最新文化翻译学之三：性质、任务等最新(2)Part one Attribute, Research Contents and Methods第1章定稿课件PPT.ppt 112页

'文化翻译学之三：性质、任务等最新(2)PartoneAttribute,ResearchContentsandMethods第1章定稿 PartoneAttribute,ResearchContentsandMethodsofStudiesofCultureandTranslationTranslationactivitydealswithtwolanguagesandtwocultures,andtranslationinevitablydealswithculturesandlanguagesofdifferentnations,andthereforeithascertainlybeenlistedintherangeofcrossresearch.WangBingqingoncesaidinhisbook“CultureandTranslation”,“Translation,asameansofculturalcommunication,willsurelybeplacedinthegrand/greatbackgroundandsyntheticalwell-connectednetworkofhuman culturalcrossandintheopenandcompleksystemoftheworldscienceandderivemourishmentfromothersubjects,especiallysomenewlydevelopingsubjects,meanwhilewiththehelpofknowledgeoflearninggroup,broadenitsownvisionandtrainofthoughtandpropelitselfforward.”(Wang,1996:6)“StudiesofCultureandTranslation”isanewly-developinglearning/subjectproducedbythecrossofculturology,culturallinguistics,cross-culturalcommunications.Sincethe thanonecentury,internationalexchangeshavebecomeincreasinglyextensiveandfrequent,andscienceandtechnologyhasadvancedbyleapsandbounds.Thetranslationofmaterialobjectshasdealtwithmanycontentsinmanyaspects,increasingwitheachpassingday.Therequirementsfortranslationbroughtupbythesocietyhaveshownthetrendsofbatches,diversification,informationizationandageing.Relativelyspeaking,theresearch oftranslationtheoryisinthehysteresisstate,butmanyquestionscomingoutincross-culturalcommunicationandtranslationpracticehavestronglypromotedtheresearchoftranslationtheory.TranslationresearchinthewestcanbedatedbacktotheagebeforeChrist.Fromtheviewpointofstudyofliteratureandartguidedbyrhetorictotheresearchofmodernequivalenttheoryguidedbylinguistics,ithashadaverylongway.InChina,the reseachoftranslationtheorycanbedatedbacktothethirdcenturyA.D.DuringtheperiodoftheThreeKingdoms(220-265AD),ZhiQian,theChinesetranslatologistofBuddhistScripturemadehisownproposalofliteraltranslation“Stickingtotherealmeaningwithoutpolishing(it).”Sincethen,theargumentsaboutliteraltranslationandfreetranslationhavelastedonethousandyearsanditisstillgoingon;peoplehavekepthavingonediscussionafteranotherabouttranslationstandardsandtheyarestilldoingitnow.scholarsinboththe EastandtheWesthaveaccumulatedrichexperiencethroughtranslationpracticeinaverylongperiodoftime,someoftheirexperiencehasgotthedistillationoftheory,whichhasmadefulltheoreticalpreparationsforthefoundingoftranslatology.True,theultimatefoundingoftranslatologystillneedsfurthereffortsandthepracticalexperiencestillneedsfurtherpurification,theareaofresearchistobefurtherbroadened,butcertaincluesofthe learningmodelcanbediscerned,andthetheoreticalsystemhasjustbeenintheembryonicform.Aninternalscholardividedtranslatologyintothreelevels:(1)Bodytranslatology—tosettletheobject,attribute,range,characteristics,principle,method,etc; (2)Basictranslatology—Concretetranslatology(thebranchoftranslatology)speciallyformedbybodytranslatologyconnectedwithothersubjects,suchaslinguistictranslatology,literaryandartistictranslatology,communicativetranslatology,functionaltranslatology,studiesofcultureandtranslation(orculturaltranslatology);(3)Appliedtranslatology—forexample,echanicaltranslation,etc.[金文俊：翻译理论研究基本取向概述。《外语教学与研究》1991:(1)] Translatologyisanoverallnameoflearning.Astranslationdealswithmultiplecourses,itsrangeofapplicationdealswithalltheareasofcourses,andtheresearchaim,task,rangeandmethodaredifferent.Underthisoverallsubject,branchesoflearningwithagreatmanydepartmentsanddifferentattributesandcontentshaveformedandstudiesofCultureandTranslationisoneofthebranchesoflearning.Relatively,itisindependentofotherbranchesoflearningbutgetssupplementedandinfiltratedfromthemtobefully developedandgiveplaytotheirfunctionsandvaluesrespectivelyandtogetherenrichthetheoreticalframeandthesystemoftranslatology. 2.StudiesofCultureandTranslation,aCross-course(subject)Intherecentyearstherearethreelinguisticsubjectswhichhavegotdevelopedandspread:OneisLinguisticNationalConditions,anotherisCross-culturalCommunicationsandthethirdisCulturalLinguistics.Whatthethreesubjects/coursesdealwithisthesameinessentialswhiledifferinginminorpointsonlywhattheyemphasizedisdifferent.Buttheytaketherelationsbetweencultureandlanguageasthegistsoastoimprovethequality LinguisticNationalConditionssprangupintheformerSovietUnioninthemiddleoftheSeventiesofthetwentiethcentury,itholdsthatlanguageistheimportantcomponentpartofcultureandnationalformofexpressioninculture;wordsandphrasesarethebasisoflanguage,andthecoreofwordsandphrasesaretheirownmeanings;therelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureshouldbeexplainedfromtherelationsbetweenmeaningsofwordsandphrasesandculturewhichcontainrichsemantemeofnationalculture,reflect oflanguageteachingandimprovethequalityoflanguageteachingandeffectivelyconductthecross-culturalcommunication.Thesethreelinguisticcoursesbelongtomacro-linguisticswhicharenewlydevelopingcross-courses.StudiesofCultureandTranslationstudiesnotonlythematteroftranslationinlanguageandculturebutthematterofcultureinlinguistictranslation,soithascloserelationswithLinguisticNationalConditions,Cross-culturalCommunicationsandCulturalLinguistics. thetraditionalcultureofthenationandembodythemselvesinthefieldsoffolkliterature,historicalevents,socialsystem,scienceofcivilizationandart,economy,etc,andtheoryoflinguisticnationalconditionsnameswords,whichrefectthecommonthingsandphenomenaoftwonations,theequivalents,andnamesthewords,whichindicateparticularthingsorphenomenaofthenativenation,non-equivalents.Thesenon-equivalentsareknownaswordsofnationalconditions,whichhavedistinctivefeaturesofnationalculture