《新时代交互英语》综合教程（四）课件PPT上 253页

'Chapter1ThinkingGloballyNiuShujieFacultyofCollegeEnglishTeachingNewEraInteractiveEnglishLevel4 PartAReading ActivereadingReadthestatementfor5minutes,thensummarizethefivestepsofactivereadingQuestions:--Whatisactivereading?--Whyshouldwereadactively?--Howtoreadactivelyandwhatarethefivestepsofactivereading?Readingstrategy1: --What’sactivereading?Activereadingmeansreadingcritically,orquestioning,whatyouread.--Whyshouldwereadactively?Activereadingcanhelpyouunderstandthereadingbetterandalsomakereadingmoreenjoyable.--What’sthefivestepsofactivereading?Preparingtoread;Reading;Markingandquestioning;Reviewing;Responding KeepareadingjournalMarkingandquestioningisoneofthefivestepsofactivereading.Tofulfillthisstep,it’squitenecessarytokeepareadingjournal.Question:What’stheuseofkeepingareadingjournal?Whatcanyouputinyourreadingjournal?Readingstrategy2: --What’stheuseofkeepingareadingjournal?Keepareadingjournalcanhelpyoutokeeptrackofyourideasandyourlearning.Itcanhelpyoutoreviewyourideas,rememberyourreadingandunderstandmorefullywhatyouhaveread.--Whatcanyouputinyourreadingjournal?Youcanputyourwrittenresponsetothereadings;somegoodvocabularyitems;someusefulsentences,etc.togetherinyourreadingjournal. Reading1 Discussthefollowingquestionswithyourgroupmates.Foreachgroup,onestudentissupposedtorecordtheopinionsofthegroupmates.Thenanotherstudentisresponsibleforreportingtheiropinionstotheothers.Warmingupexercise:WhathappenedonJuly1,1997?WhataretheOpiumWars?Andwhatwereconsequencesofthewars?WhatdoyouthinkofDengXiaoping’sroleinHongHong’sreturn?What’sthesignificanceofHongKong’sreturn? Readingcomprehension:Task1:ReadthetextagainbyyourselvesandtrytosummarizethespeechofPresidentJiangandcompletethefollowingsummary.Task2:Workingrouptoanswerthefollowingquestions.Whatdoes“onecountry,twosystems”mean?WhywasHongKongoriginallytransferredtoBritishpower?WhatistheHKSAR?WhatwilltheChinesegovernmentcontinuetodoafterresumingexerciseofsovereigntyoverHongKong? SummaryofJiangZemin’sspeechTheChineseandBritishgovernmentshaveheld_________________________________,announcingtheresumptionbytheChinesegovernmentof____________________________________.HongKong’sreturntothemotherlandisashiningpageintheannalsoftheChinesenation.AfterreviewingthebriefhistoryofHongKong,PresidentJiangpromisesthatHongKongwillcontinueto______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.Andthen,hereaffirmsthat______________________________________________________________________________________________willremainunchangedfor50years.thehandoverceremonyofHongKongsovereigntyoverHongKongtheexerciseofpracticethecapitalistsystemwithitsprevioussocio-economicsystemandwayofliferemainingunchangedanditslawsbasicallyunchanged“onecountry,twosystems,”“HongKongpeopleadministeringHongKong”and“ahighdegreeofautonomy” Reference:“Onecountry,twosystems”referstothecapitalistsysteminHongKong,andtheChineseCommunistpartygoverningtherestofChina----bothnowapartofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.2.ChinacededHongKongtotheBritishaftertheOpiumWars.3.HKSARreferstotheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.4.HongKongwillcontinuetopracticethecapitalistsystem,withitsprevioussocio-economicsystemandwayofliferemainingunchangedanditslawsbasicallyunchanged. Wordsandphrases:In1898,BritainagaincoercedtheQingGovernmentintosigningtheConventionoftheExtensionofHongKong,thusoccupyingtheentireHongKongregion.(Para.4)coerce:v.makesb.dosthbyusingforceorthreatscoercesb.intosth./doingsth.-Thebosscoercedthestickersintocompliance.-Theywerecoercedintosigningthecontract.coercion:n.-Hepaidthemoneyundercoercion.coercive:adj. Wordsandphrases:Notwithstandingtheprolongedseparation,theflesh-and-bloodbondbetweenthepeopleonmainlandandHongKong…(Para.4)prolonged:adj.continuingforalongtime-Afterprolongedquestioning,shefinallyconfessed.乘火车的旅客要长时间受阻。-Therewillbeprolongeddelaysforrailwaytravelers.prolong:v.makesth.longer,espintime-Theyprolongedtheirvisitbyafewdays. Wordsandphrases:Chinahadachievednationalindependenceandliberationandembarkedonaroadtosocialism.(Para.5)embark:v.GoorbetakenonboardashiporanaircraftStartorengagein(espsth.newordifficult)-Heembarkedonanewcareer.-WeembarkforEuropeatNewYorkharbor.带汽车的乘客必须先上船。他着手一项别人都没敢做的冒险活动。-Passengerswithcarsmustembarkfirst.-Hehasembarkedonanadventurenooneelsehasdared. Wordsandphrases:Heinitiated,withexceptionalwisdomandgreatstatesmanship,thecreativevisionof“onecountry,twosystems,”…(Para.6)initiate:v.Put(ascheme,etc)intooperation;causesth.tobeginGivesb.elementaryinstruction-Thegovernmentwillinitiateareformoftheeducationalsystem.-Thebookwaswrittentoinitiateoutsiderstothemysteriesofthetrade.initiation:n.theactofbringsth.intoeffecttheinitiationofaninvestigation Wordsandphrases:initiative:n.1.Actiontakentoresolveadifficulty-Itishopedthatthegovernment’sinitiativewillbringthestriketoanend.2.theinitiative:powerorrighttotakeaction-Becauseofthegeneral’sindecisiveness,ourarmieshavelosttheinitiativetotheenemy.3.onone’sowninitiative:withoutanyoneelseorderingonetodosth,orsuggestingthatoneshoulddoit-Intheabsenceofmycommandingofficer,Iactedonmyowninitiative.4.taketheinitiative:takethefirststepinanundertaking-It’suptothiscountrytotaketheinitiativeinbanningnuclearweapon.Note: Wordsandphrases:Completethefollowingsentencesbyusinginitiate,initiation,initiative,onone’sowninitiative,taketheinitiative.Hehelpedme_______________.2.Ourcountry_______tradewithdevelopingnations.3.He_______________intryingtosolvetheproblem.onhisowninitiativeinitiatedtooktheinitiative Wordsandphrases:…toresolvetheHongKongquestionthroughdiplomaticnegotiationsandtomaintainlong-termprosperityandstabilityofHongKong.(Para.6)negotiation:n.discussionaimedatreachinganagreement-Negotiationofthesaletookalongtime.negotiate:v.-We’vedecidedtonegotiatewiththeemployersaboutourwageclaim.beinnegotiationwithsb.工会与业主议定一份新合同。-Thetradeunionnegotiatedanewcontractwiththeowner. Wordsandphrases:AfterHongKongreturnstothemotherland,theoverwhelmingmajorityofthelawspreviouslyinforcewillbemaintained.(Para.9)overwhelming:adj.toogreattoresistorovercome-Theout-partygotanoverwhelmingvictory.overwhelm:v.(usuallypassive)coversth./sb.completelybyflowingoverToaffectdeeplyinmindoremotionTodefeatcompletelyOverwhelmedwithgratitude,hefelltoknees.Ourteamoverwhelmedthevisitorsby40points.Agreatmassofwateroverwhelmedthevillage. Wordsandphrases:AgraduallyimproveddemocraticsystemsuitedtoHongKong’srealityisanimportantguaranteeforitssocialandpoliticalstability.(Para.9)ThingthatmakesaneventlikelytohappenPersonwhopromisestoberesponsibleforseeingthatsth.isdonePromisegivenbyonepersontoanotherthathewillberesponsibleforseeingthatsth.isdonePromisethatcertainconditionsagreedtoinatransactionguarantee:n.Thewatchcomeswithayear’sguarantee.Blueskiesarenotaguaranteeofcontinuingfineweather.Areyouwillingtobeaguaranteeofyourfriend’sgoodbehavior? beguaranteedtodo:becertaintodoWordsandphrases:guaranteesth.tosb.:promisesth.withcertaintyguaranteesthagainststh:undertaketopaythecostofrepairsguarantee:v.Wecannotguaranteethepunctualarrivaloftrainsinfoggyweather.Theinsuranceguaranteedhimagainstmoneylossincaseoffire.It’sguaranteedtorainwhenyouwanttogoout. 不能保证她不会接受。保证书还有效，所以厂家会给修理的。Wordsandphrases:他一出席，会议就成功在望。-Itisstillunderguarantee,sothemanufacturerwillrepairit.-Thereisnoguaranteethatshewillaccept.-Histurningupwillguaranteethesuccessofthemeeting.Translatethefollowingsentencebyusingguarantee. Wordsandphrases:TheBritishConsulate-General,whichwillbeinauguratedinafewhours’time,willbeourlargestintheworld.inaugurate:v.1.Introduce(anewpublicofficialorleader)ataspecialceremony2.Markthebeginningof(anorganizationorundertaking)oropen(abuilding,anexhibition,etc)withaceremony3.Introducesth.new-Concordeinauguratedanewerainairplanetravel.-Thecitylibrarywasinauguratedbythemayor.