英美概况课件PPT测试题及课后练习答案PDF 刘白玉封丽丽主编 978 7 81134 751 7 美国部分Chapter 5.ppt 60页

'CHAPTERFIVEMilitaryoftheUnitedStates FamousQuotationMyfellowAmericans,asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou;askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.Myfellowcitizensoftheworld;asknotwhatAmericawilldoforyou,butwhattogetherwecandoforthefreedomofman.—JohnKennedy,AmericanPresident NewWordsevolve:v.todevelopgradually（使）逐渐形成，逐步发展，逐渐演变—Noonecanprocessandevolveforanother.没有人能为别人推移和进化。frontiersmen:n.amanwholivesonthefrontier边远居民—Infact,tohearthenewpresidentspeak,thefrontiersman’sversionoftheAmericanDreamwasborderlinemalevolent.事实上，听总统任职演讲，边境人对于美国梦的诠释有恶意性。 NewWordstactician:n.apersonwhoisverycleveratplanningthebestwaytoachievesomething有策略的人；手段高明的人—Heisveryshrewd,agoodtacticiananditwillbenicetotalktohim.他非常的精明，是睿智的战术家，与他交谈一定会非常的痛快。confederate:adj.belongingtoaconfederacy联盟的；同盟的；联邦的—Thecountrytriedtoconfederatewithothercountriesformutualsafety.这个国家为了共同安全，曾试图与别的国家结盟。 NewWordsfromscratch:withoutanypreviouspreparationorknowledge从头开始；从零开始—Onlythepastachievements,weshouldallstartfromscratch,sothatnewlifecanbebeyondtherealm.成绩只是过去，要一切从零开始，那样才能跨越人生新的境界。trench:n.alongdeepholeduginthegroundinwhichsoldierscanbeprotectedfromenemyattacks战壕；堑壕壕沟—WorldWarIwascharacterizedbytrenchwarfare.第一次世界大战的主要特征是战壕式地面战。 NewWordsaerial:n.apieceofequipmentmadeofwireormetalrodsforreceivingorsendingradioandtelevisionsignals天线—Onthereceivinginstrumenthealsousedanelevatedaerialandearth.在接收装置上，他也采用了高架天线和接地装置。Axisnation:一战中的轴心国家 NewWordsgenocide:n.themurderofawholeraceorgroupofpeople种族灭绝；大屠杀—ThegenocideoftheHolocaustmademanydoubttenetsofEuropeanmodernity.大屠杀的种族灭绝，使很多人怀疑欧洲现代性的原则。proxy:n.theauthoritythatyougivetosomebodytodosomethingforyou,whenyoucannotdoityourself代理权；代表权—HowdoIentermyproxyinformation?我怎么输入我的代理服务器信息？ NewWordsquagmire:n.adifficultordangeroussituation困境；险境—Today,youareprisonersofyourownquagmire.今天，你们自食其果。hostility:n.unfriendlyoraggressivefeelingsorbehavior敌意；对抗—Ifachildliveswithhostility,helearnstofight.如果一个小孩活在仇恨里，他就学会斗争。 NewWordsveteran:n.apersonwhohasbeenasoldier,sailor,etc.inawar退伍军人；老兵；—Theveteranworkerhastwoapprenticesworkingwithhim.这位老工人身边有两个徒弟一起工作。patrol:n.todriveorwalkaroundaparticulararea,especiallyinathreateningway（尤指威胁性地）逛荡，闲逛—Policepatrolthestreetsatnight.警察晚间在街道上巡逻。 NewWordsrogue:adj.behavingdifferentlyfromothersimilarpeopleorthings,oftencausingdamage行为失常的；暴戾的—Sobeingmylifeasarogueshinobi.Todayisnotmyday.看来我还是适合当一个流浪的忍者，今天真不是我的日子。echelon:n.arankorpositionofauthorityinanorganizationorasociety职权的等级；阶层—ThehopecanhelptheWuhanteamtoechelonsuccessfully.希望能够帮助武汉队保级成功。 NewWordsmortar:n.aheavygunthatfiresbombsandshellshighintotheair迫击炮；迫击炮弹—Iraqissetupmortarpositionssouthofthecityandpiledsandbagsaroundgovernmentbuildingsandotherstrategiclocations,inevidentanticipationofabattletocome.伊拉克在南部布置了敢死队，环绕政府大楼和其他战略设施周围也堆积了沙袋，很显然对即将来临的交火有了准备。battalion:n.alargegroupofsoldiersthatformpartofabrigade（军队的）营—Awholebattalionofsoldierssurroundedusinatightring.整个军队把我们紧紧地包围在包围圈中。 NewWordscamouflage:n.awayofhidingsoldiersandmilitaryequipment,usingpaint,leavesornets（军事上的）伪装，隐蔽—Troopswithcamouflageexpressionpaintmarchingsinglefile.面涂迷彩漆的军队呈单行队列行进。synchronized:adj.tohappenatthesametimeortomoveatthesamespeedassomething;tomakesomethingdothis（使）同步，在时间上一致，同速进行—Thesoundonafilmmustsynchronizewiththeaction.影片中的声音必须与动作配合一致。 