andcontainrichcontentsofnationalconditionsbutdonotexistinthelanguageofanothercountry.Theresearchobjectswhattheoryoflinguisticnationalconditionsdirectlydealwitharewordsofnationalconditions,includingidioms,proverbs,mottos,allusions,idiomaticphrasesandinarticulatelanguage(signlanguage,languageofemotionalexpression,languageofhabitualbehaviour),etc. Cross-culturalcommunicationsoriginatingfromAmericabeganinthe1960s.Anditappliesrelevanttheoriesandmethodsofmanysubjectstostudyingthecommunicativebehaviour,process,backgroundandthinkingcustomsandculturalpsychology,etcofpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundsandapproachesthesubjective,objective,historical,present,environmentalorpsychologicalreasonsandsolutionstosomeproblemsproducedintheprocessofcross-culturalcommunicationsoastoavoidthecommunicativebarrierorculturalconflictandconductsuitablyeffectivecommunicationandrealizeitscommunicativeaim. CulturallinguisticsbeginninginChinagotnewlydevelopedinthemiddleofthe1980s,whichexistsbetweenculturologyandlinguisticsandstudiesneitherlanguageitselfnorcultureitselfbutthemutualrelationsandinfluencesbetweenthetwo,sotospeak,culturallinguisticsisacross-subject.Andpeoplemakeastudyofitforthepurposeofrevealing(揭示)theculturalconnotationconcealedbehindthelanguageform,construction (structure),applicationandchanging.CulturalLinguisticsholdsthathumanculturalworldisthelanguageworldandaninterdynamicfunctionexistsbetweencultureandlanguage,ifonewantstoknowthoroughlyabouttheculturalattributeoflanguage,theculturalfunctionandinfluenceonlanguage,hemustprofoundlyrevealtherelationsofallkindsofnationalculturalphenomenaincludinglanguageandculturaltradition,nationalpsychologyandcustoms,thinkingmodels,etc,andthereforetherelationshipbetweencultureandlanguageistheresearchobjectwhichculturallinguisticsdealswith. Linguisticsofnationalconditionsandculturallinguisticslayemphasisonthestudyofculturalconnotationintheformoflanguage;Cross-culturalcommunicationslaysemphasisonthestudyofculturalmatterswhichthecommunicativeactivitiesofthepeopleofdifferentculturalbackgroundsdealwith,whilestudiesofcultureandtranslationisbasedjustonthesethreesubjects,fromtheangleofthestudyofcultureandtranslation,thisnewsubjectcarriesoutthestudyofitself,approachestheculturalsimiliaritiesanddifferences betweenSLandTL,exploresprinciples,waysandskillsoftransforminglanguageformsofexpressionandrevealthemutualrelationsandinherentlawsbetweencultureandtranslation.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatstudiesofcultureandtranslationisacross-coursewhichdealswithlinguistics,culturologyandtranslatology. 3.StudiesofCultureandTranslation,anApplicationSubjectTranslationactivitybegantomeettheneedsofpeopleofdifferentculturalbackgroundstoconductcommunicationandculturalexchange,thatis,itoriginatedfromtheneedsofpeople’ssocialcognition;translatologyisaboutthetheoreticalsummarizationanddistillationofpracticalexperienceoftranslationandisalsoaboutthetotaland scientificsystemoftheoryoftranslationactivity.Practiceisthesolecriterionfortestingtruth.Itistobetestedbytranslationpracticewhetherornottranslationtheoryiscorrectandthetheoreticalsystemoftranslatologyistotalandscientific,sopracticalityisthemostimportantcharacteristicoftranslationsubject.Studiesofcultureandtranslation,asabranchoflearningofbodytrnalsatology,must surelyexpoundandprovetherelationbetweencultureandtranslation,butitsmaintaskis,guidedbytranslationtheory,tostudythenationalcharacteristicsoflanguageforms,communicativebehavioursandculturalbackgroundsintheprocessofcross-culturalcommunication,theadjoining/attendingmeaningsofwordsandphrasesinnationalcultures,thenationalcharacteristicsofthesubjectivethinkingmodels,values,aesthetictastesandotherpsychologicalessentialfactorsincommunicationandthecross-cultural consciousnessofthetranslationsubjectandtheformsoflanguageexpressionofcorrespondingversion,namely,applythetheoryandprincipleoftranslatologytothecorrectandeffectivetransmissionintranslationactivity,summarizethelawfromcomplexvariedculturalphenomenaandmakeasystematicandtheoreticalexplanation,whichnotonlydecidestheresearchtask,rangeandobjectofstudiesofcultureandtranslation,butmarksitscharacteristicsofapplication. SectionTwoTheResearchObjectofStudiesofCultureandTranslationLanguageandcultureareinterwoven.Cultureisthebigenvironmentoflanguageactivityandalsothebigbackgroundoftranslationactivity,sotranslationactivityshouldbeobservedandstudiedintheculturalbackgroundwhichhasrichconnotationandverywideextensionandallkindsofculturalfactorsshouldbestudiedintranslationactivity.From thissense,theresearchrangeofstudiesofcultureandtranslationisveryextensiveanddealswiththelongitudinalculture,thatis,thehistoricalcultureandthepresentcultureandalsodealswiththelateralculture,thatis,culturesofallnationsandregions,includingnotonlytheexplicitmaterialculturebutalsotheimplicitspiritualcultureinpeople’spsychologicalworld,besides,theformofexpressionoflanguageandthethinkingmodelandculturalpsychologythelanguagedependson.Studiesofcultureandtranslationmainlydiscuessesthefollowingthreeaspects: 