-HewillbeinauguratedaspresidentinJanuary. Reading2 ReadingcomprehensionReadthearticleonceanddiscussthefollowingquestionswithyourgroupmates.WhoisJeffreyBenzien?WhatistheTruthandReconciliationCommission?HowdidsomepeoplegetamnestyinSouthAfrica?Whywastheamnestyprogrambegun?WhoisP.W.Botha?Whyishefacingjailtime? Reference:1.JefferyBenzienisapolicecaptainwhotorturedpeoplewho’dbeenarrestedforopposingthegovernmentofSouthAfrica.2.Itisagroupofjudges,lawyers,andministerswholistentoconfessionsofpeople,whiteorblack,whocommittedcrimesfororagainstapartheid.Thecriminals,inexchange,receiveamnesty.3.Bysimplytellingthetruthabouttheircrimes,peoplecouldreceiveamnesty.4.ThisprogramisajointdealbetweenthewhitegovernmentandMandela’sgovernmenttoeaseracialtensions.5.HewasSouthAfrica’spresidentfrom1978to1989,oneofthemostviolentperiodinthecountry’shistory.Hefacesjailtimenotforhiscrimes,butforhisrefusaltoconfessbeforecommittee. Wordsandphrases:Hewasdemonstratingamethodoftorturethatwouldtakevictimstothebrinkofsuffocation.(Para.1)demonstrate:v.~sth.tosb.:showsthclearlybygivingevidence~sth.tosb.:showandexplainhowsth.worksorawayofdoingsth.~(against/infavorofsb/sth):takepartinapublicrally,usuallyasaprotestortoshowsupport-Hissuddendeparturedemonstratesthatheisunreliable.-Thousandsdemonstratedagainstthepriceincreases.-Anassistantdemonstratedthewashingmachine. Wordsandphrases:她示范最有效的自卫方法。-Shedemonstratedhowbesttodefendoneself.他们示威反对那条新法律。-Theydemonstratedagainstthenewlaw.这次选举是以实际行动体现了民主。-Theelectiondemonstratesdemocracyinaction.Translatethefollowingsentencesbyusingdemonstrate. Wordsandphrases:AmongthepeoplewhogatheredtohearBenzien’sconfessionlastsummerwereseveralofhisvictim.(Para.2)confession:n.Statementofone’sguiltFormaladmissionofone’ssinstoapriest-Hemadeafullconfessionofhiscrimes.-IalwaysgotoconfessiononFridays.confess:v.~tosth/doingsth.~sthtosb-Shefinallyconfessedtohavingstolenthemoney.-Heconfessedtothepriestthathehadsinned. Wordsandphrases:Weasanationmustconfrontthetruthandhealourselves.(Para.9)confront:v.~sb.withsb./sth.:makesb.faceorconsidersborsthunpleasant,difficult,etcbeconfrontedwith:face-Theyconfrontedtheprisonerwithhisaccusers.-AfterenteringtheWTO,Chinaisconfrontedwithmanychallenges.面对证据，她只好承认偷了钱。-Whenthepoliceconfrontedherwithevidence,sheadmittedthatshehadstolenthemoney. Wordsandphrases:Somestoriesthecommissionhearsaresoawfulthatthepeoplelisteningcandonothingbutcry.(Para.13)awful:adj.Extremelybadorunpleasant;terrible(informal)verybad(informal)verygreat-I’minanawfulhurrytogettothebank.-Theplightofstarvingpeopleistooawfultothinkabout.-Whatawfulweather!awfully:adv.Verymuch-I’mafraidthatI’mawfullylate.-Thanksawfullyforthepresent. Reviewingtasks:Dictationwithinthegroup:Thestudentwhoperformedthebestinagroupdictatewordsandphrasesinreading1and2tothegroupmates.Game:makingsentencesForeachgroupofstudents,theteacherwillgivethemsomenewwordsorexpressions.Whentheteachersaysoutonetothem,anyoneinthegroupshouldmakeasentencebyusingthewordorexpression.Thegroupthatmakesthemostsentenceswithin5minuteswillwin. PartBWriting Writingstrategy1:BrainstormtogetideasforyourwritingBrainstormingmeanscomingupwithasmanyideasyoucanthinkofwithoutstoppingtothinkorjudgeyourideas.Itisaneasyandpopulartechniqueforgettingstartedinwriting.Howcanithelp?Howtobrainstorm?Brainstormingbringslistsofideas,whichhelpyoutodiscoverwhatyouwanttowriteabout.youmaydoitalone,withapartner,orwithagroupofclassmates.Youmaydoitaloud,onpaperorinyourhead. Writingstrategy2:UseinventiontechniquestofindanddevelopideasforwritingQuestion:Howcanyougenerateideas?Whatarethethreetechniquesintroduced?Freewriting:Writingwhatevercomestoyourmind,withoutbeingconcernedwithgrammarorspelling.Quickwriting:Beginningwithasuggested,specifictopic;thenkeepwritingwithoutworryingaboutspelling,punctuation,orgrammar.Wordmapping:Linkingideastogetherinavisualpresentation. Grammarinwriting:parallelstructureParallelideashadbetterbeexpressedinparallelstructure,whichgiveemphasis,clarityandcoherencetoasentence.Errorsinparallelstructurecanleadtoconfusionforyourreaders.Faulty:Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobyhisdeeds.Revised:Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobywhathedoes.Amanisjudgednotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobyhisdeeds.Note:“whathesays”and“hisdeeds”arenotparallelinform,sooneofthemhastobechanged.Example: Applythegrammar:1.Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andaverycapableyoungwoman.Revised:Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andverycapable.Wethoughtshewasacharming,intelligent,andverycapableyoungwoman.2.Wehavegreatfaithandhighhopesforher.Revised:Wehavegreatfaithinandhighhopesforher.Correctthefollowingsentences. Writingknowledge:coherenceCoherenceofaparagraphisconcernedwithitsform,oritorganization.Thesentencesinaparagraphshouldbearrangedinaclear,logicalorder,andthetransitionsshouldbesmoothandnatural.Asaresult,thereaderfindsiteasytofollowthewriter’strainofthoughtandunderstandwhatheistalkingabout.Thefollowingwaysmayhelpthewritertoproduceacoherentandfluentparagraph:UsingparallelstructuresRepeatingwordsorwordgroupsUsingpronounstorefertonounsinprecedingsentencesBeingconsistentinthepersonandnumberofnounsandpronouns,andthetenseofverbsUsingtransitionalexpressions Transitionalexpressions:Forspatialdevelopment:aboveunderaroundbeneathbeyondontheleftontherightacrossfromadjacenttointhedistanceoppositetonexttoontopofclosetonearby…Forchronologicaldevelopment:first,second,etc.sooninthemeantimeatthesametimethenafteranintervalsomewhatlaternextthereafterthereuponpresentlylaterfinallyeventuallyatlast… Foranalyticaldevelopment:first,second,etc.nowforthispurposeasaresultbutfurthermoreconsequentlyyetmoreoveronthecontrarythusinadditioninthiscaseontheotherhandinconclusioninsummary…Forcomparisons:similarlyinthesamewaylike,likewiseaccordinglydespiteincontrastunlikewhereasjustas…sotheformer…thelaterthen…now…Transitionalexpressions: Applythewritingknowledge:Putintherighttransitionalexpressionsforeachblank.ForeigncarsareoftenmoreexpensivetoownintheUnitedStatesthanAmerican-madecars.___________,foreigncarscostmoretobuy._________,therearereasonsforthis.Thequalityofworkmanshipthatgoesintomakingthemisveryhigh._____hightariffsonmanyforeignmodelshaveraisedprices.___________,foreigncarsoftencostmoretoregister._________,insuranceratescanbehigher._________,partsandrepaircostsaremuchgreaterthantheyareforAmericancars.________,therearesomefinancialadvantagestoowningaforeigncar.______,manyofthemgetbettergasmileage,andtheyneednewtireslessoftenthanAmericancarsdo._______theirresalevalueishigher.Thispriceofayear-oldforeigncarmaybeonly$300lessthanwhatiscostnew._____thepriceforayear-oldAmericancarwillbearound$1000less.ForonethingOfcourseThenFurthermoreInadditionMoreoverHoweverFirstSecondBut Writingassignment:Writeacompositionwiththetopicof“Effectofadvancedtechnologyonhumanbeings”.Pleasebaseyourwritingonthefollowingoutline.Trytousethedifferentwaysofachievingcoherenceinyourarticle.EffectofadvancedtechnologyonhumanbeingsGreatconveniencetohumanbeingsSomeseriousproblemsresultedinbytherapiddevelopmentoftechnologyYouropinion Examplewriting:EffectofadvancedtechnologyonhumanbeingsAdvancedtechnologyhasofferedgreatconveniencetohumanbeings.Fastairplanestakeusanywherewewishatanytime.Electricapplianceslikemicrowaveovensmakeourhomelifemucheasier.What’smoreimportant,withadvancedtechnology,thedoctorshavesavedlotsofpatients’lives.Nevertheless,theuseofadvancedtechnologyhasresultedinsomeseriousproblems.Themostseriousoneispollution.Moderntransportationmeanshavealsobroughtaboutairandnoisepollution.Theabuseofcomputerdatabankshasinvadedtheprivacyofsomeindividuals,whichhascausedconsiderableconcern.Inspiteofthis,advancedtechnologyhasgivenusalotmoreofbenefitsthandisadvantages.Therefore,whileweenjoythegreatconvenienceithasbroughttous,wehavetolearntousehightechundercarefulplanningandcontrol. PartCTranslation Translatingstrategy:Scientificandtechnicaltranslation(科技翻译)科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，常用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。所以，了解这种语篇的特点对准确翻译有帮助。科技英语的特点如下： 一、大量使用名词化结构大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、强调存在的事实,而非某一行为。Eg.Therotationoftheearthonitsownaxiscausesthechangefromdaytonight.(名词化结构使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。)Eg.Televisionisthetransmissionandreceptionofimagesofmovingobjectsbyradiowaves.（使用名词化结构强调客观事实，尽量避免使用第一、二人称.) 二、广泛使用被动语句因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态.Eg.Attentionmustbepaidtotheworkingtemperatureofthemachine.