新时代交互英语综合教程三课件PPT下 308页

'Chapter6MediaandCultureLiXinFacultyofCollegeEnglishTeachingNewEraInteractiveEnglishLevel3 TeachingobjectivesStudentswillbeableto:Understandthebasicdefinitionsofcultureunderstandthemainideaofthetworeadingsunderstandtheorganizationofthetextgraspsomewordsandexpressions,andgrammaticalstructuresinthetext.mastersomewritingskills:causeandeffectlearnthetranslatabilityofpuns BackgroundInformation The“term”culturehasacomplexhistoryanddiverserangeofmeanings.ItcanrefertoBuddhaorJesus DragonBoatFestivalorChristmas Cultureisfoundinyourlocalcity,inyourowncountry orontheothersideoftheworld. Smallchildrenteenagers,adultsandolderpeoplehavetheirownculture; buttheymayalsoshareoneculture. Howtodefineculturethen? Outsidethenaturalscience,“culture”ischieflyusedinthreerelativelydistinctsenses:theartsandtheartisticactivitiesthatconcern‘refined’pursuitsinwhichthe‘cultured’personengageCulturewithabigCCulturewithabigC thelearned,primarilysymbolicfeaturesofaparticularwayoflife*What,then,isasymbol?language,flags,hairstyles,roadsigns,smiles,businesssuits–thelistisendlessHumanshavetheabilitytousesymbolstoconveysharedideaswhichisthebasisofourculturalbeing.Cultureasa"wayoflife" ‘Culture’inthelateMiddleAgesreferstothecultivationofcropsananimals;Laterthesensewastransferredtothecultivationofpeople’sminds.Socultivationisageneral,socialandhistoricalprocessCultureasaprocessofdevelopment Warm-upactivities Media&CollegelifeWhichofthefollowingareavailableinyourcollegelife?books,newspapers,magazinesfilms,radio,tapes,televisionvideogames,InternetDiscusstheirinfluencesonyourlives,theirpositiveor/andnegative(ifany)roles.Doyouthinkacollegestudent’saccesstothemedianeedstoberegulated?Whyorwhynot? Textanalysis&Comprehension PartI:(Paras1-3)IntroductionCulturewar(What,why,andhow)PartII:(Paras4-7)DevelopmentAwar-Conservativesvs.Liberals(Conservatives"belief,conservatives"strategiesandliberals"defense)PartIII:(Para8)ConclusionDiscoveriesofanopinionpoll PartI:(Paras1-3)IntroductionCulturewar(What,why,andhow) I.Whatisculturewar?A.Definition(J.D.Hunter)B.HowdoesHunterviewthewar?nationalidentityC.Whatistheessenceoftheconflict?valuesrapidsocialchanges II.CauseoftheculturewarDiversepopulation(why?)Differentideas:authoritymeaningoftruthlimitsoffreeexpressionnatureofcommunity*transition:…affects…all…,especially… III.MassmediaintheculturewarA.theroleofthemassmediaB.howtoplaytheroleC.thecentralfeatureoftheculturewar?why? KeyWords 1.identity1)thedistinctpersonalityofanindividualregardedasapersistingentitye.g.Youcanloseyouridentitywhenyoujointhearmy.2)anoperatorthatleavesunchangedtheelementonwhichitoperatese.g.Theidentityundernumericalmultiplicationis1. 3)exactsamenesse.g.Theysharedanidentityofinterests.1.identity 2.diverse1)different;unlike;dissimilar;distinct;separatee.g.It’sdifficulttodesignaprogramthatwillmeetthediverseneedsofallourusers.2)capableofvariousforms;multiforme.g.Eloquenceisagreatanddiversething. 3.concern1)tohavetodowithorrelatetoe.g.Anarticlethatconcernsthefloodstrickenarea.2)tobeofinterestorimportancetoe.g.Thisproblemconcernsallofus.Agoodkingconcernshimselfinthehappinessofhissubjects. Concerningaboutorrelatingtoe.g.Thepoliceareanxiousforanyinformationconcerningthewoman’swhereabouts. 4.involveconnectcloselyandoftenincriminatinglye.g.Showmetheevidencethatinvolvedthegovernorinthescandal.2)Engageasaparticipante.g.Nevertrytoinvolvemeinyourprivateaffairs.3)Haveasanecessaryfeatureorconsequence;entaile.g.Thedecisioninvolvesmanypeople. 4)Containasaparte.g.Thisdecisioninvolvesmanypeople.5)Wrape.g.Themountainisinvolvedinmist.6)Occupyorengagetheinterestofe.g.Hisbookcompletelyinvolvedmeduringtheentireweek.4.involve 7)makecomplexorintricateorcomplicatede.g.Thesituationinthemiddleeastisratherinvolved.4.involve PartII:(Paras4-7)DevelopmentAwar-Conservativesvs.Liberals(Conservatives"belief,conservatives"strategiesandliberals"defense) I.ConservativebeliefsA.fairlybiasedagainsttraditionalvaluesB.censorship:ignore&ridicule II.Conservativestrategies:A._______________________B._______________________C._______________________ III.LiberaldefenseA.marketforce&consumerpreferenceB.realityC.valueoffreedomofexpression DifficultSentences Conservativeshavethreatenedconsumerboycottsofoffendinglocaltheatersandbookstores,andofsponsorsoftelevisionprograms.(para.5)保守派已经向演售违禁内容的地方剧院和书店，以及电视节目赞助商威胁发动消费者抵制活动。 Moviesdrenchedinsexandgore,gangstarap,evenoutrightpornography,arenotsomesortofalieninterstellardustmalevolentlydriftingdownonus,butproductsactivelysoughtoutandbelovedbymillions.(para.6)充满性和血腥的电影，说唱乐，甚至毫不掩饰的色情也不是什么恶意地飘落到我们的头上的来自外层空间的星际灰尘，而是百万人积极追求和喜爱的产品。 Wecan’thavethebestartunlesswearewillingtorisklivingwiththerest,thesecondrateand15thrate,thestuffthateventuallydisappearbecauseitsworthlessnessteachesusnottobuyorlisten.(para.7)除非我们甘愿冒险忍受剩下那些二级片乃至15级片，那些因为毫无价值，我们不再买不再听，从而最终会消失的东西，否则我们就不会有最好的艺术。 PartIII:(Para8)ConclusionDiscoveriesofanopinionpoll AnopinionpollA.commonconcern:sexandviolencesolutions:individuals’responsibilityparentalsupervisiongovernmentcensorshipB.growingconcern:impactofTVonchildren Reading2 ComprehensionQuestions:1.HowshouldweunderstandthequotationfromBrianEno,“Cultureiswhatwedon’thavetodo”?Cultureisthewayofpeople’slife.Nomatterhowtrivialitisinourlife,asmalldetailofourlife,whencontrastedwiththatinanotherculture,mayshowusthecharacteristicfeatureofourownculture. 2.WhatcausetheChinesefoodculturedifferfromtheIndianfoodculture?Theyaredifferentnotonlybecauseoftheingredientsavailablelocally,butalsobecauseofthetoolsandmethodsavailabletopreparefood.Indianpeopleinthecountrysideusethedrieddungcowsasfuel,whichburnsslowlyandevenlyatalowtemperature,whilecoal,whichproducesextremelyhighheatforashortperiodoftime,hasbeentheprinciplecookingfuelforcenturiesinChina. 3.Generallyspeaking,howdoesmediainfluencetheculture?Mediaincreasinglyinformsandshapesopinionsaroundtheworldandworkstospreadcultures,destroythemandpreservethem. 4.Whatistheimpactifthespreadoftherockandrollmusic?Ithasproducedtheeffectofmarginalizingtraditionalmusicalarts.Anewculturalphenomenonmovesinanddominates.Itcansuppressanexistingculture. 5.Howdoesmediahelptopreservemartialarts?Inthepast,martialartshadlimitedimpactinternationally.Withtheadventofcinema,moviestarsbegantomakemartialartspopularamongyoungviewers.AninterestinmartialartsaswellasotherthingsAsianstartedtospread. Writing:TheCauseandEffectEssay Whatisacauseandeffectessay?Causeandeffectessaysareconcernedwith:Whythingshappen(causes)Whathappensasaresult(effects).Causeandeffectisacommonmethodoforganizinganddiscussingideas. Stepstofollow StepOneDistinguishbetweencauseandeffect.Todeterminecauses,ask,"Whydidthishappen?"Toidentifyeffects,ask,"Whathappenedbecauseofthis?