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最新土木工程专业英语课件PPT课件

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'土木工程专业英语课件 Environmentalengineeringisabranchofengineeringthatisconcernedwithpollutionbythestructures,machines,systems,andprocessesthatareinvolvedinhumanactivities.环境工程是和结构、机械、系统,以及涉及到人类活动的过程所产生的污染有关的一个工程学的分支。ThedevelopmentofcivilizationhascausedperturbationofmuchoftheEarth’secosystem,resultinginpollutionoftheair,landandwater.文明的发展已经引起许多地球生态系统的紊乱,造成空气、陆地和水的污染。Itisthetaskoftheenvironmentalengineernotonlytodesignsystemstoassuagethispollutionbutalsotoeducatepeopleinprotectingtheirsurroundingsfromadditionalpollution.环境工程师的任务不仅是设计出一些系统来减轻这个污染,而且还要教育人们保护他们周围的环境免遭额外的污染。Thepracticeofenvironmentalengineeringisdividedintovarioussubdisciplines.环境工程专业又被分为了不同的分支学科。Environmentalengineering环境工程 Wherewastewaterdischargesintoriversfromwhichdrinkingwateristakendownstream,specialattentionisgivennotonlytotheremovaloforganicmatterfromthewastesbutalsotothedisinfectionprocessesthatinactivatemicroorganisms.在废水排入河流处的下游汲取饮用水,不仅要特别注意废水中有机物的清除,而且要注意钝化微生物的消毒处理。Alsoofconcernaredischargesoforganicchemicalcontaminantsfromindustryorrunofffromfarmlandsalongtherivercontaminatedbypesticidesandherbicides.还要关心的是工厂有机化学污染物的排放或沿河农田被杀虫剂和除草剂污染的水流。Theindirectreuseofwastewaterthathasbeendischargedintoriversiscommonaroundtheworld,anditisacceptableaslongasthedischargesaretreatedproperlyandcontaminationfromorganicchemicalsisavoided.世界上比较普遍的是对排入河川废水进行间接的重复利用,只要排放物经过适当的处理,并且有机化学污染物被消除,它是可以被接受的。Watertreatmentanddisposal水处理 Lessacceptableisthedirectreuseofwastewaterforpotableuse,evenafterahighleveloftreatment.即使经过高标准处理的废水直接再用作饮用水仍然是很难被接受的。Ofmostconcernhereisthepossibilityofoutbreakofdisease.这里人们关心得最多的是爆发疾病的可能性。However,somenations,suchasIsrael,dopractice,outofnecessity,reusebystoringwastewatersforlongperiodsoftimeinmaturationpondspriortochemicalandphysicaltreatment.然而,有些国家,比如以色列,实际上并不是出于必要,在采用化学和物理方法处理之前,将废水储存在熟化池中很长一段时间然后再利用。Watertreatmentanddisposal水处理 Ithasbecomequitecommonandacceptable,especiallyindrierclimates,toreusewastewater,followingarespectableleveloftreatment,forirrigationofcropsandforwateringgolfcourses.特别是在比较干燥的气候条件,废水经过一个高质量标准的处理后再用来灌溉庄稼和给高尔夫球场洒水这种做法已经非常普遍和认可。Inaddition,certaincommunitiessuchasNaples,Florida,andIrvine,California,haveconstructeddualwatersystems,usingtreatedwastewaterforoutdoorresidentialandcommercialuseandforfirefighting,whilesavinghigher-qualitywaterforportableuse.此外,某些地方,如那不勒斯、佛罗里达、伊尔文和加利福尼亚,已经修建了双重水系统,处理过的水可用于户外的民用和商业用水,以及消防用水,同时储存更高质量的水供饮用。Inothercases,largeindustriestakewatersdirectlyfromriversforthecoolingofindustrialprocesses.其他情况下大型工厂直接从河里取水用于工业加工的冷却。Watertreatmentanddisposal水处理 Theorganicandinorganicsolidsthatareremovedfromwastewaterbythephysical-chemicalandbiologicalprocessesmustbedewatered,stabilizedbiologicallyorchemically,andthenplacedinacontrolledlandfill,burnedorcompostedforreturntotheland.通过物理化学和生物方法从废水中清除的有机和无机固体物质必须经过脱水和生物或化学稳定,然后置于一个受控的垃圾填埋场,燃烧或堆肥,再回到土地中。Therearesomecircumstancesinwhichthesolidsdonothavetobedewateredbutcanbeapplieddirectlytotheland,followingbiologicalstabilization.有些境况下,固体物质不必经过脱水就能直接被土地利用,其后是生物稳定过程。Wastewatersolidstreatmentanddisposal废水固体物质处理 Therearealsoinstances,suchasinMilwaukee,Wisconsin,wherethesolidsareprocessedintoafertilizer.也有一些例子,比如在密尔沃基市、威斯康星州,固体物被加工成了一种肥料。Unfortunately,inmanypartsoftheworld,includingtheeastcoastoftheUnitedStates,thewastesolidsareneitherreclaimedtothelandnorburnedasasourceofenergy.不幸的是,在世界上的许多地方,包括美国的东海岸,固体废料既没有被回收进土地,也没有作为一种能源燃烧。Theyarebargedorpipedouttoseaandthendumpedintothewater.它们被用驳船或管道运出大海,然后倒进水里。Itisanticipatedthatthispracticewillbediscontinued,andincinerationforenergyrecoveryalongwithcompostingforreuseonthelandwillreplaceoceandumping.我们期待这种做法将被废止,焚化供能源回收和堆肥供土地再利用将取代海洋倾弃的做法。Wastewatersolidstreatmentanddisposal Wherethesolidsarecomposted,heavyandtoxicmetalsmustberemovedattheirsource.在固体废料堆肥的地方,重金属和有毒的金属必须彻底地清除。Theprocessesemployedfortreatingwastewatersolidsincludedewateringpresses,belts,andcentrifuges,aswellasfluid-bedfurnaces.用来处理废水固体物的方法包括挤压脱水法,传送带及离心脱水法,还有流化床熔炉法。Anotherprocessthathasreceivedconsiderableattentionisinvesselcomposting.另一种已经受到相当关注的方法是容器堆肥。Wastewatersolidstreatmentanddisposal Theindiscriminatedumpingoftrashandgarbageonlandhascausedseriouspollutionproblems.地上的垃圾和废料不加区别地倾倒已经导致了严重的污染问题。Refusedisposalcanbecontrolledinawell-designedand-operatedlandfill,andthiscanbeasuitableprocessforcertainsmallcommunities.在一个设计得好又操作得好的垃圾填埋场,垃圾处理能加以控制,这对于某些小地方可能是一个恰当的方法。However,landforthedisposalofrefuseformid-andlarge-sizecommunitiesisbeingseriouslyreduced,andcompostingofrefuseforreuseonthelandmayhavelimitedapplication.然而,在一些大中城市,用作垃圾处理的场地正在严重地减少,在土地上进行垃圾堆肥再利用就受到了限制。Refusedisposal垃圾处理 Theappropriatesystemforthemajorityofcommunitiesappearstobeincinerationoftherefuse,withrecoveryoftheenergyfromtheburningoforganicmaterials.对于大多数地方,适当的体系好像就是垃圾焚烧了,通过有机物质的燃烧来回收能量。Theairemissionsystemsfromthesethermalreactors,aswellasfromthefurnacesthatburnsolidsemanatingfromwastewaterplants,mustbedesignedtopreventchemicalandparticulateairpollution.源于热反应堆及污水厂固体废料焚烧炉的空气散发系统必须设计成能够防止化学品和微粒子空气污染。Theseairemissionsystemsincludeelectrostaticprecipitatorsandafterburners.这些空气散发系统包括静电除尘器和加力燃烧室。Refusedisposal垃圾处理 Unfortunately,countrysidesandgroundwatershavebecomeclutteredandpollutedbylong-termillegaldumpingandwashingsfromindustrialandcommercialactivities,aswellasfrompublicagencies.不幸的是,由于来自工业和商业活动以及公众机构的长期非法倾卸和洗涤,乡间和地下水已经变得混乱并且被污染。Theremovalofstoredcontainersofwastesfromthedumpinggroundsisnecessarilyaslowprocess,andanapproveddisposalsitemustbedevelopedandcontained.垃圾堆积场中废料储存坑的搬迁应缓慢进行,一个核准的处理场地必须加以开发并包含在内。Thecleaningofcontaminatedsoilsandgroundwatersisanevenslowerprocess,andthetechnologyfordecontaminationmustbeproperlydesignedandputintoplace.对已经污染的土壤和地下水进行净化是一个更慢的过程,清除污染的技术必须要恰当地设计和投入使用。Hazardouswastedisposal危险性废物处理 Forexample,waterscontaminatedwithorganicchemicalsareslowlypumpedfromtheaquifer,andthenthecontaminantsareremovedeitherbyair-strippingoradsorptionontogranularactivatedcarbon.比如,被有机化学物污染了的水被慢慢地从含水土层中抽出来,然后通过空气清洗或粒状活性炭吸附作用清除污染物。