而很少说:Youmustpayattentiontotheworkingtemperatureofthemachine. 三、非限定动词。如前所述，科技文章要求行文简练，结构紧凑，为此，往往使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句；使用不定式短语代替各种从句；介词+动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。这样可缩短句子，又比较醒目.Eg.Adirectcurrentisacurrentflowingalwaysinthesamedirection.Eg.Vibratingobjectsproducesoundwaves,eachvibrationproducingonesoundwave. 四、后置定语常见的结构以下四种：1、介词短语Eg.Theforcesduetofrictionarecalledfrictionalforces.2、形容词及形容词短语、副词。Eg.Inradiation,thermalenergyistransformedintoradiantenergy,similarinnaturetolight.3、单个分词，但仍保持校强的动词意义。Eg.Theresultsobtainedmustbecheeked.4、定语从句Eg.Duringconstruction,problemsoftenarisewhichrequiredesignchanges. 五、复合词与缩略词大量使用复合词与缩略词是科技文章的特点之一，复合词从过去的双词组合发展到多词组合；缩略词趋向于任意构词。Eg.full-enclosed全封闭的（双词合成形容词）feed-back反馈（双词合成名词）work-harden加工硬化（双词合成词）Eg.ft(foot/feet)英尺FM(frequencymodulation)调频（用首字母组成的缩略词）TELESAT(telecommunicationssatellite)通信卫星（混成法构成的缩略词） 六、专业词语专业词语是科技文体的一大特点。原文的内容愈专门，专业词语也愈多。这类词语比一般词语具有更精确，更固定的意义。关于专业词语的翻译，要注意几个问题：１.词义的选择有些词在一般用语和专业用语中的词义完全不同。同一个词用在不同的专业中，词义也不一样。例如名词pupil在一般用语中为“小学生”，在解剖学上为“瞳孔”；名词cell在一般用语中为“小室”，在生物学上为“细胞”，在电学上为“电池”，在建筑上为“隔板”。翻译这类词必须根据所讲的专业内容确定词义，然后选用与之相当的汉语来译，遇到不懂的或者不大熟悉的专业词语，一定要查阅有关的词典或专业书刊，选用恰当的译法。 ２.新词语的译法科学技术是不断发展的，随着新的科学成就的取得，科技文献中会出现一些新的词语，翻译新词语的方法一般有译意，译音，音意兼译，译形等。1）译意译意是根据原词的涵义译成相当的汉语。这样的译法词义明显，易于理解和接受，所以在可能的情况下，应该尽量采用这种译法。例如：gramophone留声机telescope显微镜transformer变压器loudspeaker扬声器２）译音人名、地名一般采用音译法，还有一些不便意译或找不到恰当的汉语来译的词也常用音译法进行翻译。 ３）音意兼译有些词是采用译音与译意相结合的方法翻译的。这样，使词义比单纯译音的较易理解。如：cigar雪茄烟rifle来复枪motor-cycle摩托车４）象译英语中用字母或词描述某种事物的外形，汉译时也可以通过具体形象来表达原意。它既不是意译，也不是音译，但作为一种翻译手段，可补意译和音译的不足，称之为“象译”。I-shaped工字形herringbonepattern人字形U-pipeＵ形管O-ringＯ形环V-belt三角带 科技翻译中，译者应该翻译文字所指的意思，而不是语言本身，因为翻译的目的重要是传达信息。根据这种语篇的特殊性，在翻译过程中灵活采用各种不同的翻译技巧与方法，如被动语态的译法、长句的处理方法、倍数的译法等。 Let’stranslate:Ifyouusefirebricksroundthewallsoftheboiler,theheatloss,canbeconsiderablyreduced.Attentionmustbepaidtotheworkingtemperatureofthemachine.Radiatingfromtheearth,heatcausesaircurrentstorise.Theforceupwardequalstheforcedownwardsothattheballoonstaysatthelevel.Themoleculesexertforcesuponeachother,whichdependuponthedistancebetweenthem. Reference:1.炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗.2.应当注意机器的工作温度。3.热量由地球辐射出来时，使得气流上升。4.向上的力与向下的力相等，所以气球就保持在这一高度。5.分子相互间都存在着力的作用，该力的大小取决于它们之间的距离。 Thankyou! PopulationandImmigrationXuGuihuaFacultyofCollegeEnglishTeachingNewEraInteractiveEnglishLevel4Chapter2 TeachingObjectives1.Masterdifferentreadingskillsandtechniquesforvariouspurposesofreading2.Learntowritemain-pointreadingjournal4.Identifythedifferencesbetweenabstractandconcretenounsandusethemeffectivelyinwriting5.Learntousepeerresponsesheettocommentonothers’essays6.Learntotranslatecomputerdocuments Whatispopulationexplosion?Whataretheeffectsofoverpopulationonenvironment?Shouldwelimitorevendecreasepopulationtoprotectenvironment?BrainstormingSupplementedreading:populationandenvironment-aglobalchallenge Watchanewsreportabouthowhumanactivityconflictswithenvironment.Doyouthinktheprojectofbuildinganentertainmentcentreshouldbesupported?Ifyouareoneoftheresidentsofthearea,whichpositionwouldyousupport?why?environmentorentertainmentWatching 1.DifferentPurposes,DifferentSkillsJustastherearemanydifferenttypesofreading,therearemanypurposesforreading.Understandingthesevariouspurposeswillhelpyoureadmoreeffectively.Lookatthelistbelow.Whendoyoureadforthesepurposes?Whatkindsofreadingskillsdoyouuse?Ifyoucanthinkofothers,addthemtothelist.Reading PurposesTypesofreadingReadingskillsTogetinformationaboutspecificquestionsTochecktheaccuracyofinformationTogetageneralunderstandingofatopicTolearnlanguageknowledge,e.g.theusageofwordsandsentencestructuresToevaluatewhatyoureadTounderstanddifficulttermsorideasTounderstandanauthor’spointofvieworargumentTocheckpredictionsyouhavemadeaboutatopicToenjoyreadingIdentifyandunderstandvariouspurposesofreadingReading IntroducedifferentreadingstylesandtechniquesReadingapproachReading SummarizemainpointsInsomereading,youoftenneedtoreadcomplexpassagesthatpresentalotofinformationormorethanonepointofview.Summarizingmainpointshelpsyourecognizewhatthemostimportantpointsareandhelpsyoubetterunderstandwhatyouhaveread.Reading CreateaMain-pointReadingJournalforReading1Inyourgroup,halfofthememberswillholdopinionforimmigrationreform,andtheotherhalfagainstit.Pleaselookforinformationinthereadingtofillthefollowingchart.GroupDiscussionForImmigrationReformAgainstImmigrationReformWho:Reasons:Who:Reasons:Who:Reasons:Who:Reasons: Membersofoppositeopinionsexchangeinformationtocompletethewholechart.Note:onlyrefertoyourjournalinthediscussion. ComprehensionofReading2ThefollowingisasummaryofReading2withblanks.Howcanyoucompleteit?Listentotheteachingreadthecompleteversionofthesummaryandcheckitwithyourownunderstanding.EveryWednesday,EstherKuroiwawouldtakeWilshireBusto____________.Inthebusshealways___________.Oneday,onthewaytoherhusband’shospital,she______________.Themankepttalkingabout______________.Shefoundthattheguy____________.Realizingthat_________,shewasquite_______.Whenshereachedherhusband’sroomandcaughtsightohiswelcomingface,she__________________.Reading ComprehensionofReading2Whatdoyouthinkarethemainideasofthisreading?ItisabouttheAmericansociety:thewarbroughtAmericanstogether,butracialdifferencesstilldividedpeople.Itisaboutthecourageagainstprejudice:it’simportanttostandupagainstprejudice,nottrytohidefromit.It’saboutracialdiscrimination:theOrientalsaretreatedunfairlyinwesternsociety.Reading Tuningin:TheSierraClubControversyBeforewatching:reviewthetwopointsofviewdiscussedinreading1Watchingtime:watchtheCNNvideostoryabouttheSierraClub.Groupdiscussion:discussthequestionsonPage31inyourgroup.Watching AssignmentReviewthetworeadingsinthischapterandwritemain-pointreadingjournals;Consideradebatetopicof“MeltingpotorMosaic?”(seefurtherexplanationonPage40)andreadmorearticlesonthistopicafterclass.Writingjournalsornotestokeeparecordoftheideasyougetfromthereading.Reading Pre-writingActivitiesFindyourselfapartner.Showhim/herthereadingjournalsornotesyou’vemadeforafter-classreadingabouttheAmericansociety;exchangetheideasyou’vegotfromthereading.Addtoyournotesideasthatcomefromyourpartnertoimproveyourunderstandingofthetopic.WriteanoutlineforyourargumentintheDebateonPage39.Askforyourpartner’sideastoimproveit.WritingPairWork GrammaryoucanuseinyourwritingAbstractandconcretenouns WritingKnowledgeHowtoDevelopAnEssay WritingTimeTopic:MeltingPotorMosaic?WhichimagedoyouthinkismoreaccuratetodescribetheAmericansociety.Givesupportforyouropinionfromtheideasyou’vegotinyourreadinganddiscussionwithyourclassmates.Length:120-150wordsTime:30minutesReading PeerFeedbackWhydoyouneedother’sfeedbackonyourwriting?Having“anotherpairofeyes”lookatyourworkcanhelpyoufindproblemsyoucan’tsee.Whydoyouneedpeerfeedback?Peerfeedbackcan:Increasethesenseofautonomyandresponsibilityinyourlearningprocess;Raiseyourawarenessofyouownpotentialforeffectiverevision;Produceanabilitytoself-correctsurfaceerrors.Writing PeerFeedbackActivitiesCommenting:Exchangedraftswithyourpartner.Readeachother’sdraftandanswerthequestionsinthepeerfeedbacksheet.OralInteraction:Givethedraftandthepeerfeedbacksheetbacktoyourpartner.Discussyourreactionstoeachother’sdraft.Makeanoteofanypartyouneedtorevise.Writing PeerFeedbackSheet1.WhichimagedoestheauthorusetodescribetheAmericansociety?2.Identifythemethodthatisusedtodeveloptheessay.Doyouthinkitisaneffectiveone?Ifnot,suggestwaystoimprovethedevelopment.3.Markplacesthatuseabstractnounsorgeneralizationwhichcanbebetterexpressedbyusingconcretespecifics.4.Arethereanyotherproblemwiththedraft,includingspelling,grammaticalormechanicerrors?pointoutthemtoyourpartner. Assignment:Reviseyourwritingaccordingtoyourpeer’scommentsandyourownideasofrevision.Rewriteitonthebackofthepeerresponsesheetandhanditinnextweek. TranslatingComputerDocumentsIdentifythetechnicaltermsandfindoutthestandardtranslations.Sourcesofreference:computerdictionaryornetworkwordstock(ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/developer/msdn/newup/Glossaryhttp://www.webopedia.com/http://www.saugus.net/Computer/Terms/)Thetranslatedversionshouldbereadableforcommonreaders.Translating