1.TheNationalCulturalConnotationofWordsandPhrasesinCross-culturalBackgroundTherearemanycountriesandnationsintheworldandtheirhistoricaldevelopment,geographicalposition,socialsystem,ecologicalsurroundings,conditionsandcustomsofthepeopleandreligiousbeliefaredifferent,sothecontentsandformsofthenationalcultureformedheresurelyhavetheirnationalcharacteristics.Whenthesecharacteristics arereflectedinlanguage,theyarefirstlyembodiedinthepeculiarnationalculturalconnotationwhichsomewordsandphraseshave.Inthecross-culturalcommunicationwordsandphrasesofonesidewhichhavepeculiarnationalculturalconnotationdon’thaveequivalentorcorrespondingwordsorphrasesinthelanguageoftheothersidetoexpresstheirexactimplicationsothata“faultzone”inculturalexchangeisformedandthe“lexicalvacancy”calledbythetranslationcirclescomesintobeing,namely,thecultural informationwhichthesourcelanguagecontainsdoesn’thavetheir“equivalent”or“corresponding”wordsandphrasesinthetargetlanguage.Forexample,thepopword“karaoke”,thereisnoequivalentwordintheChinesetraditionalvocabulary,sothereisnoexactlyclosewordtointerpretitsconnotativemeaningandnothingcanbedonebutuseitstransliterationortranslateitinto“卡拉OK” byusingEnglishletters.Anotherexample,theword“hippie(orhippy)”appearedinAmericainthe1960s,whichisthepeculiarproductofAmericanculture,butinChinesethereisnowordequivalenttoit,itwasoncetransliteratedinto“希比士”or“希比派”,nowitisformallytranslatedinto“嬉皮士”.Althoughthistranslationisbetterthanthefirsttwo,stillitsconnotationcan’tbetranslated,andwhat’smore,itmaybemisunderstood.ThehappieswereactivistsofcivilrightsmovementintheU.S.inthe1960s,whohadfull swing;theywerediscontentedwiththethensocialrealityandupheldUtopianideal,andtheirwayoflifewasdifferentfromothers–––theyworelonghairdowntotheshouldersandstrangefashionsandabandonedthemselvestodrinkinganddrug-takingbutallofthemwerenotpeoplewithajerky(oroily)smile,amongthemtherewerealotofpeoplewhoseattitudetowardssocialissuesareveryserious. Similarly,inthetraditionalChineseculture,thetermsintheHeavenlyStemsandEarthlyBranches,yinyangandtheEighthDiagrams,thesolartermsinthetraditionalChinesecalendar,thetermsinthetraditionalChinesemedicine,etcdon’texistinWesternculturesandtherearen’tsuchtheoriesordoctrines(teachings)inEnglish,either.WhenwetranslatethetermsintoEnglish,wecan’tfindwordsandphrasescorrespondingorequivalenttotheChineseterms,inmostcases,wetranslatetheminthewaysof transliterationorparaphrast,forexample,“阴”and“阳”,originatingfromtheTaoistschoolofancientChina,arenowrespectivelytranslateratedinto“yin”and“yang”,andtheexplanatorynotessomeChinese-Englishdictionariespublishedinourcountryhavegivento“yin”and“yang”are:InChinesephilosophy,medicine,etc.yin,thefeminineornegativeprincipleinnature;yang,themasculineorpositiveprincipleinnature.AndthisexplanationagreeswiththatinLongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,butsome commonEnglishorAmericanreaderscan’teasilyunderstandtheculturalconnotationcontaininginthiskindoftransliteratingwordsandphrases.Therearesomeothernationalculturecontainingparticularlyrichwordsandphrases,whentheyaretranslated,explanatorynotesmustbegivenindetailtoexplaintheirpragmaticmeanings,inthiswaycanthereadersoftargetlanguageknowthepeculiarculturalphenomenaofthesourcelanguage. InChinese,therearemanywordsofnationalconditions,whentheyaretranslated,thewayoftransliterationisoftenused,whichsomenecessaryexplanatorynotesmustbeaddedtoorwayofparaphrastmustbeemployedsothattheacceptorsofdifferentnationsstrideacrosstheculturalbarriersandknowtheirculturalconnotationtoreachtheaimofcross-culturalcommunication. 2.TheAttending/AdjoiningMeaningsofWordsandPhrasesinCross-culturalCommunicationThefeaturesofnationalculturesarehighlyembodiedinlanguagewhoseculturalmeaningsaremostconcentratinglyandobviouslyembodiedinthemeaningsofwordsandphrases.In1974,GeoffreyLeechpublishedhis“Semantics”,whichisaninfluentialwork.Leech’sstudyonlexicalsemantemehasmadeabreakthroughinthelimitationof traditionallinguisticsaboutsensedevelopmentofwordsandtheframesofreasonandheplacedsenseresearchofwordsinthewholebigbackgroundofsocialculture,layingstressonitscommunicativefunctionandvalueandhedividedthelexicalsemantemeintoseventypes:(1)conceptualmeaning;(2)connotativemeaning;(3)socialmeaning;(4)affectivemeaning;(5)reflectedmeaning;(6)collocativemeaning;(7)themanticmeaning.Leechthought,“thereexistmoreincommonbetweenthefourmeanings(reflected,collocative, affectiveandsocialmeanings)andconnotativemeaningthanthey(thefourmeanings),andtherationalmeaningandallofthemhavethesameunlimitedandchangeablefeatures,andmoreover,theanalysisofdegreeandrangecanbemade.Thesefivemeaningscanallbesummarizedbyusingtheterm“associativemeaning”(quotedfrom“Semantics”,theChineseversion,p25).Thesefivemeaningsarenon-rationalmeaningsmentionedinsociallinguistics,thatistosay,thenon-referentialmeaningsoflanguageignoredbytraditional semantics.Astheyshow,inabroadsense,thesocialculturalfeaturesoflanguage,whichsomelinguistscalled“thesocialculturalmeaning”or“attending/adjoiningculturalmeaning.”Nida,thetranslatologist,oncesaidthattranslationistranslatingmeaning;healsomadeafamousproposition“translationiscommunication”.Inthecommunicativecourseoftranslation,thelexicalrationalmeaningisthebasisthatinformationdependsontobe