最新中考英语复习之动词-课件课件PPT.ppt 199页

'中考英语复习之动词-课件 动词的考点一.动词的分类三.动词的语态二.动词的时态四.非谓语动词 一、动词的分类 词义辨析2)_________+“大地点”；_________+“小地点”_________+“地点名词”_________是及物动词，+“地点名词”arriveinarriveatgettoreach 词义辨析3)_________表“借入”；_________表“借出”_________表“长时间的借”borrowlendkeep 词义辨析4)_________表“给某人穿衣服”；_________表“穿上”，强调动作；_________表“穿着，戴着”，强调状态。dresssb.putonwear 词义辨析5)_________“看见”，表结果；_________“看”，表动作，不及物；_________“看(比赛，电视)”_________“看(书、报)”，表阅读seelook(at)watchread 词义辨析6)______“带来，拿来”；______“拿去，带走；______“扛，搬”，用力移动，无方向__________“去取，去拿”，表往返拿物bringtakecarryfetch,get 词义辨析7)______“死”，不及物动词；______“死的”，形容词，表状态；______“死”，名词______“垂死的”，形容词diedeaddeathdying 词义辨析8)______“说（语言）”，“发言”；______“说（内容）”，及物；______________“谈论某事”；______________“谈论某人”______“告诉”speaksaytalkaboutsth.talkto(with)sb.tell 词义辨析9)______“花钱（时间）”，人做主语；______“花钱”，人做主语；______“花钱”，物做主语______“花时间”，物做主语spendpaycosttake 词义辨析10)________“寻找”，强调过程；________“找到”，强调结果；________“找出，查明（起因）”________“听”，强调过程________“听到”，强调结果lookforfindfindoutlisten(to)hear 词义辨析11)______thegame“赢”______thegame“输”，_____________sb.“打败（某人）”______inthegame“失败”winlosebeat(defeat)fail 词义辨析12)_________表“丢失，失去”；_________表“忘记”；_________表“把某物落在某处”。loseforgetleave 词义辨析13)____________表“想到…”；____________表“考虑”；____________表“仔细考虑”。thinkofthinkaboutthinkover 词义辨析14)______________表“加入”；______________表“参加（活动）”；______________表“出席（会议）”。join(theparty)takepartinattend(ameeting) 词义辨析15)____________red____________dark____________cold____________short/longturnget/growget/becomeget Choosethebestanswer1.–Howmuchmoneydidyou____onthedictionary?--29yuan.A.payB.spendC.costD.take Choosethebestanswer2.It_____almost10yearstobuildPanzhihuaErtanpowerstation,thesecondlargestpowerstationinAsia.A.spentB.tookC.costD.paidChoosethebestanswer Choosethebestanswer3.Wouldyouplease_____theTV?Icanhardlyheartheconversationbetweenthetwospeakers.A.turnonB.turnupC.turnoffD.turndown Choosethebestanswer4.TomandJim______friendssincetheymeteachotherforthefirsttimefiveyearsago.A.wereB.havebecomeC.havemadeD.havebeen Choosethebestanswer5.I’mafraidtheotherstudentswill____mebecauseIcan’tanswerthequestion.A.laughatB.hearfromC.agreewithD.waitfor Choosethebestanswer6.–Nancy,don’talways____thatoldjacket.Itlooksterrible.--ButIthinkit’scool,Mom.A.wearB.dressC.putonD.takeoff Choosethebestanswer7.Nofreeplasticbagsinthesupermarkethelpsto___whitepollution.A.reduceB.removeC.provideD.produce Choosethebestanswer8.Iamgreatlyinterestedinthispainting.Somethinginit_______thepainter’sdeeplovefornature.A.expectsB.discussesC.expressesD.imagines Choosethebestanswer9.–Oh,I’veleftmyschoolbagintheclassroom.--Don’tworry.I’ll____itforyou.A.bringB.getC.takeD.carry Choosethebestanswer10.–WhataniceMP3!Isityours?--Ofcourse.I____180yuanonit.A.costB.tookC.spentD.paid Choosethebestanswer11.–There’stoomuchsunshine.--Yeah.We’dbetter_____sunglasses.A.putawayB.putonC.takeoffD.takeout Choosethebestanswer12.Thedoctor_____a____boyyesterday.A.hadsaved;dyingB.saved;deadC.hassaved;deadD.saved;dying （二）系动词表“状态”：look,seem,taste,smell,feel,sound,be,keep,stay2.表“变化”:1.系动词+形容词2.用法辨析turn,get,grow,fall,become,come,go Choosethebestanswer1.Thewater_____coolwhenIjumpedintothepoolformorningexercise.A.wasfeltB.isfeltC.feltD.feels系动词不用于被动语态Choosethebestanswer Choosethebestanswer2.Heshookhishead______andlooked____whenhewastoldthebadnews.A.sadly;sadlyB.sad;sadC.sadly;sadD.sad;sadlyChoosethebestanswer Choosethebestanswer3.Ilovetogototheforestinsummer.It____goodtowalkintheforestorsitintheshadeoftrees.A.doesB.feelsC.getsD.makesChoosethebestanswer 4.----Iwaswonderingifwecouldgoskatingontheweekend.----_____good.A.SoundB.SoundedC.SoundingD.SoundsChoosethebestanswer 状态变化系动词系动词用法习惯搭配朝坏的方面变化wrong,bad,mad,hungry,blindetc.表颜色等red,green表成长中的变化strong,tall由动态到静态转变ill,sick,asleep转向好的状态true,alive常用来指人或物的状态的变化become接名词时,名词前接冠词gocometurngrowfallgetbecome Choosethebestanswer1.Thediscussion_____alivewhenaninterestingtopicwasbroughtin.A.wascomingB.hadcomeC.hascomeD.came 2.Thetrafficlights_____greenandIpulledaway.A.cameB.grewC.gotD.turned 3.---Isyourheadachegetting_____?---No,it’sworse.A.betterB.badC.lessD.well 4.-----Wouldyouadvisemeonhowtostay_____?-----Trytoliveregularly,eatmorevegetablesandbeinagoodstateofmind.A.healthB.healthyC.healthilyD.morehealthily 5.Thedoglooked______.Theboylooked____atthepoordog.A.dead;sadB.dying;sadlyC.deadly;sadlyD.dying;sad 6.Thecloththatsheboughtlooks____,feels_____andsells_____.A.beautiful;soft;wellB.beauty;softly;wellC.beautifully;softly;goodD.beautiful;soft;good （三）情态动词情态动词用法辨析一.can,could,beabletoI.can1）表“能力”Hecanspeakfivelanguages.2）表“许可”=mayCan(May)Icomein?3)表“可能性”Canitbetrue? 一.can,could,beableto4)beableto与can的比较A)表示能力时可通用Noonecan/isabletodoit.B)beableto可用于任何时态。I’msorryIhaven’tbeenabletoansweryourletter.C)表经努力办到某事，用beableto。Afteryearsofhardworkhewasabletowintheprize. 一.can,could,beableto2.could1)could是can的过去时，可用来较委婉，客气地提出问题或陈述看法。Couldyoucomealittleearlier?2)can和could表示某人或某物一时的特点，译为“有可能，有时会”。Hecanbeveryfriendly.Hecouldbeveryproud. 二.may,might1）表许可，译为“可以”（正式场合）Youmaytakethebookhome.2)表示推测，“或许，可能”。Itmayraintomorrow.3)表示祝愿Mayyousucceed!4)might:may的过去式，但might表可能性较小，或表更婉转语气。Jimmay(might)lendyoumoney.MightIaskaquestion? 三.must,haveto,need1.must的用法：1）“必须”，否定表禁止。回答其问句用needn’t或don’thaveto。Imustleaveat9.---Mustwehanditintoday?---Yes,youmust.No,youneedn’t/don’thaveto. 三.must,haveto,need1.must的用法：2)must还可表示一种推断和揣测。must+do对现在事实的猜测;must+havedone对过去事实的猜测.Youmustbejoking.Ican’tfindmykey.Imusthaveleftitinthebus. 三.must,haveto,need2.must与haveto的比较：A)haveto--客观情况；must--主观看法。Imustlearnanotherforeignlanguage.Youhavetolearnanotherforeignlanguageifyouwanttoworkhere.B)haveto用于不同时态，must不行.WewillhavetobuyanotherTVset. 三.must,haveto,need3.need的用法：1）作情态动词用时，用于疑问或否定句。回答need问句时，肯定用must,否定用needn’t/don’thaveto.Youneednotdoanythinghere.--NeedIgososoon?--Yes,youmust.No,youneedn’t./don’thaveto. 三.must,haveto,need3.need的用法：2)need用做行为动词时的用法：Ineedtobuyanewdictionary.Mybikeneedsrepairing/needstoberepaired. 四.will和would的用法：1.表示“意愿”Shewon’tlendmethemoney.2.表“邀请”或“请求”Willyougivemeapieceofpaper?3.would比will语气更温婉。Wouldlikesomethingtoeat? 五.shall,should的用法A)shall的用法用于第一人称，表示征求意见。ShallIturnonthelight?B)should的用法表示劝告，建议。Youshouldstudythearticlecarefully.2.表示推测，译为“可能，应该，该”。Heshouldarriveatnoon. Choosethebestanswer1.–Whereisourheadteacher,Mr.Li?--He_____beintheoffice.Isawhimtherejustoneortwominutesago.A.canB.mayC.mightD.must Choosethebestanswer2.–ShallItellhimthenewsafterclass?--You_____.I’vetoldhimalready.A.can’tB.mustn’tC.shouldn’tD.needn’t Choosethebestanswer3.–Mrs.Wang,Linglingcametoseeyoujustnow.