TranslationexercisesPleasetranslatethefollowingintoEnglish,payingspecialattentiontothetechnicaltermsinthepiece.TheInternetisanenormousandrapidly-growingsystemoflinkedcomputernetworks,world-wideinscope,thatfacilitatesdatacommunicationservicessuchasremotelogin,filetransfer,electronicmail,theWorldWideWeb,andnewspaper.RelyingonTCP/IP,theInternetassignseveryconnectedcomputerauniqueInternetaddress,alsocalledanIPaddress,sothatanytwoconnectedcomputerscanlocateeachotheronthenetworkandexchangedata.AlthoughthereareInternetconnectionsinvirtuallyeverycountryintheworld,thenetworkistillpredominantlyEnglish-speakingandmostusersliveinEnglish-speakingcountries.WithinEnglish-speakingcountries,theInternetisbestseenasanewpubliccommunicationmedium,potentiallyonaparwiththetelephonesystemortelevisioninubiquityandimpact.Translating TechnicaltermsThedefinitionofthefollowingtermsaretakenfromhttp://www.webopedia.com/remoteInnetworks,remotereferstofiles，device,andotherresourcesthatarenotconnecteddirectlytoyourworkstation.Resourcesatyourworkstationareconsideredlocal.Login:Tomakeacomputersystemornetworkrecognizeyousothatyoucanbeginacomputersession.Alternativespellingsforlognarelogonandlogin.electronicmail：thetransmissionofmessagesovercommunicationnetworks.WorldWideWeb：AsystemofInternetserversthatsupportspeciallyformatteddocuments.TCP:AbbreviationofTransmissionControlProtocol,andpronouncedasseparateletters.TCPisoneofthemainprotocosinTCP/IPnetworks.IP:ShortforInternetProtocol.IPspecifiestheformatofpackets,alsocalleddatagrams,andtheaddressingscheme.Translating Thetranslatedversion因特网是一个庞大且不断迅速发展的连接计算机网络的系统，规模覆盖全球，促进各种数据通信服务，如远程登记、文件传输、电子邮件、万维网和新闻组。因特网依靠传输控制协议/网际协议（TCP/IP），为所有连接的计算机指定一个特殊的因特网地址，也称IP地址，使任何两台相连的计算机都可以在网上找到对方，互通数据。虽说目前全球各国都跟因特网联网，但网上仍以英语材料为主，大多数用户居住在说英语的国家。在英语国家中，因特网普遍被认为是一种新的大众通信媒介，很有发展潜力，其普及程度与影响终有一天可跟电话或电视不相上下。Translating Thankyou! AllTalkXuGuihuaFacultyofCollegeEnglishTeachingNewEraInteractiveEnglishLevel4Chapter3 Objectives1.AppreciatethevarioustechniquesemployedbythewriterDrawinferencesfromyourreadingDifferentiateconnotationsanddenotations2.Understandthecontentsandthemainideasofthetworeadingmaterials3.Masterthekeylanguagepointsandgrammaticalstructuresinthetexts4.Learnmethodsforbeginninganessay5.Learntotranslatemultiplication PartAReading Readingstrategies:Strategy1:DrawinferencesfromyourreadingWhat’sthedefinitionofinference?Whatareinferencesaffectedby?Whyislearninghowtodrawinferencesfromyourreadingimportant?Readthestatementinyourbookandanswerthefollowingquestions. Inferencesareevidence-basedguesses.Theyaretheconclusionsareaderdrawsabouttheunsaidbasedonwhatisactuallysaid.What’sthedefinitionofinference?Whatareinferencesaffectedby?Inferencesareaffectedbycircumstances,interpretation,assumptionandalsothechoiceofwords.Whyislearninghowtodrawinferencesfromyourreadingimportant?Ithelpsyoutounderstandthereadingbetterandtobeabletorespondtothewriter’smindmoreaccurately. Strategy2:ScanareadingforspecificinformationReadthestatementinyourbookandanswerthefollowingquestions.Whatdoesscanningmean?Whydowescanwhenreading?Whatshouldwereadforspecificinformation,inotherwords,howtoapplytheskillofscanning? Whatdoesscanningmean?Scanningmeansreadingquicklytofindspecificinformation.Whydowescanwhenreading?Scanningforinformationcanhelpyoutorememberandreviewimportantinformationfromyourreading.Whatshouldwereadforspecificinformation,inotherwords,howtoapplytheskillofscanning?Keepyoureyesmovingquickly,andonlysearchforinformationinthequestions.Lookatimportantwordsinthequestionsandreadespeciallyforthosewords. Reading1:BackgroundinformationAbriefhistoryofthedevelopmentofEnglishTheoldEnglishperiodMiddleEnglishModernEnglish Reading1:BackgroundinformationTheOldEnglishperiod(449-1100)ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguagebeginswiththeconquestandsettlementbytheAngles,Saxonsandjutesfromabout450AD.ThelanguagetheyspokewasAnglo-Saxon,whichreplacedthelanguageusedbytheformerinhabitant.Thenext650yearsareknownastheOldEnglishperiodoftheEnglishlanguage.ThevocabularyofoldEnglishwerechieflyAnglo-Saxon. Reading1:BackgroundinformationLongbeforetheirinvasionofBritaintheAnglesandSaxonshadhadvariouscontactswiththeRomans,throughwhichtheyborrowedaconsiderablenumberofLatinwords:suchas“bargain,inch,dish”,etc.TheEnglishlanguagecontinuedtoadoptwordsfromLatinduringtheOldEnglishperiod,especiallyaftertheintroductionofChristianityintoBritainin597.ItisnaturalthatmostoftheLatinwordsborrowedatthattimewererelatedtoreligion. Reading1:BackgroundinformationMiddleEnglish(1100-1500)ThetransitionalperiodfromOldEnglishtoModernEnglishisknownasMiddleEnglish,whichischaracterizedbythestronginfluenceofFrench.SincetheFrench-speakingNormansweretherulingclass,Frenchwasusedforallstateaffairsandformostsocialmatters;butthemassescontinuedtospeakEnglish.Onlytowardtheendofthe15thcenturydidEnglishbecomeoncemorethelanguageofthewholecountry.However,thelanguageshowedvastchangesintheEnglishvocabulary–thelossofalargepartoftheoldEnglishwordsandtheadoptionofthousandsofFrenchwords. ModernEnglish(1500-thepresent)Reading1:BackgroundinformationIntheearlystageofthisperiod(1500-1700),theRenaissancebroughtgreatchangestothevocabulary.Fromthe16thcenturyonward,Englishborrowedwordsfromanincreasingnumberoflanguages,themajoronesbeingthethreeRomancelanguages—French,SpanishandItalian.Attheturnofthe19thand20thcenturies,asaresultofexploration,colonizationandtrade,manywordscameinfromnon-Europeanlanguages,likeChinese”Hongfu”andtheJapanese“kimono”. Reading1:ReadingaloudexerciseStudentsineachgrouptaketurntoread.Whenonestudentisreading,theotherstudentsinthesamegroupshouldlistencarefullytoseeifthere’sanypronunciationmistake. Reading1:ReadingcomprehensionReadthearticleagainwithoutvoice.Afteryourreading,discussthecomprehensionexercise1&2withyourgroupmates.Everyoneinthesamegroupshouldwritedowntheopinionsofthegroupmates. Referenceforexercise1:1.Thechoiceofwordscarrieddifferentemotionalreactions.Forinstance,theword“mother”connoteslove,care,andtenderness.2.Denotationreferstotheactualdictionarydefinitionoftheword,withouttheattachmentofanemotionalresponse.Forexample,ifyoulookupthewordaggressive,youwillfindthatitmeans“characterizedbyunprovokedoffensiveattacks,hostilebehavior,vigorouslyenergetic,andboldlyassertive. Referenceforexercise1:3.Forexample,theword,“aggressive”,ifusedtodescribeatypeoftreatmentforadeadlydisease,aggressivecarriesapositiveemotionalresponse.Ontheotherhand,ifyourfriendcomplainsthatasalespersonisaggressive,thepictureyougetofthatsalespersonisnotpositive.4.Connotationsaffectourunderstandingfortheemotionalassociationwhichawordoraphrasesuggestsinourmind. Reading1:WordsandphrasesAshepinnedthecorsageonher,hesaidtothecongregation…(Para.1)pin:v.Tofastenwithorasifwithapin--Canyoupinthistothenoticeboard?--Hepinshopeonpassingtheentranceexamination.n.大头针pin-headpin-moneypinprickpinsandneedles令人烦恼的小事傻瓜,笨蛋发麻,针刺感私房钱 assumption:n.--Theirassumptionthattheirprojectwassomethingentirelynewprovedtobeuntrue.2.Theactofpretending--Thehostessbustledaboutwithanassumptionofauthority.Reading1:WordsandphrasesWordchoiceandassumptionsthatindividualsholdaboutthosewordsaffecttheirinferences.(Para.2)1.Somethingacceptedastruewithoutproof Reading1:WordsandphrasesTheminister’sandmother’sstatementswereessentiallythesame.