英美概况课件PPT测试题及课后练习答案PDF 刘白玉封丽丽主编 978 7 81134 751 7 美国部分chapter 8.ppt 72页

'CHAPTEREIGHTLiteratureandArts FamousQuotationThemanwhodoesnotreadbookshasnoadvantageoverthemanthatcannotreadthem.—MarkTwain(1835-1910)U.S.humorist,writerandlecturer Newwordspredestination:n.thetheoryorthebeliefthateverythingthathappenshasbeendecidedorplannedinadvancebyGodorbyfateandthathumanscannotchangeit宿命论；命定说—Wouldyouaccepttheconceptofpredestination?你可以接受宿命的概念吗？depravity:n.thestateofbeingmorallybad堕落；腐化—Theboyhasgonedeepindepravity.这个男孩已经罪孽极深了。 Newwordsobscure:a.ofundistinguishedorhumblestationorreputation身份卑微的—Thepresidentisofobscureorigin.这位总统出身卑微。coincide:v.oftwoormoreeventstotakeplaceatthesametime同时发生—Thedemonstrationhadbeencarefullystage-managedtocoincidewiththePrimeMinister’svisit.这次示威活动事先作了精心安排,正好在首相访问时进行。 Newwordshymn:a.ifafilm/movie,book,etc.isahymntosomething,itpraisesitverystrongly歌颂某事物的电影（或书等）—Thehymnfollowedhimfaintlyashecrossedthefields.在他跨过田野时，圣歌还隐约地尾随着他。conscience:n.thepartofyourmindthattellsyouwhetheryouractionsarerightorwrong良心；良知—Shewasafflictedwithconscience.她受良心责备。 Newwordsmoral:a.Notadmittingofmoraldistinctionsorjudgments;neithermoralnorimmoral超道德的,非道德范围—Scienceiscompletelyamoral.科学与道德无关。coincidental:a.happeningbychance;notplanned巧合；碰巧；非计划之中—Thesimilaritybetweenthesetwoessayistoogreattobecoincidental.这两篇文章雷同的地方很多,并非巧合所致。 Newwordsdisillusionment:n.thedisappointmentthatyoufeelwhenyoudiscoverthatsomethingisnotasgoodasyouhadexpectedorthought.醒悟，不再抱幻想—Isharedthegradualdisillusionment.我也是逐渐感到幻想破灭的。 1.Literature1.1TheColonialPeriod(1607-1775)1.2TheRevolutionaryPeriod(1775-1790)1.3TheRomanticPeriod(1790-1865)1.4TheRealisticandNaturalisticPeriod(1865-1914)1.5TheModernPeriod(1914-1939)1.6TheContemporaryPeriod(1939-) Literature1.1TheColonialPeriod1607-1775acolonialliteratureatfirstaliteratureoftravelanddescription,historyandchronicledeeprootinPuritanismJonathanEdwardsBenjaminFranklin BenjaminFranklinmaterialistPuritanismborn“poorandobscure”readingwidelyadefinitegiftforwritingAutobiography Readmore BenjaminFranklin13-pointplanforhonestlivingThesenamesofvirtues,withtheirprecepts,were:1.TEMPERANCE.Eatnottodullness;drinknottoelevation.节制，食不过饱，饮酒不醉。2.SILENCE.Speaknotbutwhatmaybenefitothersoryourself;avoidtriflingconversation.少言，言必于人于已有益，避免无益的闲聊。 3.ORDER.Letallyourthingshavetheirplaces;leteachpartofyourbusinesshaveitstime.秩序，每样东西应放在一定的地方，每件事物应有一定的时限。4.RESOLUTION.Resolvetoperformwhatyouought;performwithoutfailwhatyouresolve.决心，当做必做，决定之事，持之不懈。5.FRUGALITY.Makenoexpensebuttodogoodtoothersoryourself;i.e.,wastenothing.节俭，于人于已有利之事方可花费，勿浪费一切东西。 6.INDUSTRY.Losenotime;bealwaysemployedinsomethinguseful;cutoffallunnecessaryactions.勤勉，勿浪费时间，时刻做些有用的事，杜绝一切不必要的行动。7.SINCERITY.Usenohurtfuldeceit;thinkinnocentlyandjustly,and,ifyouspeak,speakaccordingly.诚实，不虚伪骗人，思想要公正纯洁，讲话亦如此。8.JUSTICE.Wrongnonebydoinginjuries,oromittingthebenefitsthatareyourduty.公正，不做有损他人的事，不要忘记你应尽的义务，做对人有益之事。 9.MODERATION.Avoidextremes;forbearresentinginjuriessomuchasyouthinktheydeserve.中庸，不走极端，容忍别人给予的伤害，将此视作应该承受之事。10.CLEANLINESS.Toleratenouncleannessinbody,cloths,orhabitation.清洁，力求身体、衣服和住所整洁。11.TRANQUILLITY.Benotdisturbedattrifles,orataccidentscommonorunavoidable.镇静，勿因小事、平常的或不可避免的事故而惊慌失措。 12.CHASTITY.Rarelyusevenerybutforhealthoroffspring,nevertodullness,weakness,ortheinjuryofyourownoranother’speaceorreputation.节欲，为了健康或生育后代起见。切忌过度伤体，以免损害自己或他人的安宁与名誉。13.HUMILITY.ImitateJesusandSocrates.谦虚，不要傲慢。效法耶稣和苏格拉底。 1.Literature1.2TheRevolutionaryPeriod1775-1790ThomasJeffersonDeclarationofIndependence Literature1.3TheRomanticPeriod1790-1865adistinctiveAmericanvoicethefreeexpressionofemotionsFictionPoetryProse TheRomanticPeriodFictionWashingtonIrvingtheFatherofAmericanLiteratureJamesFenimoreCooperwritingaboutAmericanWestwardMovementLeatherstockingTalesNathanielHawthorneEdgarAllanPoeHermanMelville NathanielHawthornetheleadingNewEnglandfictionistPuritanimmigrantapioneerinpsychologicaldescriptionHewasobsessedwiththepsychologicalthemes:theconsequencesofprideandsecretguilt,isolationleadingtocoldnessofheart,theimprintofPuritanpastuponthepresentandpersistenceofsininhumanheart.Hetriedtofindouthowmenreactedwhentheyfoundtheyhaddonesomethingwrong.TheScarletLetter EdgarAllanPoealonelywriterMiserablelifeTheFalloftheHouseofUsherTheMasqueoftheRedDeathTheRaven HermanMelvilleableakviewoftheworldMobyDickHermanMelvillewasneglectedandmisunderstoodinhislifetime.Withpainandshame,healmostdroppedhiswritingcareerbutforhisstimulatingandsympatheticfriendshipwithNathanielHawthorne.Concernedwiththedarksideofhumanfate,bothMelvilleandHawthornewereskepticalofEmerson’soptimismandtheirworkstalkmuchaboutoriginalsinandthemysteryofevil. TheRomanticPeriodPoetryindividualismandAmericannessWalterWhitmantranscendentalphilosophyLeavesofGrassEmilyDickinsonexploringtheinnerfeelingsyearningforGod’shelp,forloveandforgoodlifeMyLifeClosedTwiceBeforeItsClose,BecauseICouldNotStopforDeathANarrowFellowintheGrass EmilyDickinsonDickinson’spoemsareregardedas“thelandscapeofthesoul”.Remainedunmarriedforherwholelife,Dickinsonlivedinherfather’shouseinaNewEnglandvillageformostofherlife.Duetohershyandsensitivenature,sheledareclusivelife.Only7amongher1,775poemswerepublishedinherlifetime.Herpoemsareshort.Therealworld,thegreatissuesandeventsofhertime,remainsinvisibleinherlines,neitheraretherepeople.Beneathhercalmappearance,DickinsonburiesherferventyearningforGod’shelp,forloveandforgoodlife.Therefore,love,religionanddeathbecomethemajorthemesofherpoems. TheRomanticPeriodProseTranscendentalismRalphWaldoEmersonthechiefspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalismNatureTheAmericanScholarEssaysHenryDavidThoreauTranscendentalistWalden,orLifeintheWoods>>>more幻灯片33 Intheaddresshedeliveredin1838athisAlmaMater,theHarvardDivinitySchool,Emersonaccusedthechurchofacting“asifGodweredead”andofemphasizingdogmawhilestiflingthespirit,whichmadehimunwelcomeatHarvardfor30years. Walden,orLifeintheWoodsWalden,orLifeintheWoods(1854),istheresultoftwoyears,twomonths,andtwodays(from1845to1847)hespentlivinginacabin.ThisishisfamousexperimentofTranscendentalism—tostayawayfromthegreedyandindustrializedAmericansocietyandretreatintoaself-sufficientlifeamongthepurenature.InWalden,thesimplestearthlyconcernscomefirst(inthesection,hedescribestheexpensesofbuildingacabin);bytheending,thebookhasprogressedtomeditationsonthestars.Itisabookofindividualism,self-cultureandself-reliance. Literature1.4TheRealisticandNaturalisticPeriod1865-19141.4.1TheRealisticPeriod(1865-1900)1.4.2TheNaturalisticPeriod(1900-1914) TheRealisticPeriodtrue-to-lifenovelsandshortstorieswritingaboutevery-dayeventsandevery-daypeopleunpleasantplotsMarkTwainWilliamDeanHowellsTheRiseofSilasLaphammoralandethical“rise”HenryJames MarkTwainthetruefatherofnationalliteratureMarkTwain’sstyleTheAdventureofTomSawyerThePrinceandthePauperLifeontheMississippiTheMysteriousStrangerAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnthepenname MarkTwain’sstyleEarly19thcenturyAmericanwriterstendedtobetooflowery,sentimental—partiallybecausetheywerestilltryingtoprovethattheycouldwriteaselegantlyastheEnglish.Twain’sstyle,basedonvigorous,realistic,colloquialAmericanspeech,gaveAmericanwritersanewappreciationoftheirnationalvoice.Hemadecolloquialspeechanaccepted,respectableliterarymediuminAmericanliterature.ThisstylesweptacrosstheAmericanliteraryworldanditsinfluenceisfar-reaching. AdventuresofHuckleberryFinnHuckFinnisapoorboywhodecidestofollowthevoiceofhisconscienceandhelpaNegroslaveescapetofreedom,eventhoughHuckthinksthismeansthathewillbedamnedtohellforbreakingthelaw.HuckleberryFinnhasinspiredcountlessliteraryinterpretations.Clearly,thenovelisastoryofdeath,rebirth,andinitiation.Theescapedslave,Jim,becomesafatherfigureforHuck.IndecidingtosaveJim,Huckgrowsmorallybeyondtheboundsofhisslave-owningsociety. AdventuresofHuckleberryFinnItisJim’sadventuresthatinitiateHuckintothecomplexitiesofhumannatureandgivehimmoralcourage.ThenovelalsodramatizesTwain’sidealoftheharmoniouscommunity:“Whatyouwant,aboveallthings,onaraftisforeverybodytobesatisfiedandfeelrightandkindtowardtheothers.” AllofAmericanliteraturecomesfromonegreatbook,Twain’sAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.-----ErnestHemingway Thepenname“MarkTwain,”SamuelClemens’spenname,isthephraseMississippiboatmenusedtosignifytwofathoms(3.6meters)ofwater,thedepthneededforaboat’ssafepassage.Twain’sseriouspurpose,combinedwithararegeniusforhumorandstyle,keephiswritingfreshandappealing. HenryJamesTheAmericanTheSpoilsofPoyntonThePortraitofaLadyIntheAmerican,ChristopherNewman,anaïvebutintelligentandidealisticself-mademillionaireindustrialist,goestoEuropeseekingabride.Whenherfamilyrejectshimbecausehelacksanaristocraticbackground,hehasachancetorevengehimself;indecidingnotto,hedemonstrateshismoralsuperiority. TheNaturalisticPeriod(1900-1914)theimpactofDarwin’sevolutionarytheinfluenceof19thcenturyFrenchliteraturetheeconomicdeterminismofKarlMarxArtistically,________________________.Philosophically,_________________________.StephenCraneAGirloftheStreetsJackLondonTheodoreDreiserOHenryOHenry’sendingTheGiftofMagiLastLeave JackLondonpoor,self-taughtrosefrompovertytofameAmericandreamTheSonoftheWolfTheCalloftheWildTheSea-WolfMartinEden LifeisgoodforBuckinSantaClaraValley,wherehespendshisdayseatingandsleepinginthegoldensunshine.Butonedayatreacherousactofbetrayalleadstohiskidnap,andheisforcedintoalifeoftoilanddanger.DraggedawaytobeasledgedogintheharshandfreezingcoldYukon,Buckmustfightforhissurvival. MartinEdenEden,animpoverishedbutintelligentandhardworkingsailorandlaborer,isdeterminedtobecomeawriter.Eventually,hiswritingmakeshimrichandwell-known,butEdenrealizesthatthewomanhelovescaresonlyforhismoneyandfame.Hisdespairoverherinabilitytolovecauseshimtolosefaithinhumannature.Healsosuffersfromclassalienation,forhenolongerbelongstotheworkingclass,whileherejectsthematerialisticvaluesofthewealthythatheworkedsohardtojoin.HesailsfortheSouthPacificandcommitssuicidebyjumpingintothesea. TheodoreDreiserdealingwitheverydaylife,oftenitstragicside.AmericandreamSisterCarrieJennieGerhardtAnAmericanTragedy AnAmericanTragedyThenovelrelates,ingreatdetail,thelifeofClydeGriffiths,aboyofweakwillandlittleself-awareness.Hegrowsupingreatpoverty,butdreamsofwealthandtheloveofbeautifulwomen.Arichuncleemployshiminhisfactory.WhenhisgirlfriendRobertabecomespregnant,shedemandsthathemarryher.Meanwhile,Clydehasfalleninlovewithawealthysocietygirlwhorepresentssuccess,money,andsocialacceptance.ClydecarefullyplanstodrownRobertaonaboattrip,butatthelastminutehebeginstochangehismind;however,sheaccidentallyfallsoutoftheboat. AnAmericanTragedyClyde,agoodswimmer,doesnotsaveher,andshedrowns.AsClydeisbroughttojustice,Dreiserusesthepointsofprosecutinganddefenselawyerstoanalyzeeachstepandmotivethatledthemild-manneredClyde,withahighlyreligiousbackgroundandgoodfamilyconnections,tocommitmurder.Despitehisawkwardstyle,Dreiser,inAnAmericanTragedy,buildsupanoverwhelmingsenseoftragicinevitability.AnAmericanTragedyisareflectionofthedissatisfaction,envy,anddespairthatafflictedmanypoorandworkingpeopleinAmerica’scompetitive,success-drivensociety. TheModernPeriod(1914-1939)1914-1939adisillusionedsociety1.5.1TheJazzAge1.5.2HarlemRenaissance1.5.3TheLostGeneration1.5.4Depression-eraLiterature TheJazzAgetheperiodduring1920agoldenperiodinAmericanliteratureF.ScottFitzgeraldtheliteraryspokesmanoftheJazzageTheGreatGatsbyTenderIstheNight HarlemRenaissanceduringthe1920sand1930stheBlackLiteraryRenaissance/theNewNegroMovementLangstonHughesexpressionofourindividualdark-skinnedselves TheLostGenerationthepost-WorldWarIgenerationofAmericanwritersErnestHemingwayEzraPound ErnestHemingwaythespokesmanfortheLostGenerationtheNobelPrizewinnerTheSunAlsoRisesAFarewelltoArmsForWhomtheBellTollsTheOldManandtheSea>>>more幻灯片33 aboutHemingwayHemingway’fatherwasaphysicianwhoenjoyedhuntingandfishingandtaughthissontoloveout-doorlife.Hismother,whomheneverforgavefordressinghimasalittlegirlinhisyouth,hadanoperaticcareerbeforegettingmarried.Hemingwayrefusedtoenterintocollegeandbecameareporter.EagertotheWWI,hebecameanambulancedriverinthebattlefieldandgotwounded.Ittookhimlongtorecoverphysicallyandmentally. aboutHemingwayRecuperatingforsixmonthsinaMilanhospital,HemingwayfellinlovewithanAmericanRedCrossnurse.Atwar’send,hereturnedtohishomeinOakPark,Illinois,adifferentman.Hisexperienceoftravel,combat,andlovehadbroadenedhisoutlook.Hiswarexperiencehadchangedhimdramatically. Depression-eraLiteratureadecadeofgreatchange.JohnSteinbeckarepresentativefigureofDepressioneraliteraturetheNobelPrizeinLiteraturein1962TheGrapesofWraththestoryoftheJoadsThePearlEastofEden TheContemporaryPeriod1931--1.6.1Warnovel1.6.2LiteratureoftheModernSouth1.6.3JewishWriters1.6.4TheBeatGeneration1.6.5BlackWriters1.6.6TheBlackWomen’sLiteraryRenaissanceandWomen’sVoice1.6.7NewDrama WarnovelNormanMailerTheNakedandtheDeadthebestwarnoveltocomeoutoftheUnitedStatesJosephHellerwarnovelCatch-22 LiteratureoftheModernSouthWilliamFaulknerthe1949NobelPrizewinnerYoknapatawphaTheSoundandtheFuryAsILayDyingLightinAugust,Absalom,Absalom!GoDown,Moses JewishWritersSaulBellowthe1976NobelPrizewinnerDanglingManTheVictimSeizetheDayHendersontheRainKing TheBeatGenerationinthe1950sandearly1960sdissatisfiedwithcontemporaryAmericansocietyuseofnontraditionalformsrejectionofconventionalsocialvaluesGinsbergepicpoemHowlKerouacsemiautobiographicalOntheRoad BlackWritersRichardWrightNativeSonRalphEllisonTheInvisibleMan TheBlackWomen’sLiteraryRenaissanceandWomen’sVoiceToniMorrisonwinnerofaNobelPrizeinliteratureblackexperiencetheblackcommunityBelovedAmyTananAmericanwriterofChinesedescentTheJoyLuckClub NewDramaEugeneO’NeillthewinnerofNobelPrizeforliteraturein1936TheHairyApeTennesseeWilliamswritingabouttheisolatedandlonelypeopleTheGlassMenagerieArthurMillerTheGlassMenagerieDeathofaSalesman DeathofaSalesmanThetaletellsthelifeanddeathoftheordinaryworkingmanWillyLoman. Willyisahard-workingandgood-naturedsalesmanwhoholdsfirminhisconvinceaboutachievingtheAmericandream.Hisdreamisindeednotambitious.Hewantstoestablishhisownbusiness,topayoffthemortgageonhishouse,tohavesuccessfulchildrenandlivehappilyandpeacefullywithhisfamily.Unfortunately,therealityiscruel.Heistobedismissedbythecompanyhehasbeenworkingfor30yearsbecauseheisgettingold.Histwosons,forwhomhehasgreatexpectations,turnouttobelosersinsociety,oneathiefandtheotherabraggart.Disillusioned,hedesperatelykilledhimselfinordertogetlifeinsurancemoneyforhisfamily. 2.Art2.1FilmIntheearly1900sWithinafewyearsDuringtheso-calledGoldenAgeofHollywoodinthe1930sand1940s2.2Music2.2.1Jazz2.2.2RockandCountry2.3Theaterin1752duringtheearlynineteenthcenturyBythe1920sthetwentiethcenturyToday’sAmericantheater2.4TheVisualArts TheVisualArtstheHudsonRiverschool“ash-can”schoolmodernistsabstractpaintersabstractexpressionismworksofmixedmedia JoyfulMomentAthoughtfulManColeridge,thePoet,oncedinedincompanywithapersonwholistenedtotheconversationandsaidnothingforalongtime;butoccasionallynoddedhishead,andColeridgeconcludedhimathoughtfulandintelligentman.Atlength,towardstheendofthedinner,someappledumplingswereplacedonthetable,andthelistenerhadnosoonerseenthemthanheburstforth,“Them’sthefellowsforme!”Coleridgeadds:“IwishSpurzheimcouldhaveexaminedthefellow’shead.”(JohannGasparSpurzheim(1776-1832)wasaGermanphysician) Mr.Positive1.Developsuccessfromfailures.Discouragementandfailurearetwoofthesureststeppingstonestosuccess.2.Keepcompanywiththosewhomakeyoubetter.'