Thecleansedwaterisinjectedbackintotheaquifer,andthisprocesscantakeyearstoaccomplish.净化了的水再被注回到含水土层中,这个过程要花数年时间才能完成。Thiscanbeinconvenientand,insomecases,adangertohealthforcommunitiesthatmustusethesegroundwatersfortheirpotablewatersupply.某些情况下这种做法可能会造成不便,对于那些必须使用地下水作为饮用水供应的居民健康是一种威胁。Hazardouswastedisposal危险的废物处理 Totheenvironmenthasbeenaddedsmokefromdiesel-driventrucks,uncontrolledgasolineengineemissions,andpollutionfromindustrialsmokestacks.柴油驱动的卡车和不受限制的汽油机使环境中废烟增加,工业烟囱则带来污染。IntheUnitedStates,statisticspublishedbytheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyin1987revealedthat2.4×109lboftoxicchemicalsarereleasedintotheairannually,while100millionpeoplelivewhereotherairpollutants,chieflyfromautomobiles,exceedfederalstandards.在美国,由环保机构1987年公布的统计资料显示,每年有2.4亿磅的有毒化学物质被排放进了空气中,同时,有1亿人居住在其他空气污染物(主要来自汽车)超过联邦标准的地方。Localsmoginmetropolitanareas,suchasLosAngeles,iscausedbytheactivitiesoftherespectivecommunities.在大城市的局部烟雾,比如洛杉矶,是由各个社区的活动造成的。Air-pollutioncontrol空气污染控制 AcidraincausedbytheemissionsofgasesfromtheindustrialsmokestacksofthemidwesternUnitedStatesfailsontheforestsandlakesoftheNortheastandCanada.由美国中西部的工业烟囱排放的气体导致的酸雨降落在美国的东北部和加拿大的森林和湖泊上。Therehavebeenattemptsatcleaninguptheair,buttheactiontowardsolutionhasbeenlimited.虽然已经做了很多空气净化的尝试,但是寻求解决方法的行动还是受到很大的限制Thetechnologyisavailable(forexample,multiple-hearthandfluid-bedreactorsalongwithsophisticatedairemissionstechnology)forremovingtheparticulatematterandthecontaminatingchemicalsfromtheairemissions;buttheprocessesareexpensive,andtheprogressisslow.用于清除空气中粒状物质和化学污染物的技术是可用的(比如,各式各样的炉床和流化床反应器,以及尖端的空气发射技术)。但是这些方法的代价昂贵,而且进度缓慢。Air-pollutioncontrol空气污染控制 Theavailabilityofdrinkingwaterthatissafeandofgoodqualityisanimportantfactorinmoderncivilization.安全高质量的饮用水的可用性是现代文明的一个重要因素。Sources来源Indirectuseofwastewaterbywithdrawingdrinkingwaterfromriversisaviableandeconomicalwaytosupplycommunitieswithpotablewater,especiallythoselocatedonwaterfronts.从河川汲取饮用水给社区的间接利用废水的方法是可行的和经济的,特别是对于滨水地区的社区。Thewatermustbedisinfectedfortheinactivationofmicrobiologicalpollutants,andphysicalandchemicaltreatmentmustbeprovidedfortheremovaloforganicandinorganicimpurities.这水必须被消毒以钝化微生污染物,并且必须进行物理和化学处理以消除有机和无机杂质。Potablemanagement饮用水管理 Othersourcesofdrinkingwaterarenaturallakesandimpoundmentsofrivers.饮用水的其他来源是自然湖泊和人工湖。Theseareusuallyofbetterqualitythanriverwaters,andtheycanbeusedformultiplepurposessuchaswatersupplyandhydroelectricpower.这些水的质量通常比河中的水要好,它们能被用于双重目的,比如水供应和水力发电站。Controlledrecreationaluseofsectionsoftheselakesisnotunusual.这些湖泊的部分区域作为受控的娱乐性用途使用并非不寻常。Undergroundaquifersareacommonsourceofdrinkingwater,andtheirqualityisveryhigh,exceptwherechemicalcontaminationhasoccurred.地下含水土层是饮用水的普通来源,并且水质非常好,除了那些发生过化学污染的地方。Sources来源 Insomepartsoftheworld,aquiferscanberechargedwithreclaimedsurfacewaters.在世界上的某些地方,蓄水层可利用回收地表水进行回灌。Aseriousprobleminmanypartsoftheworldistheshortageofpuredrinkingwaterduringperiodsoflowrainfallandsnow.AmajordroughtoccurredontheeasternseaboardoftheUnitedSatesinthespringof1989.世界上许多地方的一个严重的问题是在低降雨量和降雪量期间纯净饮用水的短缺。1989年春天,美国东部沿海地区发生了一场大规模旱灾。Thereappeartobetworeasonsforwatershortagesduringdroughts:Manydrinking-watersupplysystemshavenotbeenplannedtodealadequatelywithdroughts,andwateriswastedbecauseofitsrelativelylowprice.干旱期间缺水似乎有两个原因:许多饮水供给系统没有能计划充分以应对旱灾,相对低的水价又使大量水被浪费。Sources来源 Itisprudenttoselectthepurestwateravailablefordrinkingpurposes.要谨慎选择可利用水中最纯净的水作为饮用用途。Thiscanbeundergroundwater,springs,oruplandlakes.这可能是地下水、泉水或高地的湖泊。Itthenbecomesimperativetoprotectthatsource.因此,保护这些水源就变得很迫切了。Preventionofchemicalcontaminationofgroundwatersisextremelyimportant,asisthejudiciouscontroloftheuseofthebanksofasurfacewater.防止地下水受到化学污染非常重要,就像明智地控制河岸地表水的使用一样。Lakescanbeusedforrecreationaswellasforawatersource;however,suchmixeduserequiresgoodplanning.湖泊可以被用作娱乐,也可作为水源,但是,这种混和利用需要有好的规划。Quality质量 Thepurificationofwatersupplyisjustasimportantaswatershedplanningandcontrol.给水的净化和分水岭的规划控制一样重要。Wherethequalityofthesourceisdecenttostartwith,chemicaldisinfection,coagulation,andfiltrationisadequate.源头处水源质量相当好的那些地方,化学消毒、凝结和过滤就足够了。Ifwaterisbeingtakenfromariversupplythatismuddyandsubjecttoorganicpollution,additionaltreatmentisrequired.如果水是从泥泞的河中或遭受过有机物污染的河中汲取的,则需要额外的处理。Greatstridesweremadeinthe1980sinthedevelopmentofwaterpurificationtechnology.20世纪80年代,净水技术取得了重大的发展。Quality质量 Ozonehasbecomethechemicaldisinfectantofchoicebecauseitisthemostpotentdisinfectantforbacteria,viruses,andprotozoa;andunlikechlorine,itdoesnotformcarcinogenicby-productswhenthereisorganicmatterpresentinthewater.臭氧已经成为化学消毒剂的一种选择,因为它是对细菌、病毒和原生动物最有效的消毒剂,并且它不像氯,当水中存在有机物质的时候,它不会形成致癌副产物。Economicin-lineordirectfiltrationcanbeemployedtopurifymanyuplandsupplies.实用内嵌或直接过滤可以被用来净化高地水源。Quality质量 Combinedwithozone,thisprocessisadaptabletomanyunfilteredwatersupplies.这种方法和臭氧结合,能适用于许多未经过滤的自来水。Granularactivatedcarbonremovessubstancesthatformtastesandodorsfromthewaters,anditabsorbsharmfulorganicchemicals.Thefinalbarriertocontaminationofthewatersupplyiscarefulmanagementofthewaterdistributionsystem.粒状活性炭可以消除水中产生味道和气体的物质,它还吸收有害的有机化学物。对自来水污染最后的屏障是配水系统的小心管理。Chemicalscanbeaddedtothepurifiedwatertooffsetcorrosiveconditionsinthesystem,thusgreatlyreducingtheleachingofleadfromthejointsofplumbingsystems;andthewaterpipescanbelinedwithcementmortarandkeptflushedtopreventdirtywater.可以在经过净化的水中加入化学药品,抵消系统中的腐蚀性环境,从而大大减少管道系统接头处浸出的铅;水管可内衬水泥砂浆并且经常冲洗,以免产生脏水。Quality质量 Environmentalengineeringcanbeappliedtothesolutionofregionalproblems.环境工程能够适用于区域性问题的解决。Pondsandlakesthatbecomeeutrophicandhavemassivealgaebloomscannotbeusedforrecreation,andthewater,ifusedfordrinking,maybenoxious.富营养和大量海藻生长的池塘湖泊不能被用作娱乐,该水如被用来饮用,可能是有害的。Theseconditionscanbepreventedbytrappingtherunoffofnutrientsintothelakesandbyaeratingthelakes.将有养分的水流引入湖泊并给湖水通入空气可以预防这种情况的发生。Otheraspects其他方面 Theindiscriminatedisposalofwaterintoharborsandconsequentcontaminationofbeachescanbepreventedbyproperregulationsandenforcement.海港内海水的盲目处理和随之发生的海滩污染能通过适当规则和强制措施来加以预防。Finally,betterwaysofdealingwithdisposalofwastesonlandscapesmustbedeveloped.最后,还必须发展处理景观场所垃圾更好的方法。Otheraspects其他方面 结束语谢谢大家聆听!!!30'