(Para.2)essential:adj.basicorindispensableessentially:adv.basicallynecessary:adj.thatcannotbedonewithoutoravoidednecessarily:adv.asanunavoidableresultItisessentialforustosetourgoalrealistically.Isitnecessaryforyoutobuysomanyclothesatatime?Hisproposalisnotessentiallydifferentfromyours.Tallermenaren"tnecessarilystrongmen. Reading1:WordsandphrasesCompletethefollowingsentencesbyusingessential,essentially,necessary,necessarily.Shehasn’ttheexperience__________forthejob.Heis__________agenerousman.Ismoney__________tohappiness?Bigmenaren’t____________strongmen.necessaryessentiallyessentialnecessarily Reading1:WordsandphrasesWhatisadenotation?Denotationreferstotheactualdictionarydefinitionoftheword,withouttheattachmentofanemotionalresponse.Forexample,ifyoulookuptheword“water”,youwillfindthatitmeans“liquidasinriver,lakes,seasandoceans”.Itiscertainthatachemistknowsmoreaboutwaterthanalayman.Butalaymanandachemistcanbothusethewordwaterandunderstandeachother.Therefore,denotativemeaningisthecentralfactorinlinguisticcommunication. Reading1:WordsandphrasesWhatisaconnotation?Connotationreferstotheemotionalassociationwhichawordsuggestsinone’smind.Forinstance,thedenotativemeaningofthewordmotheris“femaleparent”,butitgenerallyconnoteslove,care,andtenderness.ThewordJanuarydenotes“thefirstmonthoftheyear”,buttheconnotationsofthewordmayincludecoldweather,abitingnorthwind,snow,centralheating,skatingortheNewYear. Reading1:WordsandphrasesIfyoulookuptheword“aggressive”,youwillfind…(Para.2)looklookup:searchforawordorfactinadictionarylookdownon:considersb/sthinferiortooneselflookon:1.watchsthwithouttakingpartin2.Regardsb/sthinacertainwaylookover:examinesthpartbypartlookto:1.becarefulaboutsth.2.Relyonsb/sthlookinto:examinesth.lookthrough:examinesthcarefully Reading1:WordsandphrasesCompletethesentencesbyusinglookup,lookon,lookdownon,lookover,lookto,lookinto,lookthrough.Iusedto_________himasafriend.Whenyoudonotunderstandaword,youcan____it____inthisdictionary.Thepoliceare___________hisappearance.Weare__________youforhelp.She_______________peoplewho’veneverbeentouniversity.Wemust__________thehousebeforewedecidetorentit.lookonlookuplookingintolookingtolooksdownonlookover evoke:v.Tocalltomind--Thenewlypublishedbookhasevokedmuchcontroversy.--Thatoldfilmevokedourfathergeneration"smemoriesoftheyearsofthewar.Reading1:WordsandphrasesTheword“aggressive”evokesbothpositiveandnegativeemotions.(Para.2)这乐曲勾起她对青年时期的回忆。Thismusicevokedmemoriesofheryouth. Reading1:WordsandphrasesTheyexpectyoutorespondemotionallyinacertainwaytothewordchoice.inawayinthewayonone"sway/onthewayoutofthewayinnowaythewayoutnowaybythewaybywayof没门，别想顺便说说挡道;阻碍,干涉在某种程度上途经在途中决不出路不挡道;不挡道、不碍事 ___________,ayoungmanwavedtome.Ilikethenewstyles,____________.I’mafraidyourcaris___________.TheyaretravelingtoFrance__________Germany.___________willIworkforthatman.Reading1:WordsandphrasesCompletethesentencesbyusingthephrasesof“way”.OnthewayinawayinthewaybywayofInnoway prime:adj.Reading1:WordsandphrasesColorisaprimeelementinpainting.(Para.3)Mostimportant,chiefOfthebestquality;excellent--Herprimeconcernistoprotecttheproperty.--Thisisaprimesitefordevelopment.n.Stateortimeofgreateststrength,vigor;thebestpart--Heisstillintheprimeoflife,whilesheispastherprime. dramatic:adj.--Shemadeadramaticspeechatthemeeting.--Theplayisadramaticrepresentationofarealevent.Reading1:WordsandphrasesMonetmakesaboldanddramaticdeparturefromtheconventionalcolorcombinations…(Para.3)OfdramaExcitingorimpressive她的开场白十分激动人心。Heropeningwordsweredramatic. Reading2ComprehensionofReading2Readthearticleofreading2anddiscusswithyourgroupmatesandcompletethefollowingoutline.Para1-2:Englishhasspreadtheglobetobecomethedominantlanguageofentertainment,businessandscience.Advantagestohavingaglobelanguage–enablepeopletoknowandlearnmoreabouteachother.Disadvantages–divisiveandexclusionary;creatingaprivilegedeliteforthosewhoknowtheprevalentlanguage.Para3-4:Para5-7:Twodifferentopinionsaboutwhetherotherlanguageswilldisappear.Para8-10:Englishwillcontinuetoevolveandchange. Reading2:WordsandphrasesHowdidEnglishrisetosuchahighstatus?(Para.1)status:n.person’ssocial,legalorprofessionalpositionorrankinrelationtoothersHighrankorsocialpositionWomenhaveverylittlestatusinmanycountries.statussymbol:社会地位、身分的象征statusquo:现状；原来的状况你在公司里的正式职位是什么？What’syourofficialstatusinthecompany? Reading2:Wordsandphrases…,thuscreatingaprivilegedelitewithaccesstocommunitiesbyvirtueoftheirknowledgeofprevalentlanguage.(Para.3)privileged:adj.HavingspecialrightoradvantagehonoredWeareveryprivilegedtohaveSenatorDobbswithusthisevening.Shecamefromaprivilegedbackground.今晚我们非常荣幸，请到法国外交部长作为我们的主要发言人。WeareprivilegedtonighttohaveasourmainspeakertheForeignMinisterofFrance. Reading2:Wordsandphrasesprevalent:adj.existingorhappeninggenerally;widespread~among/insth./sb.Ismalariastillprevalentamongthepopulationhere?眼疾在一些热带国家很普遍。Eyediseasesareprevalentinsometropicalcountries.prevalence:n.Theyareverysurprisedbytheprevalenceofanti-governmentsentiments. Reading2:WordsandphrasesWillotherlanguagesendureasEnglishincreasinglyencroachesupontheworld’slanguages?(Para.5)endure:v.sufferorundergopatiently;toleratecontinueinexistence;lastHeenduredthreeyearsinprisonforhisreligiousbeliefs.Thesetraditionshaveenduredthroughoutages.看着儿童受苦，我可受不了。Ican’tenduretoseechildrensuffer.endurance:n.Heshowedremarkableendurancethroughouthisillness. Reading2:WordsandphrasesParadoxically,inthisway,thespreadofEnglishmayinfacthelptomaintainglobaldiversity.(Para.7)diversity:n.Stateofbeingvaried;varietyMaryhasagreatdiversityofinterest;shelikessports,travel,photography,andgardening.diverse:adj.ofdifferentkinds;variedHerinterestsareverydiverse.diversify:v.givevarietytoWemusttrytodiversifythesyllabustoattractmorestudents. Reading2:WordsandphrasesThestatusofEnglishasagloballanguagemaypeaksoon.(Para.9)peak:v.reachthehighestpointorvalueToysalespeakedjustbeforeChristmasandarenowdecreasing.n.1)pointedtopofamountain2)pointofhighestintensity,value,achievementSheisatthepeakofhercareer.Theplaneflewoverthesnow-coveredpeaks.Adj.mostbusyorintensepeakhour Reading2:Wordsandphrases早晨八九点是交通的高峰时刻。用电量最大的时候是在黄昏时。Trafficreachesapeakbetween8and9inthemorning.Demandforelectricitypeaksintheearlyevening.Translatethefollowingsentences. Reading2:WordsandphrasesCouldChineseorArabicovertakeEnglishasthegloballanguage?(Para.9)overtake:v.comelevelwithandpasscometosb./sth.suddenlyandunexpectedlySupplywillsoonovertakedemand.Onhiswayhomehewasovertakenbyastorm.AcarovertookmealthoughIwasgoingveryfast.我虽然开得很快，还是被一辆汽车超前了。工程为突发灾难所阻。Disasterovertooktheproject. Reviewingactivities:Dictationwithinthegroup:Thestudentwhoperformedthebestdictatewordsandphrasesinreading1and2tothegroupmates.Game:Eachgroupmakesupastorybyusingthenewwordsandexpressionsinreading1,2.Thegroupthatusesthemostwordsandexpressionswillwin.Timelimit:8minutes. Reviewingactivities:Debate:DoweneedanEsperanto--auniversallanguage?Supposethepro-side(正方)agreesthateveryoneintheworldshouldspeakonelanguage,whilethecon-side(反方)holdstheoppositeposition.Bothsideswilltrytoconvinceeachotherwiththeirviews.Group1,3and5willmakeuponeside,whilegroup2,4and6makeuptheotherside.Drawalottodecidewhichpositioneachsidewillhold.Threespeakersareneededforeachside.Giveoneminuteforeachspeakerinthefollowingorder:Pro-side1Con-side1Pro-side2Con-side2Con-side3Pro-side3Theaudiencewilldecidethewinnerbyvoting. AcademicpowerstrategyExpandyourreadingexperiencetobecomeabetterreaderReadthestatementinyourbookanddiscussthisquestionwithyourgroupmates.Whatdoesitmeantobeagoodreader?Takethequizinthebooktofindoutwhatkindofreaderyouare. PartBWriting Grammarinwriting:nominalizationNominalizationmeansturningaverboranadjectiveintoanoun.E.g.discover->discoverycareless->carelessnessmove->movementreact->reactiondifferent->differencefail->failureapplicable->applicabilityrefuse->refusal Nominalizationhasfourmajorfunctions,whichareconciseness,preciseness,objectivity,andstrictness.Withtheassistanceofnominalization,wecanexpressthetruemeaningsindetail.UselessNominalizations:1.NominalizationfollowsverbThepoliceconductedaninvestigationintothematter.Thepoliceinvestigatedthematter.2.Nominalizationfollows`thereis."Therewasconsiderableerosionofthelandfromthefloods.Thefloodsconsiderablyerodedtheland. 3.Nominalizationisthesubjectofemptyverb.Ourdiscussionconcernedataxcut.Wediscussedataxcut.4.ConsecutivenominalizationsTherewasafirstareviewoftheevolutionofthedorsalfin.First,shereviewedtheevolutionofthedorsalfin.First,shereviewedhowthedorsalfinevolved.5.LinkednominalizationsTheircessationofhostilitieswasbecauseoftheirpersonnellosses.Theyceasedhostilitiesbecausetheylostpersonnel. UsefulNominalizations1.Nominalizationisasubjectreferringtoaprevioussentence.Theseargumentsalldependonasingle,unprovenclaim.Thisdecisioncanleadtocostlyconsequences.Idonotunderstandeitherhermeaningorhisintentions.[ismorecompactthantheacceptable]Idonotunderstandeitherwhatshemeantorwhatheintends.2.Thenominalizationnameswhatwouldbetheobjectofitsverb. 3.Toreplaceawkward"Thefactthat"ThefactthatIdeniedwhatheaccusedmeofimpressedthejury.Mydenialofhisaccusationsimpressedthejury.[butevenbetter]WhenIdeniedhisaccusations,Iimpressedthejury.Indenyinghisaccusations,Iimpressedthejury.4.Usenominalizationafter"thereis/are"tointroduceatopicthatdevelopinsubsequentsentences.AlthoughtheNSisveryusefulforwriting,itisdifficulttograspitfreely.Therefore,wemustuseitwithgreatcare.Sometimesourtopicissoabstractthatwethinkwecanwriteaboutitonlyinnominalizations.Howeveritoftenisthecasethattheparagraphcanberewrittenusingsubject/charactersandverbs/action. Writingknowledge--MethodsforbeginninganessayMost,ifnotall,essaysaremadeupofabeginning,amiddleandanend.Thebeginningrousesthereader’sinterestinandattractshisattentiontothesubjectmatteroftheessayorprovidesnecessarybackgroundinformation.However,tothewriterthebeginningisoftenthehardestpartofanessay,becausehehastodecidefromwhatpointtostart,andinwhatdirectiontogo.Thereisnosingletobeginallessays. Introductionofthethesisafterthepresentationofspecificfactsordata.Introductionofthethesisbygraduallynarrowingthetopic.Directstatementofthethesis.Readthestatementinthebookandfindoutwhatarethethreemethodsforbeginninganessay. Applythestrategy:1.Title:EnvironmentalpollutionIreadapieceofnewsrecently.ItsaysthatinJapanmanybusinessmenaresellingfreshairtocustomers,andnowitisbecomingmoreandmorepopular.Why?–FreshairisgettinglessandlessinJapan,andsoisitintheUSA.Infact,environmentalpollutionisaveryseriousproblemthewholeworldisfacing.Identifythewayofdevelopingthebeginninginthefollowingparagraphs.Thepresentationofspecificfacts2.Title:WherethereisawillthereisawayOneofthemostimportantthingstosuccessisafirmresolution.Agreatmanisalwaysonewhohasafirmresolutionandaninflexiblespirit.Onewillneversucceedallhislifewithoutafirmwill.Directstatementofthethesis Applythestrategy:3.Title:WhatstudentsneedEnglishfor?Today,Englishisbecomingmoreandmorepopular.ManycountrieshavemadeEnglishtaughtasthesecondlanguageinschools.ButdostudentsneedEnglish?Iftheydoneed,whatdotheyneeditfor?Asurveymadebyateacheratauniversityanswersthetwoquestions.Graduallynarrowingthetopic4.Title:Theimprovementoflifeinapeasant’sfamilyGreatchangestookplaceinapeasant’sfamilyfrom1978to1983.TheaveragepeasantincomeinZhangwucountyhasincreasedfrom153yuanin1978to280yuanin1983.Sincethisissizableincrease,thewayinwhichtheaveragepeasantspendsitsincomehasalsochanged.Thepresentationofspecificdata Writingassignment:Youaresupposedtowriteanessayabout“Theadvantagesoftravel”.Trytoapplythethreemethodsofdevelopingthebeginninginyouressay.Besides,itshouldbenolessthan120words. Reference:TheadvantagesoftravelWheneveracollegestudentisasked,“Whatareyougoingtodothissummervacation?”Themostprobableanswermightbe“Iamgoingtohaveatravel.”Itsoundsthatcollegestudentsarefondoftraveling.Why?Becausetravelhasnumerousadvantages.Firstofall,travelcanwidenourknowledgeofgeography,theknowledgeofcustoms,culturesandlifestylesofdifferentplacesandcountries.Secondly,wecanmakefriendsandpracticeaforeignlanguagethroughtraveling.Finally,travelisthebestwayofpastime.Inaword,wecanbenefitfromtravelinmorethanoneway.Itisworthspendingthetime.Methods:Thepresentationofcertainfacts PartCTranslation Translatingknowledge:Multiplication英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样，很容易译错----其主要原因在于：英汉两语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下： 一、倍数增加译法：1.是…的N倍。(照原文倍数)2.增加到原来的N倍。(照原文倍数)3.(比…)增加了N－1倍。(按原文倍数减1)句型：1.AisNtimesasgreat（long,much,…）asB.AisNtimesgreater（longer,more,…）thanB.AisNtimesthesize（length,amount,…）ofB.译成：A的大小（长度，数量，……）是B的N倍。或：A比B大（长，多，……）N-1倍。 2....increasetoNtimes…increaseNtimes／N-fold…increasebyNtimes…increasebyafactorofN译成：增加到N倍（或：增加N-1倍）。注：在这类句型中increase常被raise，grow，go/stepup，multiply等词所替代。3.ThereisaN-foldincrease/growth…译成：增加N-1倍（或增至N倍）。 4.double(增加1倍），treble（增加2倍），quadruple（增加3倍）。5.此外，英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法，如：Aisasmuch（large，long，…）againasB.=Aistwiceasmuch（large，long，…）asB.译成：A比B多（大，长，……）1倍。 Applytheknowledge:1.Mydesktopcomputeristhreetimesasheavyasmylaptopcomputer.2.Thestudentsinthisuniversityarethreetimesmorethanthoseinthatuniversity.3.Theintensityoftheimpactis11timesthemomentumchanges.我那台台式电脑的重量是手提电脑重量的3倍./我的桌式电脑要比手提电脑重两倍.这所大学的学生人数是那所大学的3倍./这所大学的学生人数比那所大学的人数多2倍.撞击强度是动量变化的11倍./撞击强度比动量变化强10倍. Applytheknowledge:1.这个公司生产数码相机的产量比2001年提高了4倍。2.水银重量是相同体积水的13.5倍。Theoutputofdigitalcamerasofthiscompanyisfivefoldoverthatof2001.Mercuryweighs13.5timesasmuchasanequalvolumeofwater. 二、倍数减少：倍数减少的翻译原则是不用“减少多少倍”这样的说法，而译成汉语一般说“减少几分之几”。基本公式：“减少了”或“减少到”N-1N1N句型：1.AisNtimesassmall（light,slow,…）asB.AisNtimessmaller（lighter,slower,…）thanB.译成：A的大小（重量，速度，……）是B的1/N。或：A比B小（轻，慢，……)(N-1)/N。 2.…decreaseNtimes／N-fold…decreasebyNtimes…decreasebyafactorofN注：decrease常被reduce，shorten，go／slowdown等词替代。译为：减少到1／N或：减少（N-1）／N3.ThereisaN-folddecrease／reduction…译为：减至1／N或：减少(N-1)／N Applytheknowledge:1.Thepoweroutputofthemachineistwotimeslessthanitsinput.2.Thehydrogenatomisnearly16timesaslightastheoxygenatom.3.TheChinesemovieisonlyhalfaslongastheAmericanmovie.该机器的输出功率比输入功率小1/2.氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16.(即比氧原子约轻15/16)这部中国电影只有那部美国电影的一半那么长. Applytheknowledge:1.它要比铜线轻2/3。2.光的亮度增加一倍，燃烧的时间就减少1/2。Itisthreetimesaslightascopperwire.Thelightthatburnstwiceasbrightburnshalfaslong. Thanksforyourlistening! Chapter4FoodforThoughtXuGuihuaFacultyofCollegeEnglishTeachingNewEraInteractiveEnglishLevel4 TeachingObjectives1.Beawareoftheobesityproblem2.Understandthemainideasofbothreadings3.Mastertheskillsinreadingandwriting4.Learntotranslatelongsentences Now,let’sbegin…Section1Reading BrainstormingHaveyoueverheardof“BMI”?WhatisBMI?BMIisshortforBodymassindex.Itisameasureofbodyfatbasedonheightandweightthatappliestobothadultmenandwomen.BMI=weight/(height)2Forexample,apersonweighs80kg,andis1.7mtall.SohisBMI=80/(1.7)2=28weightheight BrainstormingWhataretheBMIcategories?ComputeyourBMI,andfindout:Doyouhaveahealthyweight?BMIWeightStatusBelow18.5Underweight18.5–24.9Normal25.0–29.9Overweight30.0andAboveObese Look&Think!Observethepicturescarefully,andfindout:Whataretheyabout?WhathappenedtotheAmericans?Whatseemedtobethereasons? Year:1985(BMI≥30)State-amount3010800Howmanystatesaretherewheretheobesepeopletakeuplessthan10%? Year:1990(BMI≥30)State-amount6113300Howmanystatesaretherewheretheobesepeopletakeup10-14%? Year:1995(BMI≥30)State-amount0023270Howmanystatesaretherewheretheobesepeopletakeup15-19%? Year:2000(BMI≥30)State-amount0012524Howmanystatesaretherewheretheobesepeopletakeupnolessthan20%? BrainstormingQ1Whatarethesepicturesabout?TheyareabouthowthenumberoftheobeseAmericansincreasedintherecent16years.Q2CanyoudrawagraphtoshowhowtheobeseAmericansincreasedintherecent16years? BrainstormingQ3WhathappenedtotheAmericans?MoreandmoreAmericansaredisturbedbyobesity!Q4Howaboutthesituationintheyear2010?MaybethepercentageofobeseAmericanwillshootupintothesky. BrainstormingQ5Whatseemedtobethereasons? ComprehensionSinceobesityisbecominganepidemic:Q1Whatislikelytobenefitfromthistrend?Large-sizedclothingWeightlossproductsandserviceHealthcare ComprehensionSinceobesityisbecominganepidemic:Q2Whatdiseaseareobesepeopleatriskat?DiabetesArthritisCancerStrokeHyperlipidemiaGoutHypertensionGallstonesIncreasedsurgicalrisksSleepapnea ComprehensionWhatisthemainideaoftheintroductorypart?BeingoverweighthasbecomemorecommonamongallagegroupsinAmerica.Itmaycausenumerousacuteandchronicconditions. ComprehensionBMIisusedtodetermineifapersonisoverweightbyNCHS.Q3DoyouknowotherwaystomeasuretheprevalenceofobesitybesidesBMI?Waistcircumferencealsoprovidesusefulestimatesofoverweight,obesity,andbodyfatdistribution. ComprehensionBMIisusedtodetermineifapersonisoverweight.Q4WhyBMIisbelievedthebestwaytodetermineoverweightprecisely?Becauseitcapturesthepopulationmostatriskofoverweight-relatedhealthproblems. ComprehensionQ5Whythenumberofelderlyoverweightgroupsdecreased?Becausedropsinthesharewhoareoverweightprobablyrelatetonaturalaging-relateddecreasesinleanbodymassandolderoverweightadultsmaybedyingprematurely. ComprehensionQ6Whatistheimmutablelawofnatureongettingfat?Wehavetoconsumemorefoodcaloriesthanweexpendinactivity. ComprehensionQ7Whatwillbethetrendofobesityinfuture?Aexpandingproblem