动火作业专项培训PPT文档 52页

'安全环保部HOTWORK热作业专项培训 WELDING焊接andCUTTING打磨 WELDINGisaprocessthatjoinsmaterials,usuallymetalsorthermoplastics,bycausingcoalescence.Thisisoftendonebymeltingtheworkpiecesandafillermaterialtoformapoolofmoltenmaterialthatcoolstobecomeastrongjoint,butsometimespressureisusedinconjunctionorbyitself,toproducetheweld.焊接是通过普通金属的热聚合来连接材料的过程。一般通过溶解工件和填充材料来形成一个溶解材料填充池，通过冷却是它变成坚固的连接点，但是有时候也通过压力来造成连接，或者它自身来形成焊缝。DEFINITION定义 COMMONTYPESOFWELDING普通的焊接Oxy-Fuelwelding氧气燃料焊接Metalfusionachievedbytheuseofhightemperatureflameproducedbymixtureofgases.材料通过混合气体燃烧产生的高温火焰来产生连接ManualMetalArc(MMA)Welding手工技术电弧焊Usingfluxcoatedelectrodeswhicharereplacedbytheoperatorastheyareconsumed.NoshieldingmediumisusedinthisProcess.使用由操作手更换的带有外衣的可消耗的焊条，没有保护媒介物。MetalInertGas(MIG)Welding金属惰性气体保护焊Usingaconsumablewireelectrodeandasupplyofinertgas.使用可消耗的金属焊条和惰性气体TungstenInertGas(TIG)Welding钨极惰性气体保护焊Usingatungstenelectrodewhichisnotconsumedandasupplyofinertgas.使用不可消耗的钨极焊条和惰性气体 Electricshock电击Fumesandgases烟和气Weldingsparks焊渣Arcrays电弧光GENRALWELDINGHAZARDSHAZARDS焊接中的危害 Confinedspace受限空间Generalworkarea/Falls总的工作区域/坠落Electricandmagneticfields电气和磁场AreaConditions/Fire工作场所/火灾GENRALWELDINGHAZARDSHAZARDS焊接中的危害 电弧焊电极弧焊把线焊机回流作业点 8PotentialHazards:潜在的风险Unprotectedcombustiblematerialsexposedtohotwork.在动火作业区域有未保护的可燃材料Fireandexplosionhazards.火灾和爆炸Failuretorecognizeflammablematerialssuchasrubber,foaminsulation,wiring,deckcovering,wallboard.对易燃材料错误的判断，例如橡胶、泡沫绝缘，电线、面板敷料，墙板等GeneralHotWorksHazards总的动火作业风险 9PotentialHazards:潜在的风险Spark-producingdevicesnotobservedbyuser.未使用火花产生装置。Burningofmaterialscausingtoxicgasesoratmospheres.燃烧的材料产生有毒有害气体oxygen-deficentandoxygenenrichedatmosphereswhileperforminghotwork.动火作业时氧气不足或氧气过分充足。GeneralHotWorksHazards总的动火作业风险 10PotentialHazards:潜在的风险Performinghotworkinnon-designatedlocations.在非指定区域动火作业Protectivecoversthathavebeenmoved,becomedeteriorated,contaminated,orunsuitableforthepurpose.因为破损、污损或者工作不合适而移走防护罩Fuellineandoxygenhosebreakage.燃料和氧气的软管破损GeneralHotWorksHazards总的动火作业风险 11FactorstoConsider考虑的因素Wetness/Welderinorworkpiece/Confinedspace雨天/焊工站在工件上/受限空间Precautions预防Goodelectricalconnection,Electrodeholderandcableproperlyinsulated良好的电气连接，焊把和电源线绝缘Allelectricalconnectionstowelders,powersupplytoelectrodeholderclampsandearthingconnectionmustbemadeonlywiththecircuitopen在电源接通的状况下，保持电源连同焊机，电力通过焊把，以及接地，形成一个回路。ELECTRICWELDING–SHOCK电焊-电击 12Cablesandconnectorstobecapableofhandlingthemaximumpossiblecurrent电缆和连接器要能够承受最大的电流Theearthwiremustbeconnectedascloseaspossibletotheelementtobeweldedusingpliers,clmapsorothersystemswhichgaranteegoodcontact通过接地棒、夹子和其它的系统使接地线牢固ELECTRICWELDING–SHOCK电焊-电击 Groundsshallnotbeconnectedtohandrails,stairs,orfromsteelpowerorlightingtowers,oronanyactiveoil,gas,steam,air,orchemicalline:inliveplantareaasktoplant-ownerforsuitablegroundpoint不允许将接地与栏杆，阶梯，金属动力或者灯车，以及油类，气体，蒸汽，空气或者化学品管线连接，与激活的设备连接需要与设备所有者确定合适的接地点。Groundmachineframes:inspectallgroundsformechanicalstrengthadequacy接地设备框架：检查所有的接地是否牢固。Insulatewelderfromworkpieceandground,particularlyfromwetarea将焊机与工作场所隔离，尤其是潮湿的区域。 Weardry,holefreegloves佩戴干燥的没有破损的手套。Don’ttouchelectrically“hot”partsorelectrodeorelectricallyliveparts不要触摸电源过热的区域或者焊条以及电源流通部件Alwaysinspecttheelectrodeholderbeforeturningthewelderon在打开焊机前，检查焊把Whenworkingatheight,useasafetyharness高处作业使用安全带 Instructemployeestodoalsothefollowing:遵循以下指令Openpowerswitchwhenleaving,stoppingforappreciabletimes,andmovingmachines在离开，长时间停止作业以及移动设备的时候，关闭电源开关Whennotinuse,removeelectrodesfromholdersandplaceholderswheretheycannotmakeelectricalcontactwithemployeesorconductingobjects当不使用时，从焊把上移走焊条，不要将焊把放在金属面或与人体接触的地方。ELECTRICWELDING–SHOCK电焊–电击 Donotdiphotholdersinwaterforcooling不要将热焊把放进水里冷却Reportfaultyequipmenttosupervisor将破损的设备报告给管理人员Shieldoperationswithscreensthatprotectotherworkers使用防护屏风ELECTRICWELDING–SHOCK电焊–电击 TreatmentforElectricalShock:救援电击者Turnoffthepower关闭电源Usenon-conductingmaterial,suchaswood,topullthevictim使用绝缘体如木头等拉动受害者Ifthevictimisnotbreathing,administercardiopulmonaryresuscitation(CPR)afterbreakingcontactONLYIFTRAINEDTODOSO如果受害者没有呼吸，只有受过培训的人允许使用心肺复苏术。 CallaphysicianandcontinueCPRuntilbreathingstartsoruntilaphysicianarrives呼叫医生，继续实施心肺复苏术，直到受害者有呼吸或者医生到达Treatanelectricalburnasathermalburnbyapplyingclean,cold(iced)compresses通过清洗，冷敷（冰）挤压等来治疗电击烧伤Preventcontaminationandcovertheburnwithaclean,drydressing使用干净的，干燥的布清理和覆盖烧伤部位。 2.FumesandgasesFactorstoConsider考虑因素Confinedarea.受限区域Positioningofweldershead.焊机头部的位置Lackofgeneralventilation.缺少通风Electrodetypes.焊条类型Basemetalcoatings,galvanise,paint.基础金属的外衣，镀锌，和油漆FUMESANDGASES烟气 Precautions预防Useventilationorexhaust.使用通风和排气装置Usehelmetandpositioningofhead.使用护罩和规范焊机头部位置Readwarningsonelectrodecontainer.阅读焊条容器上的警告Provideadditionalventilation/exhaust.提供额外的通风/排气Usespecialcare-weldinginaconfinedarea.特别关注-受限区域的焊接Donotweldunlessventilationisadequate.在没有足够通风情况下不要焊接Keepyourheadoutoffumes.远离烟气FUMESANDGASES烟气 Nitrogenoxides(TLV5ppm)氧化氮Formedbycombinationofatmosphericoxygenandnitrogenbyheatofelectricarc,orgastorch.由于电弧或者气焊把加热空气中的氧气和氮气形成Symptoms:Irritatingcough,tightnessinchest,lungirritation.症状：刺激性咳嗽，胸闷，肺部发炎Ozone(TLV0.1ppm)臭氧Formedinsmallquantitiesinelectricarcweldingwithcoatedrodsandingaswelding,shieldedwelding.由少量的电弧焊和焊接中产生Symptomsare:-Cold,bronchitis,pneumonia.症状是：-冷，支气管炎，肺炎。FUMESANDGASES烟气 Phosgene(TLV0.1ppm)光气Formedbytheactionofheatonhydrocarbons.Exampleinsufficientlydriedafterdegreasing.由加热烃类产生（乙炔)Symptomsare:-Likenitrogenoxideandozone.症状：-如氮氧化物和臭氧。Carbonmonoxide(TLV50ppm)一氧化碳Formedwhenweldingisheldonvarnishes,paintsandothercarbonaceouscoatings.在清漆，油漆等含碳化合物表面焊接Symptomsare:-Asphyxia,headache,nauseaetc.症状是：-窒息，头痛，恶心等FUMESANDGASES烟气 Identifypotentialtoxicexposuresthatcouldresultfromweldingorcuttingandusesufficientventilation确认焊接和切割中潜在的有害物资，确保充足的通风Usemechanicalventilationorrespiratoryprotectionifaircontaminantsexceedpermissibleexposurelimit(PEL)如果超过允许范围，使用机械通风和呼吸保护装置Donotuseoxygenforventilation,cooling,orcleaning不要使用氧气通风、冷却和清洁BreatheProtection呼吸保护 Useair-linerespiratorsifventilationinsufficientinconfinedspaces在受限空间内通风不足时使用空气呼吸器Usesafetybelts,lifelines,andattendantforconfinedspaces受限空间作业使用安全带和生命绳BreatheProtection呼吸保护 FactorstoConsider考虑因素Containersheldwithcombustibles.盛易燃物的容器Flammablematerials.易燃材料FireHazards火灾Theweldingheatcanreachtemperaturesof5000oC.火焰的温度可以达到5000oCThesparkcantravelto10m火花可以飞溅出10mWELDINGSPARKS焊接火花 Precaution预防Donotweldoncontainershavingcombustiblematerials(paints/thinner).容器上有易燃物时不要焊接（油漆/稀释剂）Removeflammablematerialsfromweldingareaorshield.移走焊接区域易燃材料Keepafirewatch安排监火员Keepafireextinguisherintheweldingarea.焊接区域有灭火器Wearfireretardantclothing穿戴防火材料制作的工作服WELDINGSPARKS焊接火花 Sparksareoneofthemostcommonfirecausesinconstructionsite,boththoseatgroundlevelandparticularlythosefallingfromtheupperlevelunderneath.Sparkscontainment(carpet,shield,etc.)isoneofthemostimportantdutyofawelder火花在施工中最容易导致火灾一种形式，尤其是高空火花在没有防护的情况下 FactorstoConsider注意因素Gasshieldedarcmostsevere气体弧光是最严重的UVandINFRAredlights紫外线和红外线ARCRAYS电弧射线 Precaution预防Wearsuitableeyeprotection使用合适的眼部保护Selectafilterlens.选择过滤镜片Alwaysusehelmetwhenwelding.带安全帽Providenon-flammableshielding.使用不易燃的防护Wearclothingwhichprotectsskin.长袖衣服Useeyeandskinprotectiontoavoidultravioletradiationburns使用眼部和皮肤保护避免紫外线灼伤ARCRAYS电弧射线 Metalenclosure.金属外壳Wetness.雨天Restrictedentry.限制入口Heavierthanairgas.比重比空气重的气体Welderinsideoronworkpiece.在工件上面或里面焊接WeldinginConfinedSpace受限空间的焊接FactorstoConsider注意因素 Carefullyevaluateadequacyofventilation.注意通风Applybasicelectricshockprecaution.提供基本电击预防Methodofwelderretrievalfromoutsideenclosure.了解焊机接通方案Generalsafeworkpracticesforconfinedspacetobeapply掌握基本的安全技术Permittoworkshallbeapply办理许可证Alwayscheckwithyourweldingsupervisor/foremanorsafetyofficerbeforetostarttoworkinconfinedspace工作前向管理员/工头/安全员确认WeldinginConfinedSpace受限空间的焊接Precaution预防 ExecuteGasTestbeforetowork工作前进行气体测验Shutoffgassupplyatcylindersandtorchvalvesoutsideconfinedspaces关闭受限空间外气瓶与焊把阀门Ensureallcontainerscontactingtoxicorflammablesubstancesareeitherfilledwithwater,cleaned,vented,andtestedbeforewelding,cutting,orheating确保在焊接，切割或者加热前，所有的容器与有毒有害物资或者易燃物资接触过的充满水，清洗，通风以及测试FirePrecautionforConfinedSpace受限空间火灾预防 Removetorchesandhosesfromconfinedspacesatshiftchangeandovernight下班后，将焊把和软管从受限空间内拿出来。Preventresiduebuildup.Ensurecontainersareventedbeforewelding,cutting,orheating防止残渣残留。在焊接，切割和加热前确保容器有足够的通风CO2fireextinguishercannotbeused受限空间灭火器不能选择二氧化碳灭火器FirePrecautionforConfinedSpace受限空间火灾预防 磨光机的采购要求. 避免火星向上，应向一侧或向下Avoidsendingsparksupward.Wherepractical,directsparkssidewaysordownward。检查火花可能伤及到人或财产的周围区域，确保没有可以点燃的材料Checkthesurroundingareaforanypeopleorpropertythatmightbehitbysparks.MakesuretherearenoflammablesthatcouldbeignitedGrindingmachineandoperation打磨机械与操作 在更换或安装砂轮及刀具前，拔掉工具的插头。Alwaysunplugthetoolbeforereplacingorinstallingstones,disks,andcutters使用电焊遮光罩或其他适合的屏障，预防火花及碎屑UseweldingscreensorothersuitablebarrierstocontainsparksandgrindingsGrindingmachineandoperation打磨机械与操作 Grindingmachineandoperation打磨机械与操作打磨机械的最大转速应有标注。ThemaximumworkingspeedofthegrindingmachinesshallbemarkedontheMachine.防护罩应最大程度的罩住砂轮，同时开口依据作业性质尽可能小。Aguardshallbeprovidedtoenclosethewheeltothegreatestpossibleextent,withtheopeningassmallaspossibleconsistentwiththenatureofthework.GUARD防护罩 Grindingmachineandoperation打磨机械与操作当使用打磨机械与砂轮片时，需要脸部、眼部防护。安全眼镜应佩戴。Fullfaceeyeprotectionshallbeusedwhenworkingwithgrindingmachinesandabrasivewheelsandsafetyspectaclesshouldbewornundertheshield. 砂轮片的转速磨光机的转速检查砂轮片与磨光机的转速是否匹配（注：磨光机转速不应大于砂轮片转速）INSPECTTHESPEEDOFTHEWHEELAGAINSTMACHINE.THESPEEDOFTHEMACHINEMUSTNOTBEMORETHANTHESPEEDOFTHEWHEEL. 41Therightwheelandcurrentuseofthemanualgrindingisfundamentalforthebasicsafeconditionofthesekindofactivities正确的砂轮片和电流是使用磨光机的基本安全条件. 42HandlingOfWheels砂轮的处理Oftenwheelbreakagecanbeattributedtocarelesshandlingandstorage.Wheelsdamagedfromthesecausesmayappearperfectyetrepresentadangertooperatives.ManufacturersinspectwheelspriortopackingtoensurethattheyaredispatchedinperfectconditionOvertightening”onspindlesandflangesShallbeavoidedasitispossibleapproachtheultimatecrushingstrengthoftothewheel.通常，砂轮的损坏是由于粗心操作与储存。在打包前，厂商对砂轮进行检查，确保其在锭子上紧固良好。轮缘应避免可能的过度受力。并且要注意防潮. 注意事项1.砂轮片的保存保存方法不当往往是造成砂轮片消耗的主要原因2.打磨钨极棒时必须使用砂轮机. GeneralWorkAreaHazards总的危害FactorstoConsider注意因素Clutteredarea.凌乱的区域Indirectwork(weldingground)connection.直接的工作连接Electricalequipment.电气设备Enginedrivenequipment.引擎设备Gascylinders.气瓶Fallsfromheight高处坠落 GeneralWorkAreaHazards总的危害Precaution预防Keepcables,materials,toolsneatlyorganised.将电缆，材料，工具保持整洁Connectworkcableascloseaspossible.使电缆尽可能近的靠近工作区域Useonlydoubleproperlygroundedequipment.设备接地Alwaysdisconnectpowertoequipmentafteruse.停止作业时，切断电源Useinonlyopen,wellventilatedareas.在敞开的通风区域作业Sclaspandinsulation使用S型钩并确保绝缘隔离 GeneralWorkAreaHazards总的危害Precaution预防Refuelwithengineoff.加油时关闭引擎Nevertouchcylinderwiththeelectrode.不要用电极触碰气瓶Neverliftamachinewithcylinderattached.不要将设备与气瓶连接Keepcylinderuprightandchainedtosupport.保持气瓶直立以及使用铁链固定Propersafeaccessibilityandfallsprotections.安全通道和高处作业防护Keepenclosurecompleteandguardsinplace.保持四周有围护和防护 GeneralWorkAreaHazards一般工作区域的危险Temporarypowerlinestoportablearcweldingmachinesshouldbecarriedoverheadwheneverpractical,orlaidonthefloororgroundsuitablyprotectedsothattheycannotbedamagedorinterferewithsafepassage临时电源线或者软管需要用S型钩挂高或者埋地，绝缘隔离，避免破损 Ifflammabilityisunknown,ensurethatacompetentpersonteststheenvironmentconditions如果不知道是否易燃，确保由合格的人员对环境条件进行测试。Moveobjectstodesignatedsafelocation,orremoveorprotectfirehazards移走物体设计安全区域，或者移走保护火灾危害品Fireprevention火灾预防 Makesuitablefireextinguishingequipmentavailableandmaintainitforinstantuse放置灭火器并确保压力充足Ifnormalprecautionsareinadequate,assignadditionalpersonneltoguardduringandafteroperations,instructtheminhazardsanduseoffirefightingequipment如果普通的防护不足够，必须安排监火员Fireprevention火灾预防 Postweldheattreatment:isaprocessthatreducesresidualweldingstressesthatforminbothweldmetalandbasemetalheataffectedzones.Theprocessdependsonthealloy,involvetemperaturesgenerallybetween500°Cand800°Cusuallyreachedbyelectricallowvoltagesourceappliedtospecificresistanceandinsulatedmaterials.Thecurrentisaserioushazardinthisprocess.焊后热处理：是一个降低来自于焊接金属盒基础金属加热影响区域的剩余焊接压力的过程。这个过程通过合金干涉由于低压电源通过电阻和绝缘材料来产生的温度，控制在500到800之间的温度，这个因素是最主要的风险。热处理时，每一回路必须都要有漏把，做好防电和防烫伤工作，设置隔离措施和警示标志FINALTREATMENT最后热处理 . .'