transmitted,thatis,theassociativemeaningproducedbyrelevantthinkingisthekeyfactoroflinguisticcommunication,intranslationitisoftennecessaryforthetranslatortotranslateandexpoundthelexicalattending/adjoiningculturalmeaningbymeansofassociationofanalogy,bythismeanscanthepragmaticconnotationofthesourcelanguagebecorrectlyandeffectivelytransmittedsothattheeffectivecommunicativeaimcanbereached,sowhatstudiesofcultureandtranslationpayscloseattentiontoispreciselytheattendingculturalmeaningofcommonvalueinlexicalsemanteme. ThedifferencesofthelexicalattendingculturalmeaninginlanguagecausedbytheChineseandEnglishculturescanbeseenfromthefollowingthreeaspects:(1)Referencesarethesame,buttheadjoiningculturalmeaningsarequitedifferentIndifferentlanguagesandcultures,thesamethingmayhavequitedifferentassociativemeanings,whosecorrespondingwordsandphraseshavedifferentculturalconnotation.Inthecross-culturalcommunicationandtranslation,ifwedon’tknowtheir adjoiningculturalmeanings,wecan’thaveanideaoftheirdeepersemantemessothatwetendtomakemistakes.Wordswithadjoiningculturalmeaningsare:compromise,ambition,individualism,dragon,etc,andinoneculturetheymaybelongtocommendatoryterms,butintheotherculture,theymaybelongtoderogatoryterms.TheChineseequivalentof“individualism”is“个人主义”.AccordingtoTheNewOxfordDictionaryofEnglish,“ithastwomeanings1.thehabitorprincipleofbeing independentandself-reliant.2.asocialtheoryfavouringfreedomofactionforindividualsovercollectiveorstatecontrol.”IntheEuropeanhistory,individualismisoppositeto(thecenterof)theocracyinMiddleAges,andindividualismonceplayedanactivepartinthecourseofhistoricaldevelopmentinmoderncapitalism.InAmerican,thetypicalimagesofindividualismwerethepioneerswho,atthebeginningofimmigration,carriedspearsandaxesanddaredtofightagainsthunger,bittercoldanddiseases,andthestrugglingspiritof individualismastheculturalquintessenceofthewholenationishandeddownfromage(generation)toage(generation).Herepeopleattachimportancetothedevelopmentofindividualcharacterandgenerallyregardtheindividualstruggleasanactivemanifestationtorealizeindividualself-value,andindividualismisviewedasthesynonymofindividual/personalenterprisingspirit,soindividualismintheWesternculturehasobviouscommendatorymeaning.ButintheChineseculture,accordingtoADictionaryofModern Chinese,individualismrefersto:“proceedinginallcasesfromindividualinterests,oneputshisindividualinterestsabovethecollectiveones,whichisawrongideaofcaringabouthimself,nottheothers.”InthetraditionalseseofChineseculture,peopleuphold/advocate“selflessness,wholehearteddevotiontopublicduty,publicbusinesscomesbeforeprivateaffairs,devoteoneselftothepublicinterests,doingeverythingforothers’benefitandnothingforone’sown”,soinsuchculturalbackground,itgoeswithoutsayingthat individualismisaderogatoryterm,andtherefore“个人主义”inLeiFeng’sfamoussaying“对个人主义像秋风扫落叶一样”can’tbesimplytranslatedintermsofitsliteralreference.Example:(卢嘉川)“但是，你这些想法和作法，恐怕还是为了你个人吧？”道静蓦地站了起来：“你说我是个人主义者？”（杨沫：《青春之歌》） (LuChia-chuan)“Areyousureyourthoughtsandwishesaren’tdeterminedbypersonalconsiderations?”heasked.Shesprangtoherfeet.“DoyoumeanIamindividualist.”InChinese,“individualist”referstoallthoseegoistswhocareonlyforthemselves,notforothersorthecollective,whichhasapparentderogatorymeaning,forthisveryreason,“DaoJingsprangtoherfeet”tospeakforherself,andaccordingtotheWestern culturalvaluesitisclearlynotappropriateif“个人主义者”istranslatedintoindividualist.OtherwisereadersofEnglishandAmericawouldinevitablymisunderstand,soitisappropriatetotranslateitinto“egoist.”2.Referencesarethesame,andtheadjoiningculturalmeaningsarethesameordifferentInEnglishandChinese,theadjoiningculturalmeaningsofsomewordsarethesame butsomedifferent,whichreflectsthetwonations’socialsystems,religiousbelief,habitsandcustomsandtheuniversalitytoknowtheobjectiveworld,butalsoshowstheculturaldifferencesofthetwonations.TherearequiteafewwordsinEnglishandChinesewhichhavesuchfunctions.Forinstance,rose,bothintheWesternandChinesecultures,symbolizeslove,andthesweetheartsfullyinlovewitheachotherareusedtoexchangingrosestoexpresstheiraffection.ButinEnglish,idiomsconcerningrosesuchas“undertherose”implythe meaningofkeepingthesecretorkeepingsilence,ifrosesarehungabovethemeetingdesks,thismeansthatpeoplepresentatthemeetingmustkeepwhatisdiscussedtothemselves.ThiscustomoriginatesfromGreekmytheology:CupidgavearosetogodofsilenceHarpocratestoshowhemustnottellothersthatVenuswaseasyinhermorals.IntheChineseculture,peopleusuallycompareroseswiththornstoprettygirlsdifficultofaccess. Anotherexample,bothinEnglishandChinese,“owl”hasassociativemeaningsofillomenanddeath,etc.InMacebethbyShakespeare,whenMacebethmurderedsomeone,heandhiswifehadadialogue:(1)Machbeth:Ihavedonethedeed.Didstthounothearanoise?LadyMacebeth:Iheardtheowlscreamandthecricketscry.LadyMacebethused“Iheardtheowlscream”toimplicativelyindicatethatsheknewwhathadhappened(thatpersonhadbeenmurderedbyherhusband). Anowlisananimalwhichisactiveinthenight,whosecriesaresadandshrillandhorrible.AndintheChinesecultureitisgenerallyregardedasanillomen,astheproverbcirculatingamongthepeoplesays“Anowlentersthehouse,nothinggoodcomesin”,whichmeansthatanowlwillbringbadluck(ormisfortune).Andthisisthecommonassociativesemantemeaboutanowlinthetwocultures.ButinEnglish,owloftensymbolizeswisdom,sothereissuchanidiom“aswiseasanowl”inthislanguage.IntheEnglishchildren’sfolkrhymeMotherGoose’sFairyTales,theowlisdescribedastheembodimentofsteadiness,calmnessandwisdom: (2)Awiseoldowllivedinanoak,Themorehesawthelesshespoke,Thelesshespokethemoreheheard,Whycan’tweallbelikethatwiseoldbird?Thisassociativesemantemeabouttheowldoesn’texistintheChineseculture,butsometimeswehearpeopleoftensay“他是个夜猫子”，here“夜猫子”doesn’treallyrefertotheowl,butreferstoapersonwhogoestobedlatebecauseheoftenworkshardfarintothenightandisenergeticandverydiligent.Thefigurativemeaningabouttheowldoesn’texistinEnglish. Moreover,redsymbolizeshappyevent,whitesymbolizespurityandnobilityandgraceandblacksymbolizesseriousnessordeath,buttheotherassociativesemantemesaredifferentinthetwocultures.3.Thereferencesarethesame,buttheadjoiningculturalmeaningdon’texistatthesametime.Influencedbynationalculture,inacultureoralanguage,sometimesacommonword hasveryrichassociativemeaning,whileinanothercultureorlanguageithasverypoorattendingculturalmeaninganditisonlyalanguagesign,andwordsofthiskindoftenbringaboutbarriersinunderstandingandpuzzlesinlinguisticcommunicationandtranslation.Chinaisacountrywhichaboundswithbamboo,andbamboohasthenaturalfeaturewhichiseasytocomeupandgrow.InChineseculture,ithasbecomethesymbolofbeingstronganduprightandhavingasharpsenseofintegrity,andthereforetherefinedscholars inAncientChinahadthetraditionofadmiringitsbeauty,narratingitinpoeticformandlookinguptoit,theycomparedbamboototheirambitionsandnoblepeoplesoastoexpresstheirfirmandhonestcharactersandloftyaspiration.TheverycommonbambooreflectstheChinesenobleaspirationandinterestandembodiesthefirmandpersistent,noble,gracefulandbroadmindedculturalpsychologyofthepeoplewithloftyideals,andbamboobecamethesymbolofcharacteroftheChinesepeople.Forthisveryreason,inChinesehistory,thereweremanyrefinedpeoplewhonamedthemselvesafterbamboo,for example,intheWeiandJinDynasties,etalwerecalledsevenpersonsofvirtueinthebambooforest,andintheTangDynasty,LiBai,KongChaofu,etalcalledthemselvesSixpersonsbythebamboostreamlivingincomfortandpleasure,andintheNorthernSong(ortheEarlierSongDynasty),LiaoZhengyi(廖正一)calledhimself“LayBuddhistbesidethebambooslope”,andintheSouthernSongDynasty,apoetwhosenamewasLinXiyi(林希逸)calledhimself“bamboostream”,andsoon. InEngland,thereisnobamboo,whosenameisborrowedfromtheotherlanguage.InEngland,thereisnobamboo,thisnameisborrowedfromtheotherlanguage,soitisoutofthequestionthattheEnglishpeople,liketheChineseone,haverichfeelingandgiveitassociativesemanteme;bambooinEnglishisonlyanounofreferenceandithasn’tanyculturalconnotation.Inthiscondition,iftheChineseidiom“胸有成竹”isliterallytranslatedinto“Thereisabambooinhisbosom”[Right:haveawell-thought-outplan; havehadreadyplans],itisatypicalculturalmistakewhichcan’thelpattainthegoalofculturalcommunication.InEnglish,therearemanywords,too,whichhaverichassociativemeaningswhichdon’texistinChinese.Forexample,daffodil,inEnglishitisthesymbolofspringandhappiness.Somemeninliteratureandpoetryoftenusedaffodiltodescribespringandpeople’scheerfulandlight-heartedmoodbroughtbyspring.Inhisbook“Rebecca”, DaphneduMaurieruseddaffodiltodescribethespringscenerywhichspringhascomebacktotheearthandisverymuchintheair.(1)Thedaffodilswereinbloom,stirringintheeveningbreeze,goldenheadscuppeduponleanstalks,andhowevermanyyoumightpicktheywouldbenothinningoftheranks,theyweremassedlikeanarmy,shouldertoshoulder.Shakespeareinhisbook“SongofWinter”: (2)Whendaffodilsbegintopeer.Withheigh,thedoxyoverthedale!Why,thencomesinthesweeto’theyear…Shakespearealsouseddaffodiltoexpresspeople’scheerfulandlightedmood,butinChinesedaffodilisonlythenameofaflowerwhichhasn’tanyassociativemeaning.FromtheabovetwoexampleswecanseethattheecologicalgeographicenvironmentofChinaisdifferentfromthatofEngland,whichhasformedtheirdifferentculturalbackgrounds,andthereforetheattendingculturalmeaningofsomewordsarenotquitethesame. 3.LinguisticBackgroundsofNationalCultureincross-culturalCommunicationThegeneralityofthewholehumanscienceandtechnologyisanobviousfact,however,languagetakesrootdeepinthesoilofthenationalculturewhichtheydependoneachotherandcoexistwitheachother,andthereforelanguagealwayshasstrikingnationalcharacteristics,whichcomesfromthebackgroundofnationalculture.Thebackgroundofnationalculturehasboundlesslylargeextensionwhoseconnotationisveryrich;ina narrowsense,thebackgroundofnationalculturereferstowaysofthinkingandpsychologicalfeaturesofpeopleastheculturalsubjectintheprocessofproduction,growthandtransmissionofculture.Linguisticformsofexpressionaredecidedbywaysofthinking.EnglishhasevidentmorphologicmarkerandclosesyntacticalrulesandthishascloserelationwiththerelativelydevelopedformallogicoftheWesternnations,whilethenone-morphologic characteristicsandsyntacticalflexibilityofChinesegrammararecloselyrelatedtotheglobalityanddialecticallogicoftheHanpeople;Anotherexample,inChinesethereareplentyofmeasurewordsbuttherearen’tanyinEnglish.andthispeculiarlinguisticphenomenonoriginatesfromtheconcretethinkingfeatureoftheChinesepeopleandtheabstractnessofthinkingoftheWesternpeople.Notonlydoesthethinkingwaydecidethelinguisticformofexpression,butsometimesthesocialvaluesdirectlyinfluencetheLinguisticformsofexpression. TheHanpeopleexperiencedaverylongfeudalsociety,theyhaveformeddeep-rootedobsessionofhierarchyaboutnobleness,humblenessandrespect,sothosewordsexpressingnoblenessandrespectinthestructureofwordsandphrasesarealwaysputbeforethosehumble,forexample,heavenandearth,thesunandthemoon,countryandhome,kingandminister,fatherandson,husbandandwife,manandwoman,oldandyoung,brothersandsisters,etal,thefirstpartreferstotherespected,thedominant,andthe secondreferstothehumble,thesubordinate,andnowadays“officerandsoldier,teachersandstudentsandcadreandthemasses”arearrangedinthesameway.Thismodeofarrangementcanbeembodiedinthestructureofcompoundwordscomposedofadjectivesofattributeordegree,forexample,goodandevil,goodandbad,strongandweak,nobleandhumble,refinedandvulgar,closeanddistant,highandlow,longandshort,etc.thethinkinglogicoftheChineselanguageandpeople’svalueorientationareobviouslyembodiedinthearrangementorderofeachofthecompoundwords. Valuesbelongtonationalcategoryofpsychology.Nationalpsychologyreferstopsychologicalmodeandcharacteristicsofcharacters,feelings,values,aesthetictemperamentandinterestorreligiousbelief,etcformedincertainculturalbackgroundsafteraverylongperiodoftime.Differentnationalculturescertainlybringabouttheproductionofdifferentnationalpsychology;thedifferentiationofthisnationalpsychologycan’tbeseenorprovedwhatitisreallylike,butitisdailyandhourlyproducingan invisibleandformativeinfluenceonpeople’sfeeling,speechandbehavioranditcausestheestrangementandlanguagetranslationbarriersinthecross-culturalcommunication.Forexample:(1)“这断子绝孙的阿Q！”远远地听到小尼姑的带哭的声音。（鲁迅：《阿Q正传》）“AhQ,mayyoudiesonless!”soundedthelittlenun’svoicetearfullyinthedistance. “不孝有三，无后为大”isamoralconceptoftheChinesefeudaltradition,whichmeansthatitisthemostunfortunateifthereisnosoninafamilyandifawomandoesn’tgivebirthtoandbringupchildren,itshowsthatshehasn’ttheleastfilialpietyfortheforefathers,uptillnowthistraditionalconceptstilltakesstrongroot,whichisanationalpsychologyformedthousandsofyearsago;accordingtotheChineseconcept,itisthemostspitefulimprecationforonetoswearatapersonbysaying“mayyoudiesonless.”ButintheWesternsociety,peopleattachlessimportancetotheconcept,especiallythepresent youngpeopleseekingafterpleasure,whotakeprideinlivingsinglysomewomenareproudofbeingaDiana,andthiskindoflifehasbecometheorderoftheday.Itisofnoimportanceforanindividualpersonorafamilytodiewithoutsons,andthereforeitisimpossiblefortheEnglishandAmericanreaderstounderstandtheculturalimplicationoftheversion“sonless”,itisverynecessarytoaddsuchanexplanatorynote:acurseintolerabletohearinChinasothattheycancorrectlyunderstandthepragmaticconnotation.Anotherexample: (2)一见面是寒喧，寒喧之后说我“胖了”，说我“胖了”之后即大骂其新党。（鲁迅：《祝福》）Whenwemet,afterexchangingafewpoliteremarkshesaidIwasfatter,andaftersayingthat,heimmediatelystartedaviolentattackontherevolutionaries.(ForeignLanguagesPress,1972)“胖了”isliterallytranslatedinto“fatter”,whichcaneasilymaketheWesternreadersmisunderstand.ButtheChinesecaneasilyunderstand“saidIwasfatter”,forthisisoneof thewordsofgreetingtheyoftenusewhentheymeetagainafteralongseparation,and“胖了”means“发福了”（growstout,putonweight），buttheEnglishandAmericanpeoplenotonlyhavenosuchcustomofetiquette,butalsoresentbeingfat;itisveryeasyforthemtomisunderstand“saidIwasfatter”asawarninggivenbytheotherside:becarefulofyourdietortrainyourselfregularlytoreduceweight,sosomeexplanatorywordsshouldbe addedtothisversioninordertoexpresstheexactmeaningoftheoriginalsentence:(3)Afterexchangingafewpoliteremarkswhenwemet,heobservedthatIlooked“fat”,andhavingmadethatcomplimentaryremarkhestartedaviolentattackontherevolutionaries. SectionThreeTheResearchMethodofScienceofCultureandTranslationThetaskofscientificresearchmustbefinishedinscientificresearchmethods,andtheestablishmentofasystemofsubjectiscloselyrelatedtotheuseofresearchmethods.Theresearchmethodsofstudiesofculturaltranslationdependontheknowledgeoftheoutlookoncultureandtranslationandthedeterminationontheattribute,taskandobjectofthissubject. Translationactivityisoriginallycarriedoutinthecontrastofdifferentlanguagesandcultures.Whatispaidcloseattentiontointheresearchoftranslationtheoryisexactlythetypicalandrepeatedly-seenrelationshipbetweentheversionandtheoriginalsoastoinfertheuniversallyrelevantprinciple,methodandrationalknowledgeofregularity,andthereforecomparisonandcontrast,rationalanalysis,deductiveinferenceandinductivereasoning,etcarethebasicmethodsuniversallyadoptedintranslationresearch. Tostudystudiesofculturaltranslation,wemustfirstfollowMarxistmaterialistdialecticsandthematerialistconceptionofhistory,thenusetheabovebasicmethodsuniversallyadoptedintheresearchoftranslationtheory.Accordingtoitsspecificsubjectattribute,researchrangeandobject,wemainlyusethefollowingfourmethods:1.ComparativeMethodofCulturalBackground Comparisonandcontrastisthemosteffectiveapproachtoshowingthedifferencesofdifferentcultures,soitisthemostimportantmethodintranslationresearchofcross-culturalcommunication.LuShuxiang,thefamousChineselinguistsaidintheinscriptionofthebook“ASymposiumontheComparativeStudyofEnglishandChinese”:“Itisnotdifficulttoshowclearlythesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthings,butitisnotsoeasytofindoutthe reasonwhytheyhavesuchsimilaritiesanddifferences,whichisjusttheultimatepurposeofcomparativestudy.”Whatstudiesofculturaltranslationapproachesisthetransformationallawoftheformofexpressiononthebasisofthecomparisonofdifferentculturalbackgrounds.Onlythroughcomparisonandcontrastcanwegettoknowtheessenceofthecomparedculturalphenomenonandrevealitsimpliedculturalconnotationsoastoobtainsuitabletranslation. Asweknow,ChinaisveryfarawayfromEngland,andtheirgeographicalpositionsandnaturalsurroundingsarequitedifferent;Chinaislocatedonthemiddlelatitudes,facingthePacificontheeastwhileEnglandislocatedonthehighlatitudes,facingtheAtlanticonthewest.Forthisveryreason,theChineseandtheEnglishunderstand“westwind”quitedifferently.ThewestwindofChina,comingfromtheinlandofMiddleAsia,isdryandverycoldandprevailsinthelateautumnandtheearlywinter,fromherewecanseethewestwindbringsaboutcoldweatherandmakesflowersandtreeswitherandfall, soithasbecomeasynonymfordepression,sorrowanddesolation.ButthewestwindofEngland,comingfromtheAtlantic,iswarmandhumid.Whenthewestwindblows,springreturnstotheearth,andinthewarmspring,flowersarecomingoutwitharushandallthingsonearthcomebacktolife,sointheeyesoftheEnglish,thewestwindhasbecomeasynonymforspring,lifeandhope,andthereforedifferentculturalenvironmentsofgeographyandecologydirectlyinfluencetheattendingculturalmeaningofwordsandphrases. Anotherexample,inthe60thchapter“ADreamofRedMansions”thereisanidiom:“谋事在人，成事在天”，YangXianyiandhiswifetranslateditinto“Manproposes,Heavendisposes”,buttheEnglishSinologistHookerstranslateditinto“Manproposes,Godsdisposes”.ChinaisacountryinwhichBuddhismprevails,accordingtotheconceptionoftheBuddhistculture,“Heaven”hasthepowerofdominatingallthingsonearth;ChristianityprevailsintheWestandtheChristiansregard“God”asthedominatorof allthingsintheworld.Followingtheprincipleofbeingloyaltotheoriginaltext,MrYangadoptedthemethodofliteraltranslationtoretaintheculturalconnotationoftheoriginaloneandtransplantedtheEasternBuddhistculturetotheWesternculture;Hooker’stranslationisfreetranslationandhetookthereaders’religiousbackgroundintoaccountandtransformedtheconceptionoftheBuddhistcultureintothatoftheWesternChristianculture(soas)tobeunderstoodandacceptedbythereaders.Eachofthetwotranslationshastheirownmerits. Theabovetwoexamplesshowthatdifferentculturalbackgroundsnotonlydirectlyinfluencetheattendingculturalmeaningsofwordsandphrases,butalsomaydirectlydecidetheculturalcommunicationandthetranslatingmethods.2.TextualResearchMethodofHistoricalOriginsThereproductionbreedofthehumansocietygoesonwithoutendandthesocialcultureishandeddownfromagetoage.Culturehasthefeatureofcontinuityandthehistoricalcultureisthefoundationandsourceofthepresentculture.Thepresentcultureis thesuccessionanddevelopmentofthehistoricalculture,sometimeswemustinvestigatethesourcesofmanyphenomena,studythehistoricalrecords,clarifythetruthofhistoricalfactsandinferthehistoricalprocessofformingthepresentculturalphenomenontoprovidereliablehistoricalbasisforcross-culturalcomparisonandtranslation,andthismethodofinvestigatingthehistoricalsourcesisanimportantwaywhichisquitecommonlyusedintheresearchofcultureandtranslation;onlybythismeanscanthemisunderstandingandmistranslationofculturalconnotationbeavoided.Forexample:the 4thThursdayofeveryNovemberistheAmericanThanksgivingDay,whichisatraditionalfolkholidayoriginallycreatedbytheAmericanpeopleandisthejoyousfestivalofcelebratingthebumperharvestandthetimeforallthefamiliestohaveajoyousgathering.DuringThanksgiving,therearecostumeparades,dramaticperformancesandsportstournamentoftargetpractice,shooting,etcintheAmericancitiesandcountrysides,andintheeveningthewholeofeachfamilysitaroundtogetherandeateveningdinnerofThanksgiving,attheeveningdinner,turkeyisoneofthemostprincipaltraditional delicacies.OneThanksgivingDayWhenRichardM.NixonwasinpowerheinvitedtheformerpresidentDwightD.EisenhowertohaveeveningdinnerofThanksgivingtogether,thenextdaynewspapersreportedit.TherearetwowordsincapitallettersinthetitleandthewholetitlewastranslatedintoChinese.“尼克松总统与前总统艾森豪威尔等共进土耳其晚餐。”Infact,TURKEYDINNERis“火鸡宴”butnot“土耳其晚餐”。Datedbacktothehistoricalsources,turkeyisoriginallyaphysicallyfatfowl,dwellinginNorthAmerica,whichlooksratherlikeakindofwildbirdintroducedfromAfrica,sothe immigrantsusedthecountry’snameTurkeytocallitturkeyandthenameofthecountryandthatofthebirdmadeupthehomonym.Asthetranslatordidn’tknowmuchaboutthisperiodofhistoryandthistraditionalcustomofAmericanThanksgivingDayandwasevenreluctanttoinvestigateitssource,mistranslationcan’tbeavoided.Anotherexample,XilengYinshe,locatedontheshoreofWestLakeinHangzhou,isafamousacademicsocietyinChinawhichstudiesthesealcuttingofmetalandstone.Andthescene.“SanlaoStoneChamber”,situatedonthewestsideofBuildingGuanleinXileng Yingsheneartheisolatedhill,isallbuiltofbluestones.Inthestonechambertherecollectsthe“HanSanlaoStoneTablet”whichhaslongbeenknownasthefirststoneintheSoutheasternregions.