BrainstormingQ8Howtopreventortreatobesity?Developyourownfoodpyramid.ExercisemoreTrytofindyourbalancebetweenfoodandphysicalactivity Reading&WritingSkills—Comparisons&ContrastAcomparisonpointsoutthesimilaritiesbetweentwoormorepersonsorthingsofthesameclass.Whileacontrast,thedifferencesbetweenthem. PracticeComparisonsandcontrastshavebeenappliedinReading1.Workinagroupofthreetotrytofindthemout.OnefocusesonPlump,Overweight,orObese;oneonLivingtoEat;andoneonObesityTomorrow. PracticeObservethetwofoodpyramids,andtrytomakecomparisonsandcontrastsbetweenthem.ComparisonsContrastsPart1Part2Part3 Practice PracticeAmericanFoodPyramidMediterraneanFoodPyramidComparisonsBothrepresentculturaleatingpatterns.Bothillustrateeatingpatternsconsistentwithcurrentnutritionalrecommendations,andeachcanbeusedtoplandietsconsistingofdifferentfooditems.CommonemphasesofbothPyramidsincludeeatingplentyofgrainproductsandvegetablesandfruits. PracticeAmericanFoodPyramidMediterraneanFoodPyramidContrastsDetailedinformationonservingsizesandnumbersofservingsoffoodsarenotprovidedinMFP.Inaddition,levelsoftotalfatarenotspecified,either.MFPmainlycomposedofplant-basedproteins,whileAFPcomposedofanimalproteins.FatinMFPcomeslargelyfromvegetableoils. MorePracticeMakecomparisonsandcontrastsofthepicturesingroups.Thenshareyourfindings.Group1:AsianVs.ArabicGroup2:VeggieVs.NativeAmericanGroup3:EnglishVs.AmericanGroup4:TraditionVs.NewPatternGroup5:TraditionVs.HarvardPattern AsianVs.Arabic VeggieVs.NativeAmerican EnglishVs.American TraditionVs.NewPattern TraditionVs.HarvardPattern ComprehensionScanReading2quickly,andfindout:Q1WhatisthecoreoftraditionalMediterraneancuisine?Anabundanceoffruitsandvegetablesaswellaslargequantitiesofbread,pasta,legumes,nuts,couscous,rice,andothergrains.Verylittlemeatandonlymoderateamountsoffish,poultryanddairyproducts. ComprehensionScanReading2quickly,andfindout:Q2WhatarethefeaturesoftheMediterraneandiet?Oliveoilaccountedforasmuchas40%ofallofthefatconsumedbymostofthepeoplethere.Thelocalpeopleconsumedwinewithnearlyeverymeal. Reading&WritingSkills—Facts&OpinionsDivideyourselvesintotwogroups:onescansPartⅠ;onescansPartⅡ.FindouttheopinionsonMediterraneanDiet,aswellasthefactsthatsupportthem. PracticeOpinionsFactsAmericanIsraeli CheckyourlisteningListentothevideoclipWhatdoorange,green,red,yellow,blue,andpurplestandforrespectively?Whatshallwedobesideskeepingourdiets? HealthyLivingOntherightisaChineseFoodPyramid.Planyourmealsandexercisingtimesoastolivehealthily. VocabularyBeingaVocabularyDetectiveYourself!Workoutthecrosswordpuzzle.AllthewordsarefromChapter5.Seewhoisthefirsttofindoutthesolution. BeaVocabularyDetectiveSolutionofBeingaVocabularyDetectiveYourself!ACROSS:1shed,8prevalence,9advocate,11abundance,13neutralize,15miracle,16genuine,17ingredientDOWN:2expectancy,3mortality,4fundamental,5temperament,6capture,7temptation,10obese,11applicable,12epidemic,14evaluate VocabularyLookatthewordslistedbelow,trytofigureoutthemeaningoftheaffix.Rackyourbrainstolistmoreexamples.affixexamplesundercurrent,underground,underline,underseaunderdevelop,underestimate,underreport,understateundergraduate,understudy,undersecretary,underproofmeaninglocatedbeneathnotenoughlowerinrank,importanceUNDER- WritingSection2 WritingPractice——howtowriteanoutlineAnoutlinecanhelpyouorganizetheinformation,makeclearofthethemeandthestructurebothinreadingandwriting.Howtowriteanoutline?Whatitemsmustbeincludedinanoutline?Readtheoutlinesforapaperonforeigntrade,andthinkoftheabove-mentionedquestions. Thesis:Foreigntradeisbeneficialtoandindispensableforallnations.Introduction:thefoundationofforeigntradeThenecessityofvisibletradeLackofcertaincommoditiesComparativeadvantageincertainitemsLatestinnovationsanddifferentstylesofcommoditiesTheimportanceofafavorablebalanceoftradeThenecessityofinvisibletrade—exchangeofservicesbetweennationsTransportationTourismTechnologyConclusion:thepurposeofforeigntradeandtheimportanceofthebalanceofpaymentsATopicOutline Thesis:Foreigntradeisbeneficialtoandindispensableforallnations.Introduction:theutilizationofdifferenteconomicresourcesandthedevelopmentofdifferentskillsformthefoundationofforeigntrade.Tradeincommoditiesisnecessarybetweennations.NonationhasallthecommoditiesitneedsAnationmaynothaveenoughofcertaincommodities.Anationmaysellcertaincommoditiesataprofit.Allnationsstrivetomaintainafavorablebalanceoftradesoastobeassuredofthemeanstobuynecessarygoods.Exchangeofservicesbetweennationsispartofforeigntrade.Nationsvieinprovidingtransportationforforeigntrade.Tourismbringsanationhugeprofits.Technologyisalsoexportedandimported.Conclusion:thepurposeofforeigntradeistoearnmoneyfornecessaryimportsanditisimportanttokeepthebalanceofpayments.ASentenceOutline WritingPractice——howtowriteanoutlineCanyousumuptheformatofanoutline?Thesis(controllingidea)IntroductionMainideaSub-ideaSub-ideaSupportingdetailSupportingdetailFact1Fact2MainideaSub-ideaSub-ideaConclusion WritingPractice——howtowriteanoutlineThefollowingareafewrulesforwritingoutlines:Avoidsinglesubdivisions.--ifthereisamajorpointmarkedⅠ,theremustbeatleastanothermarkedⅡ.Avoidmixingtypes.Useparallelstructuresfortheheadingsofthesamerank.Makesurethethesisisacompletedeclarativesentenceintheaffirmative;donotuseaquestion,aphraseoradependentclause. AmericaWeighsInIntroduction:Plum,Overweight,andObeseLivingtoEatObesityTomorrowPracticeTrytowriteanoutlineforReading1. PracticeHereisacurvegraphshowingthepercentofobesityfrom1960to2000in20-to-74-year-old-groupand6-to-19-year-old-group.Writeashortessaytotalkaboutyouropiniononthischange.Beforewriting,prepareanoutlinefirst.Handinyouressayswithyouroutlines. TranslationSection3 TranslationofLongSentencesHowtotranslatelongsentenceseitherfromEnglishtoChineseorfromChinesetoEnglish?Lookatthefollowingsentences.Canyoufindouttherules?Manyexpertssuggestthatthechildraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophiscapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.许多专家认为:如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里长大,而这些刺激物能够开发其相应的反应能力,那么这个儿童将会得到更好的智力发展. 我们希望富有创造性地生活在我们继承的这个世界中,这种希望存在于我们重新建立道德标准的能力之中.Ourhopeforcreativelivinginthisworldhousethatwehaveinheritedliesinourabilitytore-establishthemoralendsofourlives. BasicPrinciplesAnalyzingsentencesstructures:identifypartsofspeech,distinguishmainclausefromsubordinateclauses&recognizelogicalrelations.Dividing:dividealongsentenceintosmallerpartsanddevelopandtranslatethemintoindividualsentences. ExampleManyexpertssuggestthatthechildraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophiscapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.主句Manyexpertssuggestthat…宾语从句的主干thechildwillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment. …thechildraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophiscapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.thechildwillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.wheretherearemanystimuli…whichdevelophiscapacityforappropriateresponses…raisedinanenvironment小孩将会得到更好的智力发展.在这种环境里长大有很多刺激物的环境这些刺激物能够开发小孩的相应的反映能力 Manyexpertssuggestthatthechildraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophiscapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.许多专家认为:如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里长大,而这些刺激物能够开发其相应的反映能力,那么这个儿童将会得到更好的智力发展. Example我们希望富有创造性地生活在我们继承的这个世界中,这种希望存在于我们重新建立道德标准的能力之中.主句希望存在能力之中。 forcreativelivinginthisworldhouseOurhope主语谓语宾语liesinourabilitytore-establishthemoralendsofourlivesthatwehaveinherited 我们希望富有创造性地生活在我们继承的这个世界中,这种希望存在于我们重新建立道德标准的能力之中.Ourhopeforcreativelivinginthisworldhousethatwehaveinheritedliesinourabilitytore-establishthemoralendsofourlives. PracticeLet’sanalyzethesentencestructurestogether! PracticeTheNCHSsaysthatoverweightandobeseadultsareatincreasedriskfornumerousacuteandchronicconditions,rangingfromhighbloodpressuretodiabetestoarthritis.国家健康统计中心称超重和肥胖的人容易患急性和慢性病。从高血压到糖尿病到关节炎等 Practice…seentheiroverweightratesincreasesteadilyforwomen……seentheiroverweightratesremainstableformen.Youngadultsaged20to29,whopresumablyareamongthemosteducatedandphysicallyactiveAmericans,haveseentheiroverweightratesincreasesteadilyforwomenbetween1960—1962and1988—1991,andremainstableformen. PracticeYoungadultsaged20to29,whopresumablyareamongthemosteducatedandphysicallyactiveAmericans,haveseentheiroverweightratesincreasesteadilyforwomenbetween1960—1962and1988—1991,andremainstableformen.