英语演讲PPT：Synthetic cell人造生命.ppt 14页

'ThefirstsyntheticcellLucifer J.CraigVenter OnMay22nd2010,J.CraigVenterannouncedthefirstsyntheticcell,acellmadebystartingwiththedigitalcodeinthecomputer,buildingthechromosomefromfourbottlesofchemicals,assemblingthatchromosomeinyeast,transplantingitintoarecipientbacterialcellandtransformingthatcellintoanewbacterialspecies. Theythoughtifthisissupposedtobethesmallestgenomeofaself-replicatingspecies,couldtherebeevenasmallergenome?Couldtheyunderstandthebasisofcellularlifeatthegeneticlevel?Itisbeena15yearquestjusttogettothestartingpointnow,tobeabletoanswerthosequestions. Beforetheydidthefirstexperiment,theyactuallyaskedArtCaplan"steam,thenattheUniversityofPennsylvania,toundertakeareviewofwhattherisks,thechallenges,theethicsaroundcreatingnewspeciesinthelaboratorywerebecauseithadn"tbeendonebefore.TheyspentabouttwoyearsreviewingthatindependentlyandpublishedtheirresultsinSciencein1999.Review In2002,theystartedanewinstitue,theInstituteforBiologicalEnergyAlternatives,wheretheysetouttwogoals.Theirfirsttaskwasa5,000-lettercodebacteriophage,avirusthatattacksonlyE.coli.SothatwasthephageX174,whichwaschosenforhistoricalreasons.ItwasthefirstDNAphage,DNAvirus,DNAgenomethatwasactuallysequenced.Choosethephage TheyhadtosolvethechemistryformakinglargeDNAmolecules,andtheyhadtosolvethebiologicalsideofhow,iftheyhadthisnewchemicalentity,howwouldtheybootitup,activateit,inarecipientcell.Twosides In2007,CaroleLartigneledtheefforttoactuallytransplantabacterialchromosomefromonebacteriatoanother. Bothsideswereprogressing,butpartofthesynthesishadtobeaccomplishedorwasabletobeaccomplished,usingyeast,puttingthefragmentsinyeast,andyeastwouldassembletheseforthem. Theirteamdevelopednewtechniquesforactuallygrowing,cloningentirebacterialchromosomeinyeast.Theyfoundiftheytookthechromosomeoutofyeastandmethylatedit,theycouldthentransplantit.And,oncethey"vedonethat,theycantakenakedDNAoutofyeastandtransplantit. Ittookaboutthreemonthstofindthaterrorandrepairit.Andthen,earlyonemoring,at6a.m.,theygotatextfromDansayingthat,thefirstbluecoloniesexisted.So,it"sbeenalongroutetogethere——15yearsfromthebeginning.Synthetic TheydevelopthenotionofputtinginwatermarksintheDNAtoabsolutelymakeclearthattheDNAwassynthetic.OneofthetenetsofthisfieldwastomakeabsolutelycertaintheycoulddistinguishsyntheticDNAfromnaturalDNA.Special Seethings,notastheyare,butastheymightbe.——fromAmericanPromethensTolive,toerr,tofall,totriumph,andtorecreatelifeoutoflife.——JamesJoyeeWhatIcannotbuild,Icannotunderstand.——RichardFeynman46namesawebsiteaddressthreequotes Question:J.CraigVenterdoesnotwanttocreatthesyntheticlife,butalsowanttomakelargeamountofprofit.Whatdoyouthinkaboutthisopinion?'