“ ExampleCauseEffectYouareoutofmoney.Youcannotbuythatcar. Sometimes,manycausescontributetoasingleeffectormanyeffectsmayresultfromasinglecause. ExamplesCausesEffectalcoholismAperson’shomelessnesslackofproficiencyinanyfieldlackofself-esteem CauseEffectsreduceworkinghourslessincomeemployerisirritatedmoretimetostudymoretimeforfamilyandfriends However,mostsituationsaremorecomplicated.Thefollowingisanexampleofachainreaction:Thinkingaboutfriend…forgottobuygas…carwouldn"tstart…missedmathexam…failedmathcourse. StepTwoDevelopyourthesisstatement.Stateclearlywhetheryouarediscussingcauses,effects,orboth.Introduceyourmainidea,usingtheterms"cause"and/or"effect." StepThreeFindandorganizesupportingdetails.Backupyourthesiswithrelevantandsufficientdetailsthatareorganized.Youcanorganizedetailsinthefollowingways: Chronological:Detailsarearrangedintheorderinwhichtheeventsoccurred.Orderofimportance:Detailsarearrangedfromleasttomostimportantorviceversa.Categorical:Detailsarearrangedbydividingthetopicintopartsorcategories. StepFourUseappropriatetransitions.Toblenddetailssmoothlyincauseandeffectessays,usethetransitionalwordsandphrases. TransitionalwordsandphrasesForcausesbecause,dueto,oncauseis,anotheris,since,for,first,secondForEffectsconsequently,asaresult,thus,resultedin,oneresultis,anotheris,therefore Suggestions:Rememberyourpurpose.Focusonimmediateanddirectcauses(oreffects.)Strengthenyouressaybyusingsupportingevidence.Qualifyorlimityourstatementsaboutcauseandeffect. Translation PunsandTranslatabilityPun（双关），英语修辞格之一，其特点是用一个词,或一句话表达两层不同的意思：一是表面的，一是隐含的，并以隐含的意思为主。恰当的运用双关能使语言活泼有趣，收到由此及彼的效果。Pun和汉语双关一样都可以分为两类：谐音双关（homophonicpuns）：由词义根本不同的谐音词构成。语义双关（homographicpuns）：利用一词多义的特点构成。 虽然汉语和英语双关在格式和修辞作用上基本相同，但由于两种语言的语音不同，多义词也很难找到绝对对应的词语。e.g.Visitingauntscanbeanuisance.(不可译)e.g.Whatdoesthatlawyerdoafterhedies?---Liestill.那个律师死后干什么？——静静地躺着，仍在撒谎。 She’stoolowforahighpraise,toobrownforafairpraise,andtoolittleforagreatpraise.（WilliamShakespeare:MuchAdoaboutNothing）她太矮，经不起高度的赞扬；皮肤太黝黑，经不起说她白皙的赞扬；个子太瘦小，经不起大的赞扬。*Low，fair，little在这里都有双关的意义，表面上看来是在谈她的容貌，实际上是在谈她的社会地位等问题。 ThankYou! Chapter7AfflenuzaLiXinFacultyofCollegeEnglishTeachingNewEraInteractiveEnglishLevel3 Whatisaffluenza? Affluenzan.Aserioussocialdisease-causedbyconsumerism,commercialismandrampantmaterialism-thatishavingadevastatingimpactonourfamilies,communities,andtheenvironment.Wehavemorestuff,butlesstime,andourqualityoflifeseemstobedeteriorating. simplifyinglivesreducingwastebetterfinancialplanning DoesEconomicGrowthImproveHumanMorale?Reading1 Warm-updiscussionWhatarethethreematerialthingsyouwantedbadlyinyourlife?(past&now)Didyougetthemimmediately?How?Foryou,whatdoeshappinessmean? Outlineofthetext 1.Introduction:theauthor’sexperienceinScotlandThesisstatement:Withlessmoney,therewasnolesssatisfactionwithliving,nolesswarmthofspirit,nolesspleasureinoneanother’scompany.2.Illustrationofhispoint:thereislittleconnectionbetweenwealthandhappiness.3.Discussionabouttheunderlyingcause:humanbeingsareveryadaptableandtendtogetusedtotheirfate.4.Conclusion:restatementofhispoint—economicgrowthdoesnotnecessarilyimprovehumanmorale.Happinessislessamatterofgettingwhatwewantthanofwantingwhatwehave. DetailedStudyoftheText Comparing……,we……(L2)Distinguishthepresentparticipleandpastparticipleof“compare”L2—“Comparing…,”;L82—“Comparedto/with…” Hecomparedhertoasummerday.他将她比为夏天。Thepolicecomparedtheforgedsignaturewiththeoriginal.警察将伪造的签名与原来的作比较。compare…to(describingtheresemblancesbetweenunlikethings)compare…with(examiningtwolikethingsinordertodiscerntheirsimilaritiesordifferences) Wewereimpressedby……(L3)Wordformation:impress(im=in)express(ex:out)compress压缩(com:together;press压)depress使沮丧(de:down)oppress压迫(op=ob:against)repress镇压，抑制(re:back) …disconnectionbetweennationalwealthandwell-being(L3)ThestateofbeinghealthyandhappyWeareresponsibleforthecareandwell-beingofallourpatients. Sinceadv.(L10)prep.自…以来；sincethewarconj.自…以后；WhathaveyoubeendoingsinceIlastsawyou?既然；因为Sinceyouask,Iwilltellyou.adv.自从…以后Theylefttownandhaven"tbeenheresince. …,nolesswarmthofspirit,…(L14)warmwarmthstrongstrengthlonglengthwidewidthdeepdepthgrowgrowthtruetruth…… …nolesspleasureinoneanother’scompany.company:un.whenyouarewithotherpeopleandnotaloneThetwomenenjoyeachother"scompany.Rita"shusbandisawayfortheweek,soIthoughtI"dgooverandkeephercompany(=bewithhersothatshedoesn"tfeellonely). company,accompany,companionaccompany:vt.togosomewherewithsomeoneChildrenunder14mustbeaccompaniedbyanadult.Whereverherhusbandwent,shewouldaccompanyhim.companion:n.someoneyouspendalotoftimewith,especiallyafriendFortenyearshehadbeenherconstantcompanion.Hisdogbecamehisclosestcompanion. beingrelativelywelloffdoesmakefor……1)tocauseaparticularresultorsituationThelargeprintmakesforeasierreading.大号字体便于阅读。2)togointhedirectionofaparticularplace,Ithinkit"stimewemadeforhome. Moremoneyprovidesdiminishingreturns.(L26)1)vi,vt.tobecomeormakesomethingbecomesmallerorlessThesedrugsdiminishbloodflowtothebrain.2)vt.todeliberatelymakesomeoneorsomethingappearlessimportantorvaluablethantheyreallyareDon"tlethimdiminishyourachievements. exceed(L32)ceed,cede—v.togocessn.exceed(ex:out,beyond),excess,excessivesucceed(suc=sub:under)proceed(pro:forward)precede(pre:before)recede(re:back)concede(con:together) AdaptingtoFame……(L39)adaptto--Thechildrenarefindingithardtoadapttothenewschool.adaptoneselftosth--Howdotheseinsectsadaptthemselvestonewenvironments?adaptsthtodosth--Thecarhasbeenadaptedtotakeunleadedgas.adaptsthforsb--Theseteachingmaterialscanbeadaptedforolderchildren. 词形辨析adaptadoptv.采用adeptadj.熟练的 0101/42.Isuggestedheshould__himselftohisnewconditions.A)adaptB)adoptC)regulateD)suit0309/64.ItistooearlytosaywhetherIBM’scompetitorswillbeableto________theirproductstothenewhardwareatanaffordablecost.A)adaptB)stickC)yieldD)adoptCET4真题重现 …imposedbytheirlimitations(L44)1.vt.ifsomeoneinauthorityimposesarule,punishment,taxetc,theyforcepeopletoacceptit(imposesthonsth/sb)Thegovernmentimposedabanonthesaleofivory.2vt.toforcesomeonetohavethesameideas,beliefsetcasyou(imposesthonsb)Parentssometimesimposetheirowninterestsontheirchildren. Wordformation--pose:putimpose(im=in)expose(ex:out)compose(com=con:together)dispose(dis:apart)propose(pro:forward)oppose(op=ob:against)suppose(sup=sub:under) Thesefindingsunderlieanastonishingconclusion……(L51)underlie:Tobethesupportorbasisof;accountfor:成为…根据：作为…的支撑或基础；解释：Manyfactorsunderliemydecision.我的决定以众多因素为基础 Goodevents-……-makeushappy,untilweadapt.(L56-57)Onceweareusedtogoodevents…..,theynolongermakeushappy. Asocialrejection—dejectus…(L58)(ject:throw)reject(re:back)拒绝deject(de:down)使沮丧object(ob:against)反对objecttosubject(sub:under)使屈从于besubjecttoproject(pro:forward)投射inject(in)注射eject(e=ex:out)喷射 someone"sabilitytodosomething才能theamountofsomethingthatafactory,company,machineetccanproduceordealwith容量,生产量,capacity(L64)0201/56.Mobiletelecommunications________isexpectedtodoubleinShanghaithisyearasaresultofacontractsignedbetweenthetwocompanies.A)capacityB)potentialC)possessionD)impact Abilityisthepower,mentalorphysical,todosomething:是指智力或体力上具有做某事的能力Capacityreferstoaninnatepotentialforgrowth,development,oraccomplishment:指天赋的，如生长、发展或成功的潜力Talentemphasizesinbornability,especiallyinthearts:强调天生的才能，尤其是在艺术方面近义词辨析 Skillstressesabilitythatisacquiredordevelopedthroughexperience:强调由经验而获得或发展的能力Competencesuggeststheabilitytodosomethingsatisfactorilybutnotnecessarilyoutstandinglywell:指能做到使人满意但并不一定特别出众的能力Aptitudeimpliesinherentcapacityforlearning,understanding,orperforming:暗指内在的学习、理解和表演的才能 Ithappensthatyesterday’sluxuriesbecometoday’snecessitiesandtomorrow’srelics.(L73)Itisusuallythecasethat…… Ordinarypleasurespale.(L83)pale:toseemsmallorunimportantcomparedtosomethingelseToday"seconomicproblemspaleincomparisonwiththoseofthe1930s. …itsutterabsencecanbreedmisery,…(L91)utter:adj.Complete;absolute;entire:完全的；彻底的；十足的：utternonsense;十足的废话；utterdarkness.漆黑vt.tosendforthwiththevoice;toarticulate(words):发出,utteredacry发出叫声Helookedatmewithoututteringaword.他看着我，没说一句话。 Havingitdoesnotguaranteehappiness.(L91)guarantee:v.1)topromisetodosthortopromisethatsthwillhappenThelawguaranteesequalrightsformenandwomen.Iguaranteeyou"lllovethisfilm.Icannotguaranteetoworkformorethanayear.b)tomakeaformalwrittenpromisetorepairorreplaceaproductifitbreakswithinaspecificperiodoftimeAllourproductsarefullyguaranteed. 0106/52.TheCarClubcouldn"t____tomeetthedemandsofallitsmembers.A) assumeB)ensureC)guaranteeD)confirmCET4真题重现 Less/more……than与其说…不如说…(L92)Teachingcanbemorelikeguidingandassistingthanforcinginformationintoasupposedlyemptyhead.Happinessislessamatterofgettingwhatwewantthanofcherishing/valuingwhatwehave. Let’sreadAffluenza Astheincomeoftoday’sfamilyhasincreased,sohavethenumberandfrequencyofpurchases(L4).Astheagingpopulationgrows,sowillpensionshortages.Makeasentenceusingthesentencepattern. …doggedpursuitoftheAmericanDream.pursuit:n.thepursuitoflibertyandhappinessin(the)pursuitofsomethingPeoplearehavingtomovetootherareasinpursuitofwork.pursue:v.pursueacareer/goal/aim/objective acquire(L18)-quire:toaskacquirerequireenquireinquire Adequate(L34)enoughinquantityorofagoodenoughqualityforaparticularpurposeThecompanyhasyettoprovideanadequateexplanationforitsactions. enough系常用词,常可与sufficient互换,它除表示“足以满足需要的”外,还含有“数量很多使人感到心满意足的”的意思,如:Wehaveenoughmoneytospend.sufficient用于正式文体中,指“分量或数量足以满足需要的”,如:Thefoodissufficientforaweek.adequate指“足够符合特定(有时可指最低)的资格、分量、才能等”着重“符合一个客观要求或标准的”,如:Tobehealthyonemusthaveanadequatediet.一个人想要健康,必须有足够的规定饮食 discard(L38)togetridofsomething,throwawayDiscardanyoldcleaningmaterials.toputdownunwantedcardsinacardgame boom(L38)aquickincreaseofbusinessactivityTheboomhascreatedjobopportunities.asuddenboominthehousingmarketInboomtimes,airlinesdowell.consumer/investment/property/babyboom observe(L44)toseeandnoticesomethingScientistshaveobservedadropinozonelevelsovertheAntarctic.observesbdoingsthOfficersobservedhimdrivingat90milesperhour.todothingsandobeylawsthatarepartofareligionorcustomobservearule遵守规则 近形词辨析-serve:tokeepobserve(observeaholiday)deserve(deserveattention)reserve(reserveatable)conserve(conserveenergy)preserve(preservetheoldcastle) Ithasevolvedinto……(L46)1.ifananimalorplantevolves,itchangesgraduallyoveralongperiodoftimeFishevolvedfromprehistoricseacreatures.2.todevelopandchangegraduallyoveralongperiodoftimeThegroupgraduallyevolvedintoapoliticalparty. 近形词辨析-volve:torollevolveTheschoolhasevolveditsownstyleofteaching.involveThesechangeswillinvolveeveryoneonthestaff.revolveThemoonrevolvesaroundtheEarth. StreetCentsawards…to…(L50)toofficiallygivesomeonesomethingsuchasaprizeormoneytorewardthemforsomethingtheyhavedone(vt.&n.)MoodiehasbeenawardedagolfscholarshipattheUniversityofHawaii.awardsomebodysomethingThejudgeawardedmefirstprize.awardsomethingtosomebodyANobelPrizewasawardedtoWaksmanin1952. reward(vt.&n.)togivesomethingtosomeonebecausetheyhavedonesomethinggoodorhelpfulorhaveworkedforitrewardsomebodywithsomethingTheclub"sdirectorsrewardedhimwithafreeseasonticket.rewardsomebodyfor(doing)somethingShewantedtorewardthecleanersfortheirefforts.Hegavethechildrensomechocolatetorewardthemforbehavingwell. 近形词辨析award(L50)rewardbouquet(L50)banquet “gift-exemptioncertificate”(L62)exemptv.togivesomeonepermissionnottodoorpaysomething(exemptsbfromsth)Hisidentityofaforeignofficialexemptedhimfromthecustomsdutiesforthesebasicnecessities.exemptadj.notaffectedbysomething,ornothavingtodoitorpayit(exemptfrom)Childrenareexemptfromthecharges. exemptionn.1.[countable]anamountofmoneythatyoudonothavetopaytaxonYouqualifyforataxexemptionontheloan.2.[uncountableandcountable]permissionnottodoorpaysomethingthatyouwouldnormallyhavetodoorpayexemptionfromcustomsdutiesThecommissionhasthepowertogranttemporaryexemptions. 近形词辨析stuff(L65)staffresource(L66)source Howdidtheauthoropenhisessayinreading1?Theauthor’spersonalexperience.Writing Waysofeffectiveintroduction:1.Makeacleanstatementofthethesis.2.Explainyourpersonalinterestorinvolvementwiththesubject.3. Offersomeimportantbackground.4.Telladramaticoramusinganecdoteaboutyourtopic.5.Offerastartlingbutreliablefactorstatisticthatpertainstoyourtopic. Waysofeffectiveintroduction:6.Beginwithaquotationthatsupportsorcontradictsyourmainpoint.7.  Contrastorexplaintheviewsoftwoormorepeople.8. Askaquestionthatleadsintoyourthesis.9.   Citeyouroppositionandrefuteit.10. Makeananalogythatwouldinterestyourreader. Howtowriteintroductions?Theintroductionbeginswithgeneralinformationaboutyourtopicandmovestoanarrowfocusofthattopic.Anintroductionusuallybeginswithaninterestinglead-in,suchasananecdote,anexample,aquestion,oraquote.Next,necessarybackgroundinformationshouldbebrieflygiven.Finally,athesisstatementshouldbeincludedaspartoftheintroduction,usuallyattheend. Howtoformaneffectivethesis?Thethesisstatespreciselyandconciselythesubjectoftheessay,anditshouldguidetherestoftheessay.Thethesisstatementusuallycontainsthemaintopicandacontrollingidearegardingthattopic.Thetopicshouldn"tbetoobroadtocoverinthepaper,nortoonarrowtofillthepaper.Thesissentencesshouldn"tbestatementsoffact. Howtowriteconclusions?Theconclusionshouldincludeasummaryorarestatementofthethesis.Besides,itcangobeyondthethesistoreachajudgment,toexpressyourapprovalofonesideofanissue,todiscussyourfindingsandtheirimplications,ortoofferdirectives. WaysofeffectiveconclusionsRestatethemainideae.g.Asenseofhumorisreallyoneofthekeystohappiness.Itgiveszesttolifetomakeitworthliving.Withallthesebenefits,itisnowonderthatsportsandgameshavenowbecomemorepopularwithpeoplethanever. DrawaconclusionInconclusion,agoodteacher-studentrelationshipcanbemutuallybeneficial.Thestudentsgainknowledgeeagerlyandenjoyably,andtheteachergainssatisfactionfromhisjob.OnthewholetherearemoreadvantagesthandisadvantagesintheuseofTV.YetdifferentpeoplemayhavedifferentattitudetowardTV.Butwemustrealizethattelevisioninitselfisneithergoodnorbad.Itsvaluetopeopleandsocietydependsonhowwelookatit. UseaquotationIfyouhaveanythingtodo,trytodoityourself,forthatisthesafestwaytopermanentsuccess.Rememberthefamoussaying."Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves."Ifwesticktostudiesdayafterday,thereisnothingthatcan"tbeachieved.Asanoldsayinggoes:"Constantdroppingofwaterwearsawayastone." PosearhetoricalquestionTherefore,listeningskillsmustbeconsciouslyimproved.Sinceitissuchanimportantmeansoflearningandcommunication,whyshouldwenotdevelopthisabilityasfaraspossible?So，howcanwebenefitfromwealthifwedonothavehealth? MakeapredictionIamsurethatChinesewillbecomeoneofthemostimportantlanguagesintheworldinthenextcentury.AsChinawillopenfurthertotheoutsideworld,thelanguageissuretospreadwidely.Ifeveryonehasdevelopedgoodmanners,peoplewillformamoreharmoniousrelation.Ifeveryonebehavesconsideratelytowardsothers,peoplewillliveinabetterworld.Withthegeneralmoodofsocietyimproved,therewillbeaprogressofcivilization. Let’swrite1.Canmoneybringhappiness?2.Happiness(Whatarethefactorsandhowtobehappy?)3.P154,exe2. ThankYou! Chapter8AncientAmericansLiXinFacultyofCollegeEnglishTeachingNewEraInteractiveEnglishLevel3 TeachingObjectivesStudentsshouldbeableto：Createtimelinestohelpthemselvesrecalldatesandeventsinreadingsunderstandthemainideaofthetworeadingsunderstandtheorganizationofthetextgraspsomekeywords,expressions,languagepointsandgrammaticalstructuresinthetextmastersomewritingskills:persuasivewritinglearnthesignificanceofformalstructuresintranslation Reading1TheFirstAmericans Warm-upAactivities Discussthefollowingquestions:WhereistheBeringStrait?Whichtwocontinentsdoesitseparate?WhowerethefirstAmericans?Whatethnicgroupswouldtheyhaveresembled?WhatdifficultiesdoyouthinkancientAmericansfaced?Howcouldtheyhaveadaptedtheirlivestoovercometheirdifficulties? Textanalysis&Comprehension DetailedOutlineofReading1 GreatglacierswhichcoveredthenorthregionoftheworldinancienttimesledtotheformationofalandbridgebetweennortheasternAsiaandAlaska.(para.1) II.HowandwhendoscholarssayancientAsiansmighthavemovedtonorthAmerica?(para.2-4)possibilityone:_________________possibilitytwo:_________________possibilitythree:_________________Theimportanceoffindinganswerstotheabovea.______________________b.______________________ III.EvidencehasbroughttheAsian-Americanconnectiontheoryintoquestion(para.5-8)QuestionsabouttheClovis-firstexplanationRecentstudiesprovedthattherewerethreeseparatemigrationscametoAmerica.ClovisStoneTool IV.TheoriginofthefirstAmericansisstillinhotdebate.(para.9-12)Manybelievethatmaybemanyseparate,smallgroupsmovedintotheAmericasItispossiblethatpeoplecametotheAmericasatdifferenttimesandfromdifferentpartsoftheworld.Thequestionisevenmorecomplicatedthananypreviousresearchfindings Wordsandexpressions glacierAhugemassoficeslowlyflowingoveralandmass,formedfromcompactedsnowinanareawheresnowaccumulationexceedsmeltingandsublimation. 2.exposeVt.showe.g.Thewolfopeneditsmouthtoexposearowofsharpwhiteteeth.tolearnaboutbeliefs,ideasetc.,especiallybyseeingthingsorhavingnewexperiencese.g.Travelabroadexposeschildrentodifferentlanguagesandcultures.torevealtheguiltorwrongdoingofe.g.exposeacriminal. 3.proceedvi.(+with,to)togoforwardoronward,especiallyafteraninterruption;continuee.g.Tellusyournameandthenproceedwithyourstory.Havingsaidhowmuchshelikedit,shethenproceededtocriticizethewayI’ddoneit. tobegintocarryonanactionoraprocesse.g.(1)Assoonashecameinheproceededtotellusallhistroubles(2)Theinterviewproceededinamostfriendlyatmosphere. 4.evolvevt.todeveloporachievegradually:e.g.TheBritishpresentpoliticalsystemhasevolvedoverseveralcenturies.towork(something)out;devisee.g.theschemesheevolvedtolinehispurse. vi.toundergogradualchange;develope.g.anamateuractinggroupthatevolvedintoatheatricalcompany(Biology)todeveloporarisethroughevolutionaryprocesses.evolutionn.TheTheoryofEvolution进化论 4.artifactn.Anobjectproducedorshapedbyhumancraft,especiallyatool,aweapon,oranornamentofarchaeologicalorhistoricalinterest.e.g.prehistoricartifactsmadeofbonesorpotterypotterybowlinarchaicperiod 5.blendvt.tocombineormixsothattheconstituentpartsareindistinguishablefromoneanother:e.g.Hehasnodifficultyblendinghistwowritingcareers:novelsandfilms.vi.toformauniformmixturee.g.Thesmokeblendedeasilyintotheodoroftheotherfumes.tocreateaharmoniouseffectorresult:e.g.pickedatiethatblendedwiththejacket. n.Something,suchasaneffectoraproduct,thatiscreatedbyblending:e.g.Hisfaceshows,ashestaresatthefire,ablendoffastidiousnessandintransigence.(Linguistics)Awordproducedbycombiningpartsofotherwords,assmogfromsmokeandfog. 6.diversityn.varietyormultiformitye.g.CharlesDarwinsawinthediversityofspeciestheprinciplesofevolutionthatoperatedtogeneratethespecies:variation,competitionandselection.(ScientificAmerican) 7.resembletoexhibitsimilarityorlikenesstoe.g.Sheresembleshermotherinthewayshemovesherhandswhenshetalks. Writing:PersausiveWriting Whatispersuasivewriting?Inpersuasivewriting,awritertakesapositionFORorAGAINSTanissueandwritestoconvincethereadertobelieveordosomething. Whereispersuasivewritingused?inadvertisementstogetthereadertobuyaproduct.inessaysandothertypesofwritingtogetthereadertoacceptapointofview. Ageneralguideline:Haveafirmopinionthatyouwantyourreadertoaccept.Beginwithagrabberorhooktogetthereader"sattention.Offerevidencetosupportyouropinion.Concludewitharestatementofwhatyouwantthereadertodoorbelieve. Introduction:Theintroductionhasa“hookorgrabber"tocatchthereader"sattention.Openingwithanunusualdetaile.g.Manitoba,becauseofitscoldclimate,isnotthoughtofasagreatplacetobeareptile.Actually,ithasthelargestseasonalcongregationofgartersnakesintheworld!Openingwithastrongstatemente.g.CigarettesarethenumberonecauseoflightersalesinCanada! OpeningwithaQuotationOpeningwithanAnecdoteOpeningwithaStatisticorFactOpeningwithaQuestionOpeningwithanExaggerationorOutrageousStatement. Theintroductionshouldalsoincludeathesisorfocusstatement.threeobjectivesofathesisstatement:Ittellsthereaderthespecifictopicofyouressay.Itimposesmanageablelimitsonthattopic.Itsuggeststheorganizationofyourpaper. BodyThebodyshouldconsistofatleastthreeparagraphstoofferevidencetosupportthethesisstatement.Eachparagraphisbasedonasolidreasontobackyourthesisstatement.Oneofthethreeparagraphsshouldbeusedtodiscussopposingviewpointsandyourcounter-argument. Elaboration:Usestatisticsorresearch,real-lifeexperiences,orexamples.Generatinghypotheticalinstance:Usedparticularlywhencreatinganargumentandyouwantthereadertoseeadifferentpointofview.Usecuesforthereader.(e.g.supposethat,whatif...)Clarifyingaposition:Thinkaboutwhatneedstobeexplainedandwhatcanbeassumed. Thinkingthroughaprocess:Thinkthroughtheprocedurefromstarttofinish.Providebackgroundinformation.Illustratewheneverappropriate.Definespecialtermsused.Usecuesforthereader.(e.g.first,second,next,thenetc.)Drawingcomparisons:Choosesomethingsimilartowhatisbeingexplained.Useoneoftwopatterns:OpposingorAlternating.Endwithaconclusion. Makingananalysis:Youcananalyzeaproblembylookingatthepartsandthereforehelpthereadertounderstand.Drawingananalogy:Useananalogytoexplainorelaborateandideabyidentifyingsignificantlikenessesbetweentwoobjectsorideaswhenotherwisetheyarequitedifferent.Thisishelpfulwhenthecomparisonismadetosomethingthatisfamiliartothereader. ConclusionApieceofpersuasivewritingusuallyendsbysummarizingthemostimportantdetailsoftheargumentandstatingonceagainwhatthereaderistobelieveordo.Restateyourthesisorfocusstatement.Summarizethemainpoints:Theconclusionenablesyourreadertorecallthemainpointsofyourposition.Inordertodothisyoucanparaphrasethemainpointsofyourargument.Writeapersonalcommentorcallforaction. PersuasiveEssayOutlineI.Introduction:Getthereadersattentionbyusinga"hook."Givesomebackgroundinformationifnecessary.Thesisorfocusstatement.II.Firstargumentorreasontosupportyourposition:Topicsentenceexplainingyourpoint.Elaborationtobackyourpoint. III.Secondargumentorreasontosupportyourposition:Topicsentenceexplainingyourpoint.Elaborationtobackyourpoint.V.OpposingViewpoint:(optional,howeverhighlyrecommended)Opposingpointtoyourargument.Yourrebuttaltotheopposingpoint.Elaborationtobackyourrebuttal.. VI.Conclusion:SummaryofmainpointsorreasonsRestatethesisstatement.Personalcommentoracalltoaction Translation SignificanceofFormalStructures虽然我们强调在翻译中要灵活处理句子的形式，不要为原文的形式所羁绊。但这并不是说，我们任何时候都可以不顾语言的形式结构。有时，句子或段落的结构是用来承载一定意义的，这时句子结构就不宜更动，前后不宜颠倒，以免破坏了意义的重心。例如：Hebecameamillionaire---allbyhimself.不少初学者就译成：他靠自己成了一位百万富翁。但这样原文所强调的重点：allbyhimself就完全被淡化了。如果按照原文的结构就可以避免这种丢失：他成了百万富翁，而且全靠自己。 又如：Jimthrewtheball.Theballbrokethewindow.Thenoiseattractedtheowner’sattention.Theownerscoldedhim.译文：吉姆扔球打碎玻璃的声音引起了主人的注意，于是主人痛骂了他一顿。这种译法基本上描述了原文中所描述的事件。但原文是一片儿童文学，儿童文学特有的简短句式在译文中完全丧失殆尽了，所以这里随意的更动句式也不恰当。 总之，译者在翻译时必须仔细阅读原文，看原文的形式结构有没有特殊的意义，如果没有，就可以考虑转换句子结构，如果确实承载一定的意义，就要尽量尊重原文的结构，才不会改变句子的重心，或变换作者的语气，结果导致原文意义的丢失甚至歪曲。 ThankYou! Chapter9EthnicIdentityNiuShujieFacultyofCollegeEnglishTeachingNewEraInteractiveEnglishLevel3 Inthischapter,youwilllearnhowtoreadingskillrecognizeclassificationwordswritingskillsupportyouropinionwithevidencetranslationskilltranslatetextsofvarioustypes READINGMATERIALSReading1.EthnicBoundaryMarkersReading2.TheProblemsofStatesandNationalities Reading1EthnicBoundaryMarkers ThinkandDiscussWhichethnicgroupdoyoubelongto?Howdoyoudistinguishpeopleofoneethnicgroupfromanother? Thereare56ethnicgroupsinChina.TheHanethnicgroupisthelargest,livingalloverthecountrywiththecompactcommunitiesintheHuanghe,ChangjiangandZhujiangvalleysandtheSonghua-LiaohePlainofthenortheast.Theotherethnicgroupsaretheminoritynationalities,inhabiting60percentofthecountry"stotalareaandlivingmainlyintheborderregions.Allethnicgroupsarelikeequalbrothersandsistersinahappyfamily.Ethnicgroupsaredifferentfromeachotherinlanguage,religion,physicalappearanceandparticularculturaltraits. “Ethnic”Wordsethnicgroupethnicboundarymarkerethnicidentity ethnicgrouppeopleofthesameraceornationalitywhoshareadistinctivecultureethnicboundarymarkerovertfactorsusedtodemonstrateordenotegroupmembersethnicidentityextenttowhichoneidentifieswithaparticularethnicgroup;one’ssenseofbelongingtoanethnicgroupandthepartofone’sthinking,perceptions,feelings,andbehaviorthatisduetoethnicgroupmembership.4majorcomponentsofethnicidentity:ethnicawareness,ethnicself-identification,ethnicattitudesandethnicbehaviors thefourethnicboundarymarkerstheexamplescitedtoshowhoweachmarkerisusedtodistinguishethnicgroupstheexamplescitedtoshowwhenamarkerdoesn’tworkSurveyReading1toFindout thefirstmarkerLANGUAGE HopisandNavajosspeaktheirlanguagealoneBUTSerbsandCroatsbothspeakSerbo-Croatian;TheIrishmayspeakGaelicorEnglish;EthnicGermansmayspeakPolishorRussianotherthanGerman thesecondmarkerRELIGION JewsadheretoJudaism;SikhsadheretoSikhism;SerbsandCroatsadhererespectivelytoEasternOrthodoxandCatholicsBUTAChinesepersonmayadheretoMuslim,Christianity,Taoism,BuddhismorMarxistatheism thethirdmarkerPHYSICALCHARACTERISTICS Malays,EastIndiansandChineseinMalaysiaaredistinguishedbyphysicalcharacteristicsBUTGermans,Dutch,DanesandothernorthernEuropeanethnicgroups,ZulusandSwazis,ChineseandKoreans,ChoctawandChichasawIndianssharesimilarphysicalcharacteristics;atalowerlevelofidentity,physicalcharacteristicsalonearenotenoughtodistinguishbetweenethnicgroups thefourthmarkerCULTURALTRAITS ScottishAmericanswearkilts;GermanAmericanswearlederhosen;NativeAmericanswear“Indianclothes”;Guatemalanclothingstylesindicatetwolevelsofethnicidentity Combinationsofethnicboundarymarkersareusedtodistinguishoneethnicgroupfromanother.A.Nativelanguagefrequentlyservesasanethnicboundarymarker.B.Inmanycases,religiousdifferencesmaybethemostimportantmarkerofethnicidentity.C.Itislikelytoidentifyethnicgroupsbytheirphysicalcharacteristics.D.Culturaltraitsremainthemostimportant,diverseandcomplexcategoryofethnicboundarymarkers.OutlineforReading1 WordsandExpressions Overtfactorsusedtodemonstrateordenotegroupmembershiparecalledethnicboundarymarkers.(Line2)overtcovertdenoteconnote overta.openandobservableoverthostilitycoverta.notopen,secretacovertglance connote(connotationn.)vt.implyinadditiontoliteralmeaningTheword“plump”connotescheerfulness.denotev.(denotationn.)vt.meanTheword“plump”denotesfat.vt.mark;indicate;signifyAfrownoftendenotes________.(impatience/anger/confusion)Aquickpulseoftendenotes________.(fever/heartproblem/excitement) Canyoudistinguishthedifferentmusicalinstrumentsplayingnow?Apersonathisageshouldbeabletodistinguishbetweenrightandwrong.Speechesdistinguishmanfromanimals.LiuXiangdistinguishedhimselfasthewinnerofthe“heaviest”goldmedal/bywinningthemen’shurdlesatthe2004Olympics.Becausetheyservetodistinguishmembersfromallothergroups,asingleboundarymarkerseldomissufficient.(Line5)distinguishv.(distinguishedadj.) Computersmakedatareadilyavailabletousers.Ireadilybelievethatsheislazyathome---sheisverylazyatschool.Incaseofemergency,hecouldrespondreadily.(Hehasareadyresponse.)……,HopiandNavajomembersarereadilydistinguishedbytheirlanguagealone.(Line13)readilyadv.easily;willingly;promptly but,yet,however,despite,inspiteof,though,although,eventhough,otherwise,rather,whereas,nonetheless,nevertheless,incontrast,alternatively,forallthat,ontheonehand,ontheotherhandConversely,apersonmaybeIrishandspeakeitherGaelicorEnglishashisorhernativelanguage.(Line19)Expressiontoshowoppositionoftwothingsorsituations: tobesimilarorequivalentTheAmericanCongresscorrespondstotheBritishParliament.tobeinagreement,harmony,orconformityHerjobcorrespondswithherinterests.tocommunicatebyletterTheycorrespondedwitheachotherallthetime.(Theyheldcorrespondencewitheachotherallthetime.)Butinmanycases,religionandethnicgroupmoreorlesscorrespond.(Line28)correspondvi. Twelvemonthsconstituteayear.Correctgrammarandsentencestructuredonotinthemselvesconstitutegoodwriting.Heconstitutedadirectthreattothechildren.Similarly,theSikhsinIndiaconstitutebothareligiousandanethnicgroup.(Line30)constitutevt. Ibenefitedmuchfrommyassociationwithhim.ThisconcertissponsoredbytheArtsCouncilinassociationwithseverallocalbusinesses.Asimilarsituationisfoundinthoseregionsoftheworldinwhichpopulationshavebeeninlongassociationwithoneanother.(Line40)associationn. Forthesakeofsafety,youmustkeepallmedicinesawayfromchildren.Shestoppedsmokingforherownsake.Forthesakeofbrevity,wewilllimitourdiscussiontoonetrait---clothing.(Line66)forthesakeof Twopopulationswhoshareacommonlanguagedonotnecessarilyshareacommonidentity;likewise,twopopulationswhospeakdifferentlanguagesdonotnecessarilyhavedifferentidentities.DifficultSentences1.However,justbecausetwopopulationsshareacommonlanguagedoesnotmeantheyshareacommonidentity,anymorethanthefactthattwopopulationsspeakdifferentlanguagesmeansthattheyhavetwodistinctidentities. 2.Thesignificanceorlackofsignificanceofphysicalcharacteristicsinethnicidentitymayalsovarywiththelevelofethnicidentity.Howsignificantphysicalcharacteristicsareasasignificantmarkerofethnicidentitydependsononwhichleveltheethnicgroupmemberssharetheircharacteristics. 3.ThemajorworldreligionssuchasChristianity,Islam,andBuddhismencompassnumerousdistinctethnicgroups,sothatthereligiousaffiliationdoesnotalwaysindicateethnicaffiliation.Themembersofareligionmaycomefrommanydifferentethnicgroups,soareligiousgroupisnotnecessarilyanethnicone. Reading2TheProblemsofStatesandNationalities ThinkandDiscussCanyounamesomeethnicconflicts?Whatcausedsomanyconflicts? WordsandExpressions vt.toconsiderortreatasequalIt’samistaketoequatewealthwithhappiness.Iamnotequatingyouandhim.Falselyequatingcountryoforiginwithethnicnationality,……(Line3)vt.tomake…equaltoequateimportsandexports.equate Theaccidentclaimedherlife.(totake)Hasanyoneclaimedthewatch?(toaskforonthebasisofright,authorityoraccomplishment)Acallertothebroadcastingstationclaimedresponsibilityforthebombing.(tostatetohave)Thematterclaimsourattention.(tocallfor)Don’tclaimtoknowwhatyoudon’tknow.(tomaintain)Bombings,ambushes,andassassinationshaveclaimedthelivesofmorethan2,200persons,andnoendappearsinsight.(Line27)claimvt. ahandfulofsandamouthfulofsweetairaspoonfulofhotsoupOnlyahandfulofcountriesarepeopledbymembersofasinglenationalityandarethusethnicallyhomogeneous.(Line58)handfuln.afewWordsendingwith–fulindicatingtheamount:ahandfulofpeople/days Dreamspeopledhisidlehours.peoplevt.toinhabitTheregionissparsely/denselypeopled.vt.tosupplyorfillwithpeopleEuropelargelypeopledAmerica.在美国大部分人来自于欧洲.vt.tofillwith homograph同形异义词recordn./recordv.Augustn./augusta.homophone同音词knew/newnight/knighthomonym同音异义词fairn./faira.bearn./bearv.homogeneous:ofthesimilarnatureorkindhomo-:same;alike Throughthisagreement,theEnglish,French,Germans,Belgians,andotherEuropeanpowersassumedsovereigntyoverlands……(Line67)assumevt.totakecontrolofHitlerassumedpowerin1934.vt.totakeintopartnership,employment,oruseTheresearcherassumedanewpartner. assumevt.topretendtohaveorbeSheassumedanairofconfidenceinspiteofherdismay.vt.totakeasgrantedortrue,supposeHeassumedthereport(tobe)valid.Farmerswillhaveabumperharvest,assumingthattheweatherisfavorable.vt.totaketoorupononeself,undertakeWhendidthepresidentassumeoffice? NorwasAfricatheonlycontinenttohaveboundariesimposedbyEuropeans.(Line70)nor等具有否定意义的词或词组居于句首时句子倒装nor,never,seldom,rarely,little,hardly,scarcely,notuntil,bynomeans,innotime,undernocircumstances,undernocondition,innoway,innocase,invain,atnotime,neither…(nor),nosooner…(than),hardly…(when),barely,onnoaccount,notabit,nowhere,notonly…(butalso),notoften,etc. Exception:如果这些词修饰句子的主语、构成主语的一部分，句子不倒装。Notawordwassaid.Scarcelyadropofrainfelllastmonth.Onlyanoldmantookpityonthepoorgirl.Ihaveneverheardsuchnonsenseinallmylife.NeverinallmylifehaveIheardsuchnonsense.Churchillwasnotonlyastatesmanbutalsoapoet.NotonlywasChurchillastatesman,butalsoapoet.Examples: vt.toestablishorbringaboutasifbyforce.Thecourtimposedalightsentenceonafirstoffender.vt.toestablishorapplybyauthoritytoimposeatax/peacesettlementvt.toforceintothecompanyorontheattentionofanotherSheimposedherselfastheirleader.vi.totakeunwarrantedadvantageofsomethingYouarealwaysimposingonhisgoodnature!impose ascholarshiptoastudentarequestluggageallowancestopassengersAsEuropeanpowersgrantedindependencetotheircolonies,……(Line83)Youmaygrant________.Grantedthatyouarecorrect,youmayfindithardtoproveyourpoint.grantvt. DifficultSentenceFalselyequatingcountryoforiginwithethnicnationality,weviewethnicconflictsinotherregionsoftheworldascomparabletoconflictsbetweensub-nationalgroupswithintheUnitedStates.Forweconsidercountryoforiginandethnicnationalityarethesame,wefalselythinkethnicconflicts(betweendistinctethnicnationalities)inmostcountriesequivalenttoconflicts(betweensub-nationalgroupsofdifferentcountriesoforigin)withintheUnitedStates. WRITINGKNOWLEDGESupportyouropinionwithevidence,e.g.,anecdotes,examples,quotations,statistics,logicordefinitions. Pleaseidentifythetypeofevidenceusedineachofthefollowingparagraphsandinferthethesisitsupports.WritingExercise Firstofall,therearemanysuperstitiousfactorsinourtraditionalculturethatshouldbeabandoned.Forexample,inancienttimespeoplethoughtearthquakeswerethewrathoftheGods,andofferedsacrifices---sometimeshumansacrifices---toappeasethem.Butnowadaysweknowthatearthquakesaremeregeologicalmovementsoflithosphere;wecanevenpredictthem.Thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyhelpstodispelthemistandexplainmanyphenomenathatwethoughtofasmysteriesinthepast.Possiblethesis:Someaspectsoftraditionalculturearenowhamperingtheprogressofsocietyandshouldbeabandoned.Example Possiblethesis:Insteadofreplacingpeople,thecomputerisdevelopingmorepositionsforemployees.Asyoucanwellsee,thecomputerindustryissupplyingmorejobsthananyothersingleindustry.OccupationOutlookQuarterlypredictsthatby1990,2,140,000peoplewillbeemployedincomputeroperations,ariseof85percentover1978.Statistics Possiblethesis:Theuseofeuphemismshouldbestopped.AccordingtoEncyclopediaBritannica,“Euphemismsareconsideredoverlysqueamishandaffectedbycontemporarywriters,unlessusedforhumorouseffect.”Thismaybesoamongthecognoscentibutthereislittleevidencetoshowthatthemasses,especiallytheadministrators,havereadtheirencyclopedia.Quotation Possiblethesis:Truelovecannothappen,developandlastwithoutsincerity,understanding,sacrifice,toleranceandtime-endurance.Loveisoneofthepreciousfeelingsofhumanbeings,whichisknownastheimmortalthemeofliteraryworks.Truelovecannothappen,developandlastwithoutsincerity,understanding,sacrifice,toleranceandtime-endurance.Definition Possiblethesis:Whatwords“mean”cangobeyondwhataspeakerorwriterconsciouslyintends,reflectingpersonalandculturalbiasesthatrunsodeepthatmostofthetimewearen’tevenawaretheyexist.Inaworldwhere“man”and“human”areofferedassynonymousterms,Idon’tthinkitisacoincidencethatwomenarestillvastlyunderrepresentedinpositionsofmoney,power,andrespect.Logic LET’SWRITEAreyouethnocentricormulticulturalinyourworldview?Explainyourchoiceandtrytopersuadeotherstobelieveinyourworldview.Youshouldwriteatleast150words. TRANSLATIONexpressivetextinformativetextvocativetextmaintypesoftext ExpressivetextInformativetextVocativetextTypicalexamplesliterature,authoritativetextsscientificandtechnicalreportsandtextbookspolemicalwriting,publicity,notices,lawsandregulations,propaganda,popularliterature“Ideal”styleindividualneutral,objectivepersuasiveorimperativeTypeoflanguagefigurativefactualcompellingTranslatingmethod“literal”translationequivalent-effecttranslationequivalent-effectrecreation TranslationExerciseAppreciatethefollowingtextsandtheirtranslationsandsumupthecharacteristicsofthetranslationofthe3typesoftext. 我记得河谷东面的加毕伦山脉总是阳光璀璨，明媚可爱，仿佛向你殷勤邀请，你不禁想爬上暖洋洋的山麓小丘，正象爬到亲爱的母亲的怀里那样。棕色的草坡给你爱抚，向你召唤。IrememberthattheGabilianMountainstotheeastofthevalleywerelightgaymountainsfullofsunandlovelinessandakindofinvitation,sothatyouwantedtoclimbintotheirwarmfoothillsalmostasyouwanttoclimbintothelapofabelovedmother.Theywerebeckoningmountainswithabrowngrasslove.(Literature) 它（油）非常滑润，可以用作润滑剂。两个金属面相擦，就会产生摩擦和热；但如果在它们之间抹上薄薄的一层油，就可以减少摩擦，降低热度。任何机械如果不使用一定的润滑剂，就不能持续工作。润滑油的浓度必须适当，太稀则起不到应有的润滑作用，太稠则流不到所有需要润滑的零件。Becauseit(oil)isveryslippery,itisusedforlubrication.Twometalsurfacesrubbingtogethercausefrictionandheat;butiftheyareseparatedbyathinfilmofoil,thefrictionandheatarereduced.Nomachinewouldworkforlongifitwerenotproperlylubricated.Theoilusedforthispurposemustbeofthecorrectthickness;ifitistoothinitwillnotgiveenoughlubrication,andifitistoothickitwillreachallpartsthatmustbelubricated.(Science) 我们在1978年乃至今天在某种程度上面临的问题仍然是：我们两国迥然不同，贵国是地球上最老的文明古国之一，而我国是最年轻的国家之一；贵国是社会主义国家，而我国致力于资本主义；贵国是发展中国家，而我国是发达国家；象这样的两个国家是否能够超越这些差异并利用它在世界事务中建立一种前所未有的、独具特色的关系？Wefacedthequestionin1978,astosomeextentwestilldotoday:Cantwonationsasdifferentasours---yoursoneoftheoldestcivilizationsonearth,mineonetheyoungest;yoursasocialiststateandminecommittedtocapitalism;yoursadevelopingcountryandmineadevelopedone---cantwonationssurmountandindeeddrawuponthesedifferencestobuildanunprecedentedanddistinctiverelationshipionworldaffairs?(Speech) Chapter10TheJobPuzzleNiuShujieFacultyofCollegeEnglishTeachingNewEraInteractiveEnglishLevel3 WarmingupexercisesComprehensionLanguagestudyTopic-relateddiscussionREADING Whatskillsandqualitiesoneneedstopossesstosucceedinone’sjob?Warming-up readingandwritinglisteningandspeakingcomputerinterpersonalskillsbeingabletolearnnewthingsWarming-upskills healthydiligent(hardworking)ConfidentResponsibleCapableDecisivefar-sightedHonestopen-mindedWarming-upqualities comprehensionReading1Reading2 Choosingajobisnoeasyandtherearesomanyfactorstoconsider.Butevenifyoudogetajobwhichalmostmeetallyourrequirements,youwillstillcomeacrosssomeproblemsandthereforehavetimesofdisappointmentordispleasureinyourwork.Thenwhatarethesecommonproblems?Howcanweovercomethechallengesandimproveourhappinessintheworkplace? comprehensionSkimthepassageandworkouttheoutlineOutlinePartⅠ:PartⅡ:PartⅢ:PartⅣ:(para.1)Introduction(para.2-7)Commonchallengespeoplefaceintheworkplace(para.8-14)Sixstepstoimprovehappiness(para.15)Conclusion Detailedstudyofthestructure—understandingthemeaningcomprehensionPartⅠ:IntroducethetopicTopicsentence:lasttwosentencesinPara.1Mainidea:Nomatterwhatyoudo,you’llfacesomechallengeandfeeldisappointedsometimes. comprehensionDetailedstudyofthestructure—understandingthemeaningPartⅡ:RaisetheproblemsTopicparagraph:paragraph2—mostcommonchallengespeoplefaceintheworkplacePara.3:Dissatisfactionwiththeworkingconditions.Para.4-6:Unhappinesswiththeworktheydo.A.littlesenseofaccomplishmentB.littletimeforoverallwell-beingPara.7:Inabilitytogetalongwithco-workers.Whydomanyemployersfailtoprovidecomfortablesurroundingsfortheworkers?Becausetheyareprincipallyconcernedwiththeproductivityandprofit.Whataretheresultsoftheuncomfortableworkingconditions?Theworkersarelessproductive;morelikelytomissdaysorchangetheirjob.Becausetheworkisrepetitive.Example—toshowthepositiveimpactofchangesonproduction.Becausetheyspendtoolongattheirjobsandhavenotimeforthemselvestomeetthedeadline.Theyalwayscomplainaboutotherswithoutexaminingthemselves. comprehensionWritingmethodusedinPartⅡandPartⅢ—listingDetailedstudyofthestructure—understandingthemeaningPartⅢ:SolvetheproblemsTopicparagraph:Para.8Para.9:Worktolive,notlivetowork.Para.10:Decidewhatyouwantfromwork.Para.11:Lookforbalanceintherestofyourwork.Para.12:Examinewhatotherswantfromyourwork.Para.13:Getalifeoutsideofworkwithotherinterests.Para.14:Moveforwardandplanforthefuture.Youshouldknowwhatisbestforyouemotionally.YoushouldthinkaboutwhatsomepromotionsbringtoyouLifeshouldincludetherightproportionofwork,restandplay.Findsomethingyoulovetodotomakeyourlifecolorfulandexciting.Learnskillstogetabetterjob. comprehensionDetailedstudyofthestructure—understandingthemeaningPartⅣ:DrawtheconclusionThemostimportantthingtorememberisthatthepersonwhocandomosttomakeyourlifebetterislookingatyouinthemirror.Themostimportantthingtorememberisthatonlyyouyourselfcanmakeyourlifebetter. Othersprogresseffortlesslythroughlevelsofhighereducationandslipintojobstheyfindrewardingbothfinanciallyandemotionally.(P206,L2)Others,asaresultoflevelsofhighereducation,canquicklyfindbetterjobswithoutanydifficultywhichnotonlybringthemalotofmoney,butalsomakesthememotionallysatisfiedandhappy.comprehensionSomedifficultsentences Theywakeupjustintimetogotowork,spendtoolongattheirjobsandthenhavenotimeforthemselvesbeforeaquicksleepandstartingalloveragain.(P206,L36)Theywakeupearlyenoughtogotoworkandspendawholedaybusyingwiththeirworkwithoutanyfreetimeforthemselves.Theyevenworklateandonlysleepforashorttimebeforetheyhavetogetupearlyandhaveanotherbusydayagain.comprehensionSomedifficultsentences Toooften,someoneworkslikeadogtoachieveasmallincreaseinsalary,butatthecostofhugelyincreasedworkinghoursandoftakingonmoreandmoreresponsibilities.(P207,L55)Somepeoplealwaysworktoohardforalittlemoremoneyintheirsalary,buttheydon’trealizetheyhavepaidfarmorebyworkingtoolonghoursandacceptingmoreandmorework.comprehensionSomedifficultsentences Goinghomeatareasonablehourmakessensetoyouandthecompanyifeveryoneunderstandsthatawell-restedemployeeismorevaluableandproductivethanonewhothoughtlesslyputsinendlessextrahoursdozingatadesk.(P207,L58)Itiswisetostopworkingatrighttimeandhaveagoodrestanditdoesgoodbothtoyouandtothecompanyifeveryoneknowsthatawell-restedemployeeismoreenergetic,moreefficientandcandoabetterjobthantheonewhoworksovertimebutinefficientlyandalwaysfallasleepbecauseoflackofrest.comprehensionSomedifficultsentences SkimthepassagequicklyandtrytoworkoutthestructurecomprehensionFastReading—Reading2 comprehensionFastReading—Reading2Para.1Thepredictionofthefastestgrowingoccupations.Para.2Therequirementforthesejobs.Para.3Para.4-11Thereasonswhythereisaneedformanyprofessionalcomputer-relatedoccupations.Theintroductionofvariouscomputer-relatedoccupations. Findapartneranddescribetohimorhertheresponsibilitiesofthecomputer-relatedjobs.comprehensionFastReading—Reading2 comprehensionFastReading—Reading2design,develop,test,supervise,install,configure,support,plan,coordinate…beinvolvedin,beconcernedwith,specializein,beresponsibleforPayattentiontothewordsandphrasesthatareusedtodescribethedutiesandresponsibilitiesofjobs. LanguagestudyReading1Reading2 rewardingadj.Ifsomethingisrewarding,itmakesyoufeelhappyandsatisfiedbecauseyouaredoingsomethingusefulorimportant,evenyoudonotearnalotofmoney.Teachingisarewardingcareer. rewardn.Shereceivedawatchasarewardforherservice.v.rewardsb.withsth.forsthTheyrewardedtheboywith$5forbringingbackthelostdog. regardlessofwithoutregardforwithoutworryingaboutortakingaccountof不顾，不考虑1.Hepushedherasidewithoutregardforthefactthatshewaspregnant. Thenewcoupledecoratedtheirhouseregardlessofthecost. 关于，有关regarding…(用于公函中)withregardto…asregards…regards:goodwishesWithbest/kind/warmregards(问候，用于信尾） 全真热身Everymaninthiscountryhastherighttolivewherehewantsto__thecolorofhisskin.2.Hewentahead__allwarningaboutthedangerofhissituation.A.incaseofC.becauseofD.priortowiththeexceptionofB.inthelightofC.byvirtueofD.regardlessofB.regardlessof unableadj.disablev.disabilityn.inabilityn.ableadj.abilityn.thestateofbeingphysicallydisabledthelackofpower,skillorability 全真热身Whenpeoplegetunemployed,itis__thatisoftenworsethanlackofwages.A.lazinessB.povertyD.inabilityC.idleness闲散,无所事事 concern1.beabout2.haveeffecton3.makesb.feelworriedsth.thatworriessb.orbeofimportanttosb.2.worryv.n. 1.Thearticleconcernsamanwhoescapedfromtheprison.2.Thesetaxchangeswillconcernsmallcompanies.Thefactthatmysonalwaysfightswithothersreallyconcernsme. Safetyisthemainconcernofthetraveler.Thespeakerexpressesseriousconcernfortheairpollution. asfarasI’mconcerned:就我而言；依我之见sth.isconcernedwith…:关于sb.isconcernedabout/for…:担心的，关切的1.AsfarasI’mconcerned,theideaiscrazy.2.ThestoryisconcernedwithaJewishfamilyintheWorldWarⅡ.3.Themotherwasconcernedforthechildren’ssafetywhentheydidn’tcomebackfromschoolintheevening. likelyprobable,possiblesbbelikelytodo…itislikelythat…Theyarelikelytoarrivealittlelate.It’slikelythathewilllosetheelection. havemakeagreatpositivenegativeimpactinfluenceonimpactstrongandpowerfulinfluenceoreffect影响，作用Thecomputerhasmadeagreatimpactonmodernlife. 全真热身ProfessorTailor’stalkhasindicatedthatsciencehasastrong__oneverydaylife.A.motivationB.perspectiveC.impressionD.impact taketakeover接任，接管takeafter(外貌、性格)与(父、母等)相像takedown拆卸；记下，写下takein吸收，接纳；理解；欺骗takeoff脱下；起飞；takeon呈现，承担，taketo对…产生好感，开始喜欢takeup开始从事；着手处理；占据 Maryreally__hermother;shehasthesameeyesandhair.Ittookmealongtimeto__whatyouweresaying.ThedoctorsuggestedthatIshouldn’t__anymorework.I__himassoonaswemet.Theseboxesofyours__toomuchroom.练一练 全真热身1.Oursondoesn"tknowwhatto____attheuniversity;hecan’tmakeuphismindabouthisfuture.A.takeoverB.takeafterC.takein2.WhenJackwaseighteenhe__goingaroundwithsomestrangepeopleandstayingoutverylate.B.tookforC.tookupD.tookonD.takeupA.tookto revolvearoundhaveasacenterormainsubject.以…为中心Themother’sliferevolvesmainlyaroundherbaby. complainv.complaintn.expressdissatisfaction,resentment,pain,etc.complainabout/ofcomplainthat… 练一练Sheiscomplainingofherheadachetothedoctor.Shecomplainedthatnoonewastreatingherfairly.Thestudentsalwayscomplainabouttheirhomework. makesenseinasense:在某种程度上asenseofaccomplishmentasenseofresponsibilityasenseofhumorhaveaclearmeaningbewise 练一练在一定程度上你是对的，但你不知道全部情况。Youarerightinasense,butyoudon’tknowallthefacts.2.注意身体，这是很明智的。Itmakessensetotakecareofyourhealth.这个句子意思不明确。Thesentencedoesn’tmake(any)sense. superioradj.higherinrankorclassasuperiorofficershowingafeelingofbeingbetterthanothersasuperiorsmileofhighergradeorqualityasuperiorbrandsuperiorityn.inferior 全真热身Theirproductsarefrequentlyoverpricedand__inqualityA.influentialB.subordinateD.superiorC.inferior lookforwardto热切地期望，等待lookbackon…lookdownon…lookintolookuplookuptoI’mlookingforwardtogoingtotheparty. livewithacceptadifficultorunpleasantsituationHecouldnolongerlivewithhisroommate’smessandmovedout.putupwithendure incorporatesth.into…We~dmanynewfeaturesintothedesignofthestadium.includesth.asapartofgroup,systemorplan applyv.makeaformal,writtenrequestforsth.~forajob/postusesth.(method,ideaorlaw)inaparticularsituationapply…to…haveaneffectonsb.orgroupapplyto…n.application 朋友们鼓励我申请这份工作。Myfriendsencouragemetoapplyforthejob.2.很多顾客保护法也适用于网上交易。ManycustomerprotectionlawsalsoapplytoInternettransactions.新的技术几乎被应用到所有领域。Newtechnologieshavebeenappliedtoalmosteveryfield.练一练 recognizeandunderstandthedifferencebetweentwosimilarthingsorpeopledistinguish:v.~betweensth.Ican’tdistinguishbetweensomeofthevowels.~sth.fromsth.Canyoudistinguishrightfromwrong？ distinguishabledistinguishedeasilyrecognized区分得开的successfulthereforerespected受人尊敬的adj. Topic-relateddiscussionInthispassagewelearnedsomechallengesthatmaydisappointusandseveralstepsweshouldfollowtoimprovethehappiness—mainlyintheworkplace.However,inourlife,therearealso,orevenmoresituationsinwhichwemayfeeldepressed.Thenhowcanweachievehappiness? Topic-relateddiscussionDoeshappinesshavesomethingtodowithgender?age?wealth?marriage?health?Whatfactorsdoyouthinkhaveaneffectonhappiness? learntoenjoyourlifechangethewayweperceivewhathappenedtous.giveprioritytoclosefriendsputonahappyfacedomorephysicalexercisegetenoughrestTopic-relateddiscussionHerearesomesuggestionsonhowtogethappiness. Writing 议论文往往是通过驳斥或评论他人的观点来表明自己的看法和主张，并希望能够说服读者接受自己的观点。议论文的核心是论证部分（即展开部分）。在这一部分，不仅要层次分明，逻辑性强，而且论证要充分，全面，以便增强说服力。可以采用立论，即正面阐述自己的观点。提出话题后，先表明立场，然后用例子或理由证明。writing如何写议论文 It’scommonlybelievedthat(studyinginauniversityistheonlywaytosuccessforyoungpeople),butIwonderwhetherthisargumentiswellgrounded.Weareoftentoldthesedaysthat(owningaprivatecar,onecanenjoyconvenienceandcomfort).Butisthisreallythecase?Recently,theproblemof…hasarousedpublicconcern.Somepeoplebelievethat…,butothersholdthat….Astome,I’monthefirst/secondsideoftheargument.writing常用的写作模式： Thereisnoagreementamongpeopleastotheissueof….Somepeopleholdthat…whileothersbelievethat….Frommypointofview,itismoreadvisabletosupportthefirst/secondratherthanthesecond/firstone.Whenaskedabout/Whenitcomesto…,somepeoplepreferto…;others,however,preferto….Astome,Ichoosethefirstway/method/approach.Thefollowingreasonscanaccountformyinclination.People’sideas/opinions/viewson…varyfrompersontoperson.Somepeoplethinkthat….fromtheirpointofview,….However,othersholdthat….Intheiropinion,….Astome,Iagreewith/aminfavorofthefirstidea.Thefollowingsarethereasonsformychoice.writing 论证的另外一个常用法是驳论，先把对方的观点摆出来，然后有的放矢地批驳。要注意“欲擒故纵”，即先承认对方的观点是有一定道理的，然后批驳其不全面及错误之处。这样会让读者看到我们考虑问题更加全面、客观，因而也就会增强文章的说服力。writing 常用的写作模式：Whileitistruethat…,itdoesn’tmeanthat…Atfirstthought,thisideasoundstrue,butonsecondthoughts,wecanfindtherearesomeproblemswiththisview.Thereisanelementoftruthinthestatementthat…,butthisisnottosaythat/butIjustwanttosaythat…writing Admittedly/Ofcourse/Undoubtedly…,butitismoreadvisablethat/butitshouldbenotedthat….Theymayberightinsayingthat…,buttheyseemtoforget/ignoreonecriticalpoint.Thatis…writing DoesNewTuitionPolicyKeepStudentsAway1.目前，许多学生考上大学却为学费发愁。2.有人认为，新的高校收费政策让一些贫困学生无法上大学。3.我认为……WriteacompositiononthefollowingtopicandbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow. 文学翻译是语篇翻译中比较难的。因为不仅要准确地表达原文意思，还要着眼于原文表达的特色，与原文的风格保持一致。文学讲究的是文字，因此在翻译时既要注意文字的细微之处，同时又不失灵活，只有这样，才能文采飞扬。这里，我们节选一些中外名著的译作，虽然不是目前学习的重点，但我们也可以在欣赏的同时，享受语言的神奇与魅力。Translation 从头看去，越看越爱，不顿饭时，已看了好几出了。但觉词句警入，余香满口。一面看了只管出神。心内还默默记诵。《红楼梦》林黛玉细读《西厢记》一段Translation Themoresheread,themoreshelikedit,andbeforeverylongshehadreadseveralacts.Shefeltthepowerofthewordsandtheirlingeringfragrance.Longaftershehadfinishedreading,whenshehadlaiddownthebookandwassittingthereraptandsilent,thelinescontinuedtoringoninherhead.Translation原文通畅易晓，雅丽芊绵，是地地道道的好文字；译文亦步亦趋，简洁流畅，从平凡中见功力，更觉难能可贵。希望大家可以把原文译文反复熟诵，探究中英文的地道写法。 凤姐听了，眼圈儿红了一会子，方说道：“天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福，这点年纪，倘或因这病上有个长短，人生在世，还有什么趣儿呢！”—《红楼梦》Xifeng"seyesbecamemoistandforamomentshewastooovercometospeak.“Iknow‘theweatherandhumanlifearebothunpredictable,’”shesaidatlast,“butshe"sonlyachildstill.Ifanythingshouldhappentoherasaresultofthisillness,Ithinkallthefunwouldgooutoflife!"Translation 祝大家学习进步Thankyou!'