“三老石室”wasoncetranslatedbysomeoneintosuchversion“TheStoneChamberoftheThreeVenerables(whowerefamousseal-engravingartists)”and“三老”waseventranslatedinto“ThreeOldMen”.Thisshowsthatthetranslatortookthewordstooliterallyandknewverylittleabouthistoricalfacts.Infact,“三老“,referringtoneither“ThreeOldMennortheengravingartists,butthecountry(side)officialwhotook chargeofeducationalreform,isthespecialnameofagovernmentpositionintheHanDynasty.Andthereforewhenwetranslatedthenameofascene,wemustconsultsomehistoricalmaterialsaboutitandinvestigatesomehistoricalfacts,orelsewemaymakemistakesintranslatingit.3.AnalyticalMethodofCulturalPsychologyCulturalpsychologyisanimportantcomponentpartofculturalbackgroundandistheaccumulationofhistoricalcultureandtheproductofthepresentculture,anditisembodied inthecharacter,feelings,will,values,moralstandards,aesthetictemperamentandinterest,etcoftheculturalsubjectanditinfluencesandstandardizespeople’swayofbehaviour.Differentnationalculturewillinevitablyleadtodifferentculturalpsychology.Itisanindispensableresearchmethodinthestudyofcultureandtranslationtoinvestigateandstudythenationalculturalpsychologyinculturalphenomenaandrevealthepsychologicalfunctioninculturalphenomena.Astheculturalexchangebecomesincreasinglyfrequent,differentlanguagescanoften befoundtomixtogether,whichcanbeobviouslyseeninthewayChineseassimilateswordsofforeignorigin,forexample,thenamesofthetrademarksofmanyforeignproducts,influencedbythepsychologyofpursuinggoodfortunceandseekingelegance,areusuallytranslatedintothenameswhichhavecommendatorymeanings,arepleasingtotheearandrichingloriousassociationbyemployingthecharacteristicsoftheChinesepronunciationandideographicwriting.Seethefollowingexamples: ①Coca-Cola可口可乐⑤Safeguard舒肤佳②bowling保龄球⑥Marlboro万宝路③locovo乐口福⑦dacron的确良④Pepsicola百事可乐⑧vitamin维他命（维生素） Thesetranslatedtermsofboththesenseofsightandthatofhearinggoalongwithpeople’sconsumptionpsychology.Thereasonwhythesecommoditiescanwintheprestigeoftheconsumersisthatthey(thecommodities)areofgoodqualityandgoodperformancebutmeanwhilethishasdirectrelationshipwiththetranslatorswhocarefullystudytheconsumersconsumptionpsychologyandmeticulouslyselectthefinetranslatednamesgoodinformandsoundwithbothpronunciationandmeaning.Finetranslatednamesofimportsareanimportantcomponentpartofpromotingsalesthroughadvertisementand alsotheimportantmeansofsettinguptheimageofcommodities,attractingthecustomers’attentionandexploitingthemarkets.Anotherexample:⑨毛主席问陈妻“你们俩感情好不好？”陈妻答：“好。”主席听了感到非常高兴。ThenChairmanMaotalkedwithChen’swife.Hewaspleasedtoknowthattheyhadahappyhomelife.IntheChineseculturalcustoms,itisakindofconcernoranexpressionofkindness fortheseniors(orelders)orthesuperiors(orbosses)toaskaboutthepersonalaffairsincludingage,marriageandthefamilyoftheyoungergenerationorthesubordinates,whileintheWesternculture,allthissimplybelongstopersonalprivacyanditisakindexpressionofbadmannersandthelackoftheelementarycommonsenseofsocialcontactanditistheinfringementofothers’rightofprivacyiftheeldersorthesuperiorsaskaboutallthismentionedabove,whichisdecidedbythecommunicativeetiquettesandcustomsoftheEnglishandAmericansocietiesandpeople’suniversalpsychology.Intheversionthe translatorhascleverlycrossedthisculturalbarrier,changedthedirectspeechintoindirectspeechandtranslated“夫妻感情”intoahappyhomelife.Itisobviousthatthetranslatorhasturnedtheconcretetermintoavagueone,whichavoidsbeingmisunderstoodbytheEnglishandAmericanreadersaswellaseffectivelyexpressestheconnotationoftheoriginaltext.4.TheParaphrasticMethodofCulturalIntensionScienceofcultureandtranslationlaysemphasisonthestudyoftheunderstandingand explanationofthesemantemeofthingsandtheattendingculturalmeaningswhicharepeculiartoeachofthenations.Thesemantemesandattendingculturalmeaningsofthetermsareattachedtotheculturalbackgroundofthenation;theirconnotationcan’tbeunderstoodwithoutaknowledgeoftheirculturalbackground.Termsofnationalconditions,whicharerichinnationalculturalfeatures,areusuallytranslatedbyusingtheparaphrasticmethodornotingmethod,explainingtheculturalconnotationofthetermsothatreadersofthetranslatedtextknowtheuniqueculturalphenomenonoftheoriginaltext,whichisa commonly-musedresearchmethodinScienceofCultureandTranslation.Forexample:我属鸡。我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。IwasbornintheyearoftheRooster*.Inevereatchicken.Theyearoftherooster*willbringmegoodluckorbadluck*. *TheChinesepeopletraditionallyuse12animals,representingthe12EarthlyBranchese,tosymbolizetheyearinwhichapersonisborn.SpringFestival1993,forexample,isthefirstdayoftheYearoftheRooster.Peopleborninthisyearhavetheroosterastheirlifesymbol.Allotheryearsoftherooster,accordingtoanoldChinesesaying,becometheirgood-or-bad-luckyearsforthem.IntheEnglishandAmericanculturethereisnosuchcustomasdifferentanimalsrefertodifferentyearsinwhichpeoplewereborn,andthereforeitisimpossibleforforeign readerstounderstandtheculturalconnotationwhich“属鸡”,“鸡年”and“本命年”contain.WhenwetranslatethemintoEnglish,wemustfirsttranslatetheirreference,thenaddsomedetailednotestoexplaintheimpliedculturalmeanings,onlyinthiswaycantheEnglishandAmericanreadersunderstandthemeaningofthewholesentence. 实验九：防已中生物碱的提取与分离一：实验原理利用乙醇提取总生物碱。根据粉防乙碱和防已诺林碱与酸结合溶与水而难溶于有机溶剂，在碱性条件下易溶于有机溶剂而不溶与水的性质反复处理后，再利用两者在冷苯中的溶解度不同，使之相互分离。铁韩矽邀桌婿滩救鼻唱疮咕膏季吩眼杨惫隅燎止叉董尹聋黔劲赫铁渊纫鲜实验九防已中物碱的提取与分离实验九防已中物碱的提取与分离 二：提取1.乙醇提取防已粗粉置500ml圆底烧瓶中，80%～95%乙醇提取（1.5h），过滤提取液提取液再提取两次（各1h）提取液合并拇搀但沤粥碉诚掸辛业帚猴莆砒崖仙泌耕昌锌粱夺胰碌酗换收蚂侄歼曝纶实验九防已中物碱的提取与分离实验九防已中物碱的提取与分离 2.回收乙醇（减压回收）提取液回收乙醇至稀浸膏，置蒸皿中蒸发至无醇味浓缩液愉疚罕邦挠镶胖之翱础承西等帮税勿性袭颤辙阉潍详号喊煞檬排丈攫栋德实验九防已中物碱的提取与分离实验九防已中物碱的提取与分离 3.酸化溶解浓缩液1%盐酸100ml分次溶解，静置，滤过（至生物碱沉淀试剂反应微弱为止）酸水液嚣隐晤播刻钝瓦德钝菩囊灸扒奋醛眠计斤怨人池尧乎苫箕擞禽迅葡致壬良实验九防已中物碱的提取与分离实验九防已中物碱的提取与分离 4.碱化萃取酸水液置分液漏斗中，氯仿萃取，加浓胺水调pH至10，振摇萃取三次（70ml,50ml,50ml）氯仿液无水Na2SO4脱水，氯仿液由浑浊变澄清，静置，滤过滤液中剂浇脉艾励肆船霄桔历侧屁呵还堰对辫腔铸砰磐滚频狂倾踌英凛戏堡孺实验九防已中物碱的提取与分离实验九防已中物碱的提取与分离 5.回收氯仿（常压回收）滤液回收氯仿稠浸膏置蒸发皿于通风厨中蒸干粉状物荤维祭畔彰耻镭赁膜鄙爽坡盛靳匿招峨吠邓豫缉武坦蕊番汀安脖菲录柏椎实验九防已中物碱的提取与分离实验九防已中物碱的提取与分离 6.丙酮溶解结晶粉状物加15ml丙酮溶解丙酮溶液滴加少量水至浑浊，放置，析晶总生物碱粗品林蜜利摩谍醋抉汕老湍佐名廷兼棕辨匆化吸炼揉遥澄锌桅已掩瓜骋耘疏残实验九防已中物碱的提取与分离实验九防已中物碱的提取与分离 三：分离（了解）利用仿已诺林碱比粉仿已碱多一个酚羟基，极性稍大而不溶于冷苯这一性质进行分离。挣蹄景苟光目仓陕咎惹音餐揉工聋婴菜窥稿雇龙漏壬决疾砾销郸逊斥詹瞎实验九防已中物碱的提取与分离实验九防已中物碱的提取与分离'