--It____beLingling.She’sgonetoHongKong.A.canB.can’tC.mustD.mustn’t Choosethebestanswer4.Annahasn’tcometoschooltoday.Ithinkshe_____beill.A.canB.hastoC.mayD.should Choosethebestanswer5.–IsMr.Smithswimminginthepool,Harry?--It_____behim.Isawhimgotothelibraryjustnow.A.maynotB.can’tC.needn’tD.mustn’t Choosethebestanswer6.–Willyouanswerthetelephone?It_____beyourmother.--Sorry.I_____.I’mbusy.A.can;mustn’tB.will;can’tC.may;can’tD.need;will Choosethebestanswer7.Tony____gototheoperaonSaturdaybecausehe’sgoingtohaveameeting.A.can’tB.mightC.mustn’tD.should Choosethebestanswer8.Bepolite.You____talktotheoldlikethat.A.couldn’tB.needn’tC.mustn’tD.wouldn’t Choosethebestanswer9.–Look!It_____bethenewwomanmanager.--It_____beher.ShehasjustleftforShanghai.A.can;mustn’tB.must;can’tC.must;mustn’tD.can’t;must Choosethebestanswer10.–Ihitatreeonthewaytomeetmyfriendattherailwaystation.--I’msureyou____havebeendrivingtoofast.A.needB.shouldC.willD.must Choosethebestanswer11.–Mum,____Igoouttoplay?--Yes,youcan.Butyoumustfinishyourhomeworkfirst.A.mustB.mayC.willD.need Choosethebestanswer12.Schools_____allowstudentsatleastonehouradayforsports.A.wouldB.mightC.shouldD.could Choosethebestanswer13.Ben,don’tdrivetoofast.You____hitothers’car.A.mayB.mustC.havetoD.need Choosethebestanswer14.–Iwastoldtobeherebeforeeight.--Oh,you_____.I’msorryfornottellingyouthatwehavechangedtheplan.A.mustB.can’tC.mayD.needn’t Choosethebestanswer15.–NevertouchmycomputerwhileI’maway.--I______.A.shouldn’tB.mustn’tC.won’tD.don’t Choosethebestanswer16.–Idon’tmindtellingyouwhatIknow.--You____.I’mnotaskingyouforit.A.needn’tB.mustn’tC.maynotD.can’t Choosethebestanswer117.–Let’sgotoTaishanParkbytaxi.--It’snotfar.We____takeataxi.A.needn’tB.can’tC.mustn’tD.couldn’t 二、动词时态 一般现在时用法练习Iusually___atsixinthemorning.A.getupB.getsupC.gotobedTheearth__aroundthesun.A.goB.moveC.moves3.时间、条件状语从句的从句部分（）Hewillgiveyouthebookassoonashe___you.A.willseeB.seesC.see主+V原/V-(e)s1.经常性或习惯性的动作时间标志：every…;always;often;sometimes;at…;neveronSundays;onceaweekusually;2.客观真理,客观存在,科学事实主将从现 类型构成例词一般情况readuse以sh，ch，s,x和o结尾finishwatch;gomiss;fix以辅音字母+y结尾stud;tr;第三人称单数的构成规则变化不规则变化havehas-sss-eseseseseses变y为i再加-esiesies 肯定:否定:疑问:她经常在回家前完成作业.SheoftenfinishesherhomeworkbeforeshegoeshomeShedoesn’tfinishherhomeworkbeforeshegoeshomeDoessheoftenfinishherhomeworkbeforeshegoeshome?谓语是行为动词时,否定和疑问句要借助助动词do或does,原来的行为动词要用原形. 1.A:Howoften__sheexercise?B:Twiceaweek.A.do　B.does　C.doing2.I___liketodrinkmilk.A.not　B.doesn’t　C.don’t3.Goodfoodandexercise__metostudybetter.A.helpB.helps　C.helping4.IwillletyouknowaboutitassoonasI___thenews.A.willgetB.getsC.get 5.Healways___schoolearlyand___homelate.A.goto;comesbacktoB.goesto;comebackC.goesto;comesback6.__she__eatingmooncakes?A.Is;likeB.Do;likeC.Does;like7.“DoesWangLi___Englishwell?”A.speakB.speaksC.say 一般过去时用法练习He___thecountrysidewhenhewasyoung.A.livesB.livedC.livedin1.He____lastyear.A.stopstowriteB.stoppedwriteC.stoppedwriting2.我们尽了全力，终于成功了。We____________andwemadeitatlast.主+V-edtriedourbest表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况时间标志：yesterday;thedaybeforeyesterday;last…；…ago等表示过去时间的词语 类型构成例词一般情况join;work以字母e结尾like;live以辅音字母+y结尾studied;tried;以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母stop;drop动词过去式的构成规则变化不规则变化见BOOK3edd变y为i再加ed双写尾词加edededddpedped 肯定:否定:疑问:Tom刚才打了电话给她.Tomrangherjustnow.Tomdidn’tringherjustnow.DidTomringherjustnow?