NewWordspropaganda:n.ideasorstatementsthatmaybefalseorexaggeratedandthatareusedinordertogainsupportforapoliticalleader,party,etc.宣传；鼓吹—Thepublicationofthisbookmaybeofsomehelptoourpropagandawork.这本书的出版，对于这一次宣传工作，可能是有些帮助的。guise:n.awayinwhichsomebody/somethingappears,differentfromusualorthathidesthetruthaboutthem/it表现形式；外貌；伪装；外表—Oneoftherobberswentundertheguiseofarespectabledealerinantiques.一个强盗装扮成有声望的古董商。 MilitaryoftheUnitedStatesKeypoints:1.Overview2.History2.1ColonialWars(1620–1774)2.2WarofIndependence(1775–1783)2.3AmericanCivilWar(1861–1865)2.4WorldWarI(1917–1918)2.5WorldWarII(1939–1945) Keypoints2.6ColdWar(1945–1991)2.7Post-ColdWarEra(1991–2001)2.8WaronTerrorism(2001–present)3.StructureofU.S.Army4.Personnel5.Equipment5.1PersonalWeapons5.2Uniforms6.Recruitment 1.OverviewThemilitaryhistoryspansaperiodofovertwocenturiesfromanallianceofthirteenBritishcolonieswithoutaprofessionalmilitarytotheworld’ssoleremainingsuperpowerTheUnitedStatesArmyservesastheland-basedbranchoftheU.S.Military 1.OverviewThepurposeoftheArmy 1.OverviewtheU.S.militaryconsistsofanArmyNavyAirForceMarineCorpsunderthecommandoftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofDefense 1.OverviewtheUnitedStatesCoastGuard,controlledbytheDepartmentofHomelandSecurityThePresidentisthecommanderinchiefeachstatehasanationalguardcommandedbythestate’sgovernorandcoordinatedbytheNationalGuardBureau 2.History2.1ColonialWars(1620–1774)ThebeginningliesincivilianfrontiersmenreliedonthesupportoftheBritishregulararmyandnavymilitaryactioninthecoloniesthatwouldbecomeUnitedStateswastheresultofconflictswithNativeAmericans 2.1ColonialWars(1620–1774)involvedinaseriesofwars:betweenGreatBritainandFranceforcontrolofNorthAmericathemostimportantofwhichwereQueenAnne’sWar,inwhichtheBritishannexedFrenchAcadia,andthefinalFrenchandIndianWarwhichgavethousandsofcolonists 2.2WarofIndependence(1775–1783)politicaltensionsbetweenGreatBritainandthirteencoloniesbecameacrisisin1774shootingbeganatLexingtonandConcordin1775GeorgeWashingtonascommander-in-chief 2.2WarofIndependence(1775–1783)hisoverallstrategyprovedtobesound:keepthearmyintactweardownBritishresolveavoiddecisivebattlesexcepttoexploitenemymistakes 2.2WarofIndependence(1775–1783)AFrenchnavalvictoryintheChesapeakeledtothesurrenderofaBritisharmyatYorktownin1781theTreatyofParisin1783,whichrecognizedtheindependenceoftheUnitedStates 2.3AmericanCivilWar(1861–1865)alsoknownastheWarBetweentheStatesElevenSouthernslavestatesdeclaredtheirsecessionfromtheUnitedStatesandformedtheConfederateStatesofAmerica(theConfederacy)foughtagainsttheUnitedStates(theUnion),whichwassupportedbyallthefreestatesandthefiveborderslavestates 2.3AmericanCivilWar(1861–1865)tensionshadlongexistedbetweenthestateslocatednorthoftheMason-DixonLineandthatsouthofitcenteredonthe“peculiarinstitution”ofslaveryandtheabilityofstatestooverrulethedecisionsofthenationalgovernment 2.3AmericanCivilWar(1861–1865)TheAmericanCivilWarcaughtbothsidesunpreparedbutneithersidewouldsurrendertheirnationalidentitycheaplyitspilledacrossthecontinent,andeventothehighseas 2.3AmericanCivilWar(1861–1865)calledthe“firstmodernwar”duetotheuseofmassconscription,militaryrailroads,trenchwarfare,submarines,ironclads,aerialreconnaissance,rifles,andmachinegunsItintroducedthemodernworldtothehorrorsoftotalwar. 2.4WorldWarI(1917–1918)WorldWarIbrokeoutinAugust1914originallywishedtoremainneutralOnApril6,1917,theUnitedStatesdeclaredwaronGermanyBysummer1918,amillionAmericansoldiersoftheAmericanExpeditionaryForcewereinEuropeunderthecommandofJohnJ.Pershing,with25,000morearrivingeveryweek 2.4WorldWarI(1917–1918)ThefailureofGermany’sspringoffensivemeanttheyhadexhaustedtheirmanpowerreservesandwereunabletolaunchattacksorevendefendtheirlinestheGermanhomefrontrevoltedandanewGermangovernmentsignedaconditionalsurrender,endingthewaronNovember11,1918 2.5WorldWarII(1939–1945)beganinearnestonSeptember1,1939concludedonSeptember2,1945withtheofficialsurrenderofthelastAxisnation,Japan 2.5WorldWarII(1939–1945)thelargestarmedconflictinhistoryspanningtheentireworldandinvolvingmorecountriesthananyotherwarintroducingpowerfulnewweaponsthefirstuseofnuclearweapons 2.5WorldWarII(1939–1945)TheUSenteredofficiallyon8December1941followingtheJapaneseattackonPearlHarbor,HawaiithepreviousdayTheU.S.usedatomicbombingofHiroshimaandNagasakitoshocktheJapaneseleadership,whichquicklybroughtaboutthesurrenderofJapan 2.5WorldWarII(1939–1945)WorldWarIIasthecountry’sgreatesttriumphthesoldiersarereferredtoas“thegreatestgeneration”TheimportanceofUSmilitaryandpoliticalpowerinworldaffairstheoutcomeofthewarandthefortunesofthevictorshaveshapedworldeventstothisday 2.5WorldWarII(1939–1945)theUSandUK:anincreasinglystrongdefenseandintelligencerelationshipExamples:extensivebasingofUSforcesintheUKsharedintelligence,sharedmilitarytechnologysharedprocurement 2.6ColdWar(1945–1991)theUnitedStatesemergedasaglobalsuperpoweragainsttheSovietUnionintheColdWartheUnitedStatesprovidedforeignmilitaryaidanddirectinvolvementinproxywarsagainsttheSovietUnionKoreanWarandVietnamWar 2.6ColdWar(1945–1991)VietnamWarknownastheSecondIndochinaWarbetween1957and1975onthegroundinSouthVietnamandborderingareasofCambodiaandLaosinthestrategicbombingofNorthVietnam VietnamWarTheU.S.anditsalliesfoughtagainstNVAandNLF“Vietnam”isapoliticallycontroversialsubjectintheU.SSomeviewtheWarasanobleOthersseeitasaquagmire VietnamWarMilitaryserviceduringVietnamisstillanissueinU.S.presidentialcampaignsmorethan30yearsafterUStroopsleftthecountry,andfearsofanother“quagmire”havebeenmajorfactorsinU.S.militaryplanningsince1975. 2.7Post-ColdWarEra(1991–2001)GulfWaraconflictbetweenIraqandacoalitionforceof34nationsledbytheUnitedStatesbeganwiththeIraqiinvasionofKuwaitinAugust1990resultinginadecisivevictoryfortheU.S.ledcoalitionforceswhichdroveIraqiforcesoutofKuwaitwithminimalcoalitiondeaths GulfWarDespitethelowdeathtoll,over180,000USveteranswouldlaterbeclassifiedas“permanentlydisabled”ThemainbattleswereaerialandgroundcombatwithinIraq,KuwaitandborderingareasofSaudiArabia GulfWartheUS,Britain,andFrancedeclaredandmaintainedno-flyzones“OperationDesertStorm”wastheU.S.nameoftheairandlandoperationstheU.S.militaryawardedcampaignribbonsforserviceinSouthwestAsia 2.8WaronTerrorism(2001–present)aglobaleffortbyseveralgovernmentstoneutralizeinternationalterroristgroupsaresponsetotheSeptember11,2001attacksontheUnitedStates IraqWarOperationIraqiFreedombytheU.S.militaryOperationTelicbytheBritishmilitarybeganonMarch20,2003theinvasionofIraqwasbyamultinationalforceledbytroopsfromtheUSandtheUKAfterapproximatelythreeweeksoffighting,HusseinandtheBa’athPartywereforciblyremoved,followedbyanextendedperiodofmilitaryoccupation 3.StructureofU.S.Armyismadeupofthreecomponents:theactivