularityD.transformation'