谓语是行为动词时,否定和疑问句要借助助动词did,原来的行为动词要用原形. 1.Itwastoodark.Sohe___thelightsandbegantoreadbooks.A.turnedoffB.turnsonC.turnedon2.Thechildren__attheiruncle’slastnight.A.areB.wereC.was3.Iamsorrythatyouhavemissedthetrain.It__tenminutesago.A.leftB.leavesC.willleave 4.—ThesefarmershavebeentotheUnitedStates.—Really?When_____there?A.willtheygoB.didtheygoC.dotheygo5.—Jimisnotcomingtonight.—Buthe_______!A.promisesB.promisedC.willpromise 一般将来时用法例句There___asportsmeetingherenextmonth.A.willhaveB.willbeC.isgoingtoIdon’tknowifthetrain___soon.butI___foryouifyouwanttoknow.A.willarrive;willlookitupB.arrives;willlookupitC.willarrive;lookitup主+is/am/aregoingto+V原主+will+V原1.表示将来要发生的动作或存在的状态.2.时间、条件状语从句的主句部分（主将从现） 1.—DoyouknowwhentheWorldCup___nextweek?—NextFriday.Whenit__,I’llringyou.A.begins;beginsB.begins;willbeginC.willbegin;begins2.—Jimmyisleavingforaholiday.—Really?Where_____he_____?A.does;goB.will;goC.did;go3.—ShallwegototheSandLaketomorrow?—Yes.We’llgounlessit_____heavily.A.willrainB.rainedC.rains 用法例句表示在过去看来将要发生的动作我告诉他我将会去机场送他.ItoldhimthatI________________attheairport.他们说他们将会在会议室开会.Theysaidthatthey__________________/__________ameetinginthemeetingroom.主+was/weregoingto+V原过去将来时wouldseehimoffwouldhaveweregoingtohave主+would+V原常用在宾语从句中 1.Hetoldmethathe___toseeusthenextday.A.comesB.wouldcomeC.willcome2.Theteachertoldusthatthesun___biggerthantheearth.A.isB.wasC.willbe3.---Theplaneisleavingrightnow,butJimhasn"tarrivedyet.---Well,hesaidhe___hereontime.AcameBwouldcomeCwillbe 现在进行时用法例句We___anEnglishlessonnow.A.arehavingB.havingC.werehaving学生们正在为考试做准备.Thestudents__________________theexam.主+is/am/are+V-ingaregettingreadyfor表示说话者说话时正在发生的动作表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作.(说话时动作不一定正在进行) 类型构成例词一般情况readwatch以不发音的e结尾的词takemake重读闭音节字母结尾put现在分词的构成-inginging去掉e-ing先双写最后一个辅音字母-ingtinginging 1.WhereisJames?He___withhisbrother.A.runsB.willrunC.isrunning2.Who___inthenextroom?Maryis.A.issingingB.issingC.sings3.Jimmy____foraholidaytomorrow.A.isleavingB.leavesC.left4.Lookatthechildrenoverthere．What__？A．ishedoingB．aretheydoingC．theyaredoing 5.Look!Theboystudentsare___footballwhilethegirlsare___.A.playing,danceB.playing,dancingC.play,dancing6.Mr.Smith__shortstories,buthe__aTVplaythesedays.A.iswriting,iswritingB.iswriting,writesC.writes,iswriting7.I__tothecinema.I__thereeverySunday.A.go.goB.amgoing,goC.go.amgoing 过去进行时用法例句我叔叔来看我的时候我正在做作业.I____________myhomeworkwhenmyunclecametoseeme.wasdoing主+was/were+V-ing表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作. 1.ThelasttimeI__Janeshe__cottoninthefields.A.see,waspickingB.saw,pickedC.saw,waspicking2.Idon"tthinkJimsawme;he___intospace.A.juststaredB.wasjuststaringC.hasjuststared3.IfirstmetLisathreeyearsago.She___ataradioshopatthetime.A.hasworkedB.wasworkingC.hadbeenworking 4.---Hey,watchtheflowers!---Oh,I"mterriblysorry.________.A.I"mnotnoticingB.Iwasn"tnoticingC.Idon"tnotice5.ThereportersaidthattheUFO___easttowestwhenhesawit.A.wastravelingB.traveledC.wastotravel6.I___mybreakfastwhenthemorningpostcame.A.hadB.washavingC.havebeenhaving 现在完成时用法例句表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响.1.I_lunchyet.Iamsohungry.A.haven’thadB.havehadC.didn’thave2.Sheasksmeformoney.She__herpurseathome.A.hadleftB.hasleftC.left表示过去开始的动作一直延伸到现在,还有可能继续下去.自从1999年以来,Tom一直住在中国.Tom_____________Chinasince1999.主+have/has+PPhaslivedin 1.I___Enghishinthisschoolsince1999.A.taughtB.havetaughtC.wouldteach2.Lilei___thepenforfiveyearsA.hashadB.boughtChavebought3.He___finishedhishomeworkyetA.doesn’tB.haven’tC.hasn’t4.—Peterlosthisbikeyesterday.—___he___ityet?A.Has;lookedforB.Does;findC.Has;found 5.Whoishe?I____before.A.haven’theardofB.didn’thearofC.haven’theardfrom6.—HaveyoueverbeentoGuangzhou?—No,I’ve__beenthere.A.neverB.everC.already7.Wehaven"tfinishedourhomework___.A.alreadyB.everC.yet8.—Haveyou___learnedEnglish?—Yes,I"ve___learnedalot.A.already;everB.ever;neveC.ever;already 9.I____himthesedays.A.haven’thearfromB.didn’thearofC.haven’theardfrom10.Ihave__5,000wordssofar.A.learntB.learnC.learning11.Theoldman______Chinaseveraltimesinthepast10years.A.hasbeentoB.wentoC.goesto just刚刚already已经before之前ever曾经never从来没有sofar到目前为止yet还（没有）[否定句]thesedays这些天inthepast…years/months在过去的…年/月里for时段since时点现在完成时的标志词 for+时段since+时段+agosince+时点It’s/Ithasbeen+时段+since+一般过去时句子1.It’stenyearssinceshe.A.hasleftB.hasbeenawayC.left2.Ihavebeenhere__4years.A.sinceB.forC.from3.WehavelearntEnglish__sixyearsago.A.sinceB.forC.from 4.__hasbeen5yearssincewecamehere.A.ThereB.ItC.That5.It’sthreeyearssincehethearmy.A.hasjoinedB.hasbeeninC.joined6.Howmanyyearsisit___yougraduatedfromjuniorhighschool?A.sinceB.forC.from 短暂性动词和延续性动词短暂性动词延续性动词borrowbuyarrive/come/goleavebeginfinish/endjoindieopenclosemarry不与时间段连用可与时间段连用be(in)here/therebeamemberofbedeadbeonhavebeawaykeepbeoverbeopen(adj.)beclosedbemarried 1.—HowlongcanI____thisbook?—TwoweeksA.borrowB.keepC.lend2.Herfather___in1990andherhusband___formorethanfiveyears.A.hasdied,hasdiedB.hasdied,deadC.died,hasbeendead3.Ihave___thisnicewatchfortwoyears.A.hadB.boughtC.borrowed4.He___hishomefortenyears.A.hasleftB.wasawayfromC.hasbeenawayfrom 5.He___aLeaguememberforthreeyears.A.isB.hasbeenC.hasbecame6.Lihua"sbrotherhas___fortwoyears.A.joinedthearmyB.beeninthearmyC.becameasoldier7.Hehasn"t____fromGuangzhoueversinceheleftschoolA.leftB.beenawayC.beenleft8.Betty___herefortwohours.She___hereat8:00thismorning.A.hasbeen;cameB.hasbeen;hascomeC.was;came 8.Thefilm___forfiveminutes.A.beganB.hasbeenonC.hasbegun6.Youaretoolate.Theshop___formanyhours.A.closedB.hasbeenclosedC.hasclosed7.Mary___Tomin2000.They___for8years.A.married;havebeenmarriedB.married;havemarriedC.marries;havebeenmarried 短语辨析短语have(has)beeninhave(has)beentohave(has)goneto意义例句他来上海已经有10年了.他去过上海3次.他去了上海还没有回来.HehasbeentoShanghaithreetimes.HehasbeeninShanghaifortenyears.HehasgonetoShanghaiandhaven’tcomebackyet.在某地（多长时间）现在仍在那里。常与时段连用。曾去过某地（…次）现在已不在那里。可与just,ever,never等连用，去了…还没有回来 1.—MayIspeaktoKen?—Sorry,heisout.He___seehisteacher,A.goestoB.hasbeentoC.hasgoneto2.Ourteacher__heresince2004.A.hasbeeninB.hasbeentoC.hasbeen3.—Haveyouever___Huangshan?—Yes,I’vebeentheretwice.A.beentoB.beeninC.goneto4.—Where’sDaming?—He____theteachers’office.A.hasbeentoB.havegonetoC.hasgoneto 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别时态用法例句一般过去时我昨天丢了我的自行车.I_____mybikeyesterday.现在完成时我的自行车已经丢了.我要买部新的.I________mybike.Ihavetobuyanewone.losthavelost表示动作发生的时间在过去没有说明现在的情况表示过去的动作一直延续到现在甚至会继续下去或表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响 1.