年轻人发现体重超重的女子比例稳步上升20—29岁是受教育程度最高、体力最好的美国人体重超重的男子比例保持稳定在1960—1962年和1988—1991年期间20-29岁的年轻人是美国受教育程度最高、体力最好的群体。在1960-1962年和1988-1991年期间，这个群体中体重超重的女子的比例稳步上升，而男子的体重保持稳定。 PracticeTheWesternsystemhasbeenadoptedalsobyIsrael,Turkey,Lebanon,Japan,India,andafewothernations;butineachofthesecountriesithasbeencombinedwithspecificelementsthathavemodifieditsstructureinvaryingdegrees.TheWesternsystemhasbeenadopted…;句子主干butithasbeencombinedwithspecificelements….byIsrael,Turkey,Lebanon,Japan,India,andafewothernationstheWesternsystemthathavemodifieditsstructureinvaryingdegrees. PracticeOnedayhemetandbefriendedsomeChinesestudents,inparticularayoungwomanfromNankingnamedLuGwei-djen,whosefatherhadpassedontoherhisunusuallyprofoundknowledgeofthehistoryofChinesescience.OnedayhemetandbefriendedsomeChinesestudents.inparticularayoungwomanfromNankingnamedLuGwei-djenherfatherhadpassedontoherknowledge…hasunusuallyprofoundknowledgehistoryofChinesescience Practice他们都是生活在台湾的老人，有人生活在敬老院，有人儿女承欢膝下，也有人独居；有人老当益壮、精力充沛，也有人贫病缠身、晚景凄凉。他们都是生活在台湾的老人有人…有人…也有人…也有人… MorePracticeTechnologicalinnovationsfromautomobilestoTVremotecontrolsallowustoburnfewerandfewercalorieswhencarryingontheactivitiesnecessaryforeverydaylife.Whatresearchersarenowtryingtodetermineishowdifferencesinthetypesoffoodsweeatmaybecontributingtobeingoverweight.Excellenthealth,increasedlongevity,andanabundanceofthesimplepleasuresoflifeareallreadilyavailableifyou’repreparedtofollow“theMediterraneanDiet”,whichisnotsomucha“diet”asawayofliving. MorePracticeInterestintheMediterraneandietwasfirstraisedinthe1950s,whenresearchersfromHarvardUniversity’sschoolofNutritionbecamecuriousaboutwhymenandwomenontheislandsofCreteandSicily,manyofwhomlivedwellintotheir80s,hadoneofthelowestratesofheartdiseaseandcancerintheworld.Incidencesofotherdiseases,suchasbreastandcoloncancer,werealsolowerintheMediterraneanregion,andinGreeceandsouthernItaly,lifeexpectancywasaboutfouryearslongerthanintheU.S.orNorthernEurope.Astotheconsumptionofwine,theothermajorfactorsingledoutforspecialattentionattheconferences,thepyramidsuggeststhatamoderatelevelofalcoholconsumption,especiallyofredwine,alsoraisestheHDLlevelandlowerstheriskofheartdiseaseandreducesoverallmortality. ThankYou Chapter5NotChild’sPlayYanglijunFacultyofCollegeEnglishTeachingNewEraInteractiveEnglishLevel4 TeachingArrangementsReadingWarm-upActivitiesStudyoftheTextInterpretationofimportantanddifficultlanguagepointsSummaryWritingTranslationAssignment Warm-upActivitiesSongsQuestionsRelatedInformationWhatistheideallifeofachild?Howshouldtheyspendtheirtime?Whydoyouthinkso?healtheworld Aidealchildhoodlovegiftdreamstudy But,lifeisdifferentforsomekids... TherearealmostasmanychildlaborersaroundtheglobetodayastherearecitizensoftheUnitedStates:around250million.Despitebreathtakingeconomicandsocialadvancementsinrecenthistory,childrencontinuetobeforcedtobearsomeoftheheaviestburdens.RelatedInformation RelatedInformationTherearekidswhoworkasbondedlaborers,goldminers,farmworkers,soldiers,andevenentertainers.Often,thesekidsareinabusivesituations;almostalways,theyaredoingworkundercircumstancesadultswouldfindintolerable. BondedLaborInIndiaHumanRightsWatchestimatestherearenearly15millionchildrenwhohavebeensoldintobondedlabor--akindofindenturedservitudeinIndia.ButIndia"sgovernmentofficiallydeniestheproblemexists--stavingoffpossibletradesanctionsandinternationalscorn.Doyouknow ReadingSkill:DistinguishbetweenfactsandopinionsWritersoftenusebothfactsandopinionswhentheyarepresentingtheirideas.Twoquestionstodeterminethedifference:CouldIfindthisinformationinthenewspaper,orinasimilarpublication?Aretherewordssuchas“should”,“would”,and“could”?Exercise(P88) StudyofLanguagePointsZeroinonsth.:todirectallyourattentiontowardsaparticularpersonorthing(=homeinon);toaimagunorotherweapontowardssthorsb.Sheimmediatelyzeroedinontheweakpointinhisargument. StudyofLanguagePointsSustain:tomakesth.ContinuetoexistorhappenforaperiodoftimeTosustaineconomicgrowthRetain:tokeepsth.orcontinuetohavesth.(formal)Youhavetherighttoretainpossessionofthegoods.Attain:tosucceedinachievingsth.Aftertryingforalongtime(formal)Morewomenareattainingpositionsofpowerinpubliclife. StudyofLanguagePointsArmedwith:1.carryingweapons,esp.agun2.havingtheknowledge,skills,orequipmentyouneedtodosth.Thesuspectisarmedwithashotgun.Shecametothemeetingarmedwithalthefactsandfigurestoproveuswrong. StudyofLanguagePointsRelieve:1.Toreducesomeone’spainorunpleasantfeelings2.Tomakeaproblemlessdifficultorserious3.Tohelpsomeonebytakingsth.fromthem,esp.ajobtheydonotwanttodoorsth.Heavythattheyarecarrying(Relievesomebodyofsomething)Relievethepain,relievetension/pressure/stress,relieveone’sanxietyProgramsaimedatrelievingunemploymentAsecretarywashiredtorelieveherofsomeoftheadministrativework. StudyofLanguagePointsSign:n.Signsb.toenterSignaletterSignastreetSignawaySignoffSigninSign:v.MathematicalsignsDeaf-and-dumbsignTalkinsignsTrafficsignsAsignofrain StudyofLanguagePointsConcern:vt.1.Tohavetodowithorrelateto2.Tobeofinterestorimportanceto3.Toengagetheattentionof;involve4.Tocauseanxietyoruneasinessin1.Anarticlethatconcernstheplightofhomelesspeople;2.Thisproblemconcernsallofus.3.Weconcernedourselveswithaccomplishingthetaskathand.4.Thefirm’sweakfinancialpostureisstartingtoconcernitsstockholders.As/sofaras...beconcernedBeconcernedaboutBeconcernedoversth.Beconcernedinsth.BeconcernedwithGiveoneselfnoconcernaboutHavenoconcernforItisnoconcernofmineOfmuch/noconcern StudyofLanguagePointsPledge:n.aseriouspromiseoragreement,exp.onemadepubliclyorofficiallyMake/take/giveapledgeKeep/fulfill/honorapledgev.PledgetososomethingParentsmakeapledgetotaketheirchildrentorehearsals.EisenhowerfulfilledhiselectionpledgetoendthewarinKorea. summaryfillingFillintheblankstocompleteasummaryofReading1AconsiderablenumberofIndianchildrenworkforaliving,becausetheirfamiliescannotmakead____livewithoutthem.theyoungworkersleadam_______life,dwellinginpoorsettlements,sufferingfromextremelybadp______conditionsandexposedtop______dangerseveryday.Thoughsomeparentsdoa_____fortheiryoungsterstobeschooled,childlaborhasbeengoingonforalongtime.TheIndiangovernment’seffortsandtheInternationalLaborOrganization’sa_______willnotpayoffuntiltherearesomefundamentalchangesintheIndiane________. VideoWatchingWatchtheCNNvideoaboutchildlabor.Discussthesequestionswithyourclass:Whatproblemsexistwithchildlabor?WhoisElizabethDole?Whatwasherprofessionalpositionatthetimeofthestory?Whydoesshewanttoraisefinesoncompanieswhohireworkersillegally?Whydosomebusinesseshireworkersillegally?Whichbusinesseshirealotofillegallabor? WritingStrategy1:UsecomparisonsandcontraststohelpyouevaluateideasinwritingStrategy2:Usequotationsinyourwritingtohelpyoucommunicateyourideasmorestrongly TechniquesofMakingComparisonsandContrast:Allinone,andallintheotherFirst,oneitemisdescribedfully,withoutconnectiontotheseconditem.Thentheseconditemisdescribed,oftenreferringbacktothefirstitem.MixingtogetherTwoitemsarecomparedbygoingbackandforthbetweenthetwo.SimilaritiesanddifferencesSeparatethesimilaritiesfromthedifferences. HowtouseQuotationsThereareingeneraltwoinstanceswhenyoumaywishtousequotationsfromotherwriters"work:Evidence-whenquotingfromothersourcestosupportyourownargument(s).Reference-whenatextisitselfthesubjectofyouressayandyouneedtorefertoitinyourdiscussion. Translation广告语言的特色：语言简洁玩弄词藻，尤其是使用双关语，套用成语等翻译广告的原则将实质的信息准确地翻译尽量将语言特色在目的语中复现根据两种语言的不同特征，灵活对等 KeystoexercisesIntoChinese:尽情大吃，不惜体重。纳克斯坚果让你爱不释口。别具风味的加拿大酒，独特的加拿大精神摩尔香烟，我更满意挡不住的诱惑！好酒不在进口，进口必是好酒。洁齿清气心旷神怡，万事如意。百事可乐，冷饮之王君饮七喜，提神醒脑。一册在手，纵览全球。只溶你口，不溶你手。 Lilaigivesyouasenseofourtime,atrueyourselfandaprettygirl.Peonystandsoutfortaste.TastingisBelieving.EssenceofLivingBeings/EnergyforLife.UpintheskythereisunforeseenstormButIfyoubuyinsuranceThen...Keystoexercises YourTaskReviewUnit5andpreviewUnit6FinishtheexercisesGroupDiscussion:Whydoeschildlaborbecomeaworld-wideproblem?Listasmanyreasonsasfarasyouknowandexchangeyourideaswithyourgroupmembers. ThankYouforYourAttention'