—Ihaveseenthefilm“Titanic”already.—When___you__it？—Thedaybeforeyesterday.A.have；seenB.will；seeC.did；see2.MrBlack__inChinasincefiveyearsago.A.livedB.haslivedC.lives3.We___treeslastSunday.Sofarwe___over3,000treesthere.A.planted；plantedB.planted；haveplantedC.haveplanted；planted 过去完成时用法例句表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或者完成的动作.即:过去的过去发生或完成的动作.到上个星期为止,我们已经学了5首歌.We_________fivesongs_____________lastweek.我到的时候你已经开始玩了.You____already______playingwhenIgotthere.主+had+PPhadstartedhadlearntbytheendof 1．I lost the book I ＿＿＿＿．A．have bought B．had boughtC．had been bought2.The bus had gone when I__the bus stop．A．have arrived B．arrivedC．had arrived3．Tom ＿ of visiting his grandmother，but the bad weather made him change hismind．A．has thought B．thoughtC．had thought 4．—Did you meet Tom at the airport？ —No，he ＿ by the time I ＿ there．A．has left；got B．had left；arrived 　C．left；arrived5．I ＿ to come to help you．But you didn’tcomeA．have meant B．had meantC．meant6．Finally Mary was admitted by BeijingUniversityfor which she ＿ five times．A．had tried B．was tryingC．has tried 时态总结 三、动词的语态 构成被动语态用法be+动词的过去分词动作谁做的不知道；ThewatchismadeinChina.2.说出谁做的没必要；Moretreesmustbeplanted.3.动作承受者很重要。Chineseisspokenbymanypeople. 主动语态和被动语态的转换Weaskedhimtosingasong.Hewasaskedtosingasong(byus).2.Shegavemeabook.Iwasgivenabook(byher).Abookwasgiventome(byher).考点一 主动语态和被动语态的转换4.Hemakesthegirlstayathome.Thegirlismadetostayathomebyhim.（省略的to要还原）3.Weshouldspeaktooldmenpolitely.Oldmanshouldbespokentopolitely.（介词不可省略）考点二考点三 不使用被动语态的情况系动词用主动结构表被动意义。Mooncakestastedelicious.2.write,read,sell等词作不及物动词时，他们的主语为物，可用主动语态表被动意义。Thepenwritessmoothly.Theshirtsellswell.3.Mybikeneedsmending.Mybikeneedstobemended.考点四考点五考点六 Theywon’tbebackuntilthework______.A.doB.doesC.isdoneD.willdo 2.Morethanoneanswer_____tothequestion.A.havegivenB.hadgivenC.weregivenD.hasbeengiven 3.---Howdoyoulikethematerial（材料）？---Verymuch.It_____soft.A.feelsB.isfeltC.isfeelingD.felt 4.MrGreenisveryangrywithyou.Hesaysyou_____awayifyou’relateagain.A.aresendingB.hasbeensentC.aregoingtosendD.willbesent 5.Theoldshould_____inourcountry.A.takegoodcareofB.betakengoodcareofC.aretakegoodcareofD.betakegoodcareof 6.Theguidesaidthatmuchattentionmust____thesedetails.A.payB.bepaidC.paytoD.bepaidto 7.–Didyougototheconcertyesterday?--No,I______.A.didn’tinviteB.haven’tinvitedC.wasn’tinvitedD.amnotinvited 8.–HowmanycakescanIhave,Mum?--None,dear.They____foryourfather.A.prepareB.preparedC.havepreparedD.wereprepared 9.It’ssaidthattheOlympicTorchRelaywill_____inJulyinBaotou.A.holdB.beheldC.holdingD.tohold 10.Thingsshould_____herebeforeyouentertheGreatMuseum.A.keepsB.keepC.bekeptD.arekept 11.–Howcleanthewindowis!--Yes.It_____justnow.A.hasbeencleanedB.wascleanedC.iscleanedD.willbecleaned 12.It’ssaidinthenewspaperthat215morenewschools____inZhengzhouby2020.A.arebuildingB.werebuiltC.havebuiltD.willbebuilt 13.–Doyouoftencleanyourclassroom?--Yes,ourclassroom______everyday.A.cleanB.cleanedC.IscleanedD.cleans 14.–David,turnofftheTV____nooneiswatchingit.--Butit_____offalready!Themusicisfromtheradio.A.sothat,hasbeenturnedB.when;hasturnedC.if;hasbeenturnedD.because;hasturned 15.Whenyouleavetheroom,makesurethedoor____.A.waslockedB.islockedC.willbelockedD.shouldbelocked 四、非谓语动词 种类构成功能例句动词不定式动名词分词tododoingdoingdone名词形容词副词名词形容词副词Toseeistobelieve.Helikestoplay.Heaskedmetogo.Ihavealottodo.I’mheretomeetyou.Seeingisbelieving.Ilikeplaying.aninterestingbookabrokencupTheycamein,singing.Seeingfromthehill,ourschoollooksnice. 不定式和动名词作宾语通常加不定式作宾语wanttogo2.“磕破头死了也要爱父母啊”keep,practice,suggest,enjoy,finish,mind,avoid+doing3.+todo(doing)remember,forget,stop,goon 不定式和动名词作宾语补足语通常加不定式作宾补wanthimtogo2.使役动词let，make,have(sb.do)havesb.dohavesb.doinghavesth.done3.感官动词“五看两听一感觉”look(at),see,watch,notice,observe,listen(to),hear,feel(sb.do/doing)4.keep,find(sb.doing) 1.Don’tlethim____outaloneatnight.Heisyoungandwillbefrightened.A.goB.goesC.togoD.going 2.Myfatherisnotgoodatcooking.Heoftenasksmymother_____.A.tohelphimB.tobehelpedC.nottohelphimD.howtohelphim 3.Inordertowinthefirstplaceinthecontest,hepracticed_____theEnglishsong,buthefounditdifficult____thelyrics.A.tosing;torememberB.tosing;rememberingC.singing;torememberD.singing;remembering 4.MrGreenaskedustostop_____.Sowestopped____tohimatonce.A.talking;listeningB.totalk;listeningC.talking;tolistenD.totalk;tolisten 5.–WhatshouldwedotofightH1N1flu?--Weshouldwashhandsoften,avoid____tocrowdedplacesandsoon.A.goB.goingC.goneD.togo 6.–John,mycomputerdoesn’twork.--WhynotaskMrLiu___it?A.tobuyB.nottobuyC.tocheckD.nottocheck 7.–What’syourplanforthesummerholidays?--I’venoidea,butI’vedecided____athomeandhaveagoodrestfirst.A.stayB.tostayC.stayedD.staying 8.Wearegoingforapicnictomorrow.I’llcallWendytomakesure_____.A.whytostartB.whentostartC.whattostartD.whichtostart 9.–Mybrother’sillinhospital.--I’msorry_____that.A.hearB.hearingC.heardD.tohear 10.Shespendsmuchtime____Englisheveryday.A.readB.readingC.toreadD.haveread 11.–Wouldyoumindme_____?--____.Doitasyoulike,please.A.toplaythepiano;GoodideaB.playingthepiano;OfcoursenotC.playingthepiano;OfcourseD.playthepiano;Allright 12.–Oh,terrible!Iforgot____thewindow.It’swindy.--Really?Let’sgobackhomequickly.A.closingB.tocloseC.closedD.close 13.Afterthediscussion,thestudentsaskedtheirteacher______next.A.whichtodoB.whattodoC.howtodoD.whytodo 14.OnherwayhomeLucysawathief____inashop.Shestopped____110atonce.A.steal;callB.tosteal;callC.stealing;tocallD.stealing;calling 15.You’dbetter____toomuchtimeplayingcomputergames.A.don’tpayB.nottopayC.tonotspendD.notspend 16.–DoyouknowArmstrong?--Yes.Heisthefirstman_____onthemoon.A.walkB.walksC.towalkD.walked 17.–IsJackinthelibrary?--Maybe.Isawhim____outwithsomebooksjustnow.A.goingB.goC.togoD.went 18.–Dad,whyshouldIstop____computergames?--Foryourhealth,myboy,I’mafraidyou_____.A.toplay;mustB.playing;havetoC.toplay;canD.playing;may 19.–Howabout___intheriverwithus?--Sorry,Ican’t.Myparentsoftentellme____that.A.swim;don’tdoB.swim;todoC.swimming;notdoD.swimming;nottodo 20.–I’mtiredthesedaysbecauseofstudyingforphysics.--Whynot____music?Itcanmakeyou_____.A.listento;torelaxB.listento;relaxC.listeningto;relaxD.listeningto;torelax 21.–Whydidyoubuyaradio?--______English.A.LearnB.LearningC.TolearnD.Belearning 22.Whynot____yourteacherforhelpwhenyoucan’tfinish____itbyyourself?A.ask;writeB.toask;writingC.ask;writingD.asking;write 23.Ifpeople____cuttingdowntheforest,theywillhavenoplace____.A.keep;toliveinB.willkeep;toliveinC.keep;toliveD.willkeep;tolive 24.Wouldyoumind____theTV?Yourfatherisworkingnow.A.turningupB.turningdownC.toturnupD.toturndown 25.It’sverynice____picturesforme.A.ofyoutodrawB.foryoutodrawC.foryoudrawingD.ofyoudrawing Thanks!Bye-bye! 气管插管的护理ICU徐伟丽 正常的呼吸功能通畅的气道足够的呼吸驱动力神经肌肉反应能力完整的胸廓解剖结构正常的肺实质咳嗽、叹气和防止误吸的能力 气管插管的作用为防止肺误吸提供相对的保护维持气体交换所需的通畅气道提供肺与呼吸机连接的途径建立清除分泌物的通路 插管方法经口经鼻纤维喉镜喉罩 经口插管优点：直视插管，医生最熟悉，操作简单，设备要求少缺点：下颌和颈部必须有足够活动性才能保证直视，需要表面、局部或全身麻醉 经鼻插管优点：头部可保持正中位，无须麻醉，可依靠呼吸音引导非直视插管。当经口插管困难或不可能时（张口受限），可进行。鼻导管不影响下颌骨或口咽部修补手术缺点：快速插管困难。忙插时必须存在自主呼吸引导。直视插管与经口有相同缺点。插管过程易发生出血。留置插管中，鼻咽部可能变软打折。常并发鼻窦炎和耳炎 气管插管型号根据患者年龄、体型及插管适应证选择经口插管：女性7.0mm男性8.0mm经鼻插管：女性6.0-6.5mm男性7.0-7.5mm 气管插管深度经口：气管插管尖端至上切牙的距离，女性21cm，男性23cm经鼻：从鼻孔开始计算，女性26cm，男性28cm拍摄胸片：插管远端应位于主气管中间，成人应在隆突上约5cm 气管插管的固定胶布:注意唇周皮肤寸带:注意颈后皮肤经口插管每日变换位置，以防压迫致皮肤溃疡，躁动患者应用牙垫更需注意 气管插管患者的护理呼吸道管理预防感染神智观察呼吸机报警的检测胃肠道观察皮肤护理心理护理 呼吸道管理有效吸痰加强肺部物理治疗气囊的管理合理湿化 有效吸痰吸痰动作应轻稳准快，一次吸痰时间不超过15s，以免发生低氧血症吸痰前后吸纯氧3min，负压33.0-53.1kpa吸痰过程观察患者心律、心率、血压、血氧饱和度等参数的变化，观察痰液的性质和量、黏稠度危重患者和分泌物多的患者，吸痰时不宜一次吸净，应吸痰吸氧交替进行 有效吸痰痰黏稠不易吸出者，吸痰前可予生理盐水2～5ml冲洗气道，待几次通气后立即吸痰。吸痰管的外径不超过气管插管内径的1/2吸痰管插入深度以气管插管或气管切开套管长度再延长1cm为宜。过长易损伤气管黏膜，过浅不能吸净气道分泌物造成管端痰痂阻塞。 肺部物理治疗插管镇静患者的呼吸道纤毛运动消失，肺的自洁能力降低，肺部分泌物不能及时排出，且由于长期卧床，增加了呼吸道阻塞和肺部感染的机会。 肺部物理治疗气管插管病人应加强翻身拍背，每2h翻身叩背1次，使小支气管内痰液由于叩背的震动而松动进入较大支气管，易于排出。叩背时，五指并拢，掌指关节微屈，双手应之下而上，从边缘到中央，中等力量有节律拍打 气囊的管理气囊：18~25mmHg。主要作用是防止上呼吸道分泌物坠积和防止机械通气时漏气，同时对维持气切管的位置也起到了一定的作用(不是主要作用)。 气囊的管理气囊压力测定手捏气囊感觉法：比鼻尖软比口唇硬/硬度如耳廓（感觉差异）最小漏气技术充气：充气直到恰好呼吸时听诊不能闻及气囊周围漏气为止，再从气囊内抽出0.2—0.3ml气体气囊压力表：准确 气囊的管理常规检测气囊压力：每4小时检测一次鼻饲前交接班时定时放气——不推荐 合理湿化气管插管破坏了呼吸道正常的生理模式和防御功能，使过滤功能、加温湿化功能、纤毛运动功能丧失，因而有效的气道湿化非常重要。 合理湿化湿化方法持续滴注:微量泵4-8ml/h间隔滴注：每隔10-30min滴入0.5～lmL雾化吸入呼吸机湿化器（最好）人工鼻 呼吸机湿化器湿化器温度设置在32-35℃，气体相对湿度在95％左右，以维持支气管纤毛运动的最佳状态。同时室温保持在20-22℃，湿度为60％一7O％。避免寒冷、干燥的气体对呼吸道黏膜的刺激。呼吸机管道内产生的冷凝水要及时倾倒，避免逆流入呼吸道内引起感染。湿化器内及时添加蒸馏水，避免烧干，湿化器内不能使用生理盐水和药物，以免沉积影响加热。 合理湿化湿化液：无菌蒸溜水和0.45％盐水湿化液的量与温度：24h总量约200mL湿化液的温度保持在32-35℃ 合理湿化湿化原则：以痰液稀簿，能顺利吸引出或咳出；套管内无痰栓；听诊气管内无干鸣音或大量痰鸣音，呼吸通畅。 预防感染严格无菌操作防止误吸口腔护理消毒隔离 防止误吸抬高床头15～30度；鼻饲时应抬高30～45度鼻饲中及鼻饲后30－60min内尽量不吸痰及变换体位，以免刺激引起呕吐、误吸。鼻饲食物的量每餐不宜过多，200～300ml为宜，速度不宜过快，以15～30min喂完为宜，温度在38～40℃，以免冷热刺激而导致胃痉挛造成呕吐误吸。每次鼻饲前确定胃管是否在胃内，以防误灌。 口腔护理经口气管插管的患者，因口腔内插管及牙垫占据口腔大部分空间，以及胶布的纵横固定，口腔护理困难。细菌在口腔内迅速繁殖，特别是口腔损伤或口腔分泌物血性时，极易导致口腔感染及下呼吸道感染，这也是呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的重要致病原因之一。 口腔护理口腔冲洗可彻底清洁口腔，根据病情2-6小时进行一次。冲洗液可根据口腔pH值进行选择一般患者用生理盐水或洗必泰口腔有出血或化脓时，用1.5％的过氧化氢长期大量应用抗生素者，选用3％的碳酸氢钠，抑制真菌的生长 口腔护理冲洗方法：一般在患者鼻饲前、扣背后，彻底吸净气管内及口腔内分泌物，床头抬高45度，保证气囊充盈，患者头偏向一侧，口角向下。除去固定气管插管的胶布，1名护士用手固定好气管插管，检查门齿处刻度并记录。移开牙垫，用去针头的2Oml注射器吸取冲洗液，从上口角向下方向对患者的牙齿、舌面及颊部、咽部颚部进行冲洗，另一名护士从下方口角插入吸痰管吸出口腔内液体，如此反复进行直至口腔清洁，用干棉球擦拭口腔 消毒隔离每日更换湿化溶液每周更换呼吸机螺纹管每周更换呼吸机管道定期做呼吸机管道细菌培养通风，减少人员流动 神志观察患者烦躁不安，口唇末梢发绀，说明缺氧轻度缺氧表现为烦躁中度缺氧表现为谵妄重度可引起昏迷 呼吸机管道管理防止牵拉打折不可直接置于患者肩部冷凝水收集器保持最低位置湿化加温线感应端保持高位 呼吸机报警监测与处理气道高压报警呼吸道分泌物过多气道痉挛积水过多管路受压、打折气道内痰或异物堵塞患者激动、烦躁气道低压报警气囊漏气、充气不足或破裂呼吸机管路破裂、断开或连接不紧气源不足致通气量下降设置参数不合适 胃肠道观察胃肠胀气：气囊漏气致咽部，进入胃内。常规放置胃管，定时抽吸。气管插管气囊定时充气长期应用呼吸机患者鼻饲，观察有无消化不良 皮肤护理使用镇静剂的患者尽可能避免不必要的刺激，减少大翻身次数，翻身时幅度不宜过大；每2h给患者翻身更换体位1次，肢体保持功能位，定时放松约束带，每班检查皮肤情况。定时帮患者局部按摩，使用气垫床，减轻局部受压，防止剪切力，保持床单整洁干净，预防压疮。 心理护理气管插管导致语言表达障碍，生活不能自理，家属不在身边，均会产生不良情绪。据调查ICU患者70％存在焦虑，50％经历躁动。在患者清醒期间，虽然患者还不能说话，但却能听到医护人员的说话，护士应加强与患者沟通，安慰患者，讲解各种插管、仪器、操作的重要性、必要性，取得患者配合。另可握住患者的手或抚摸患者额头，让患者感到安静及安全，在身心给予其支持，以减轻患者的焦虑和不适。护士应仔细观察患者的非语言行为表现，判断患者的需求；并教会其用非语言沟通技巧，如眼神、手势、点头示意、书写等，缓解不良情绪，使患者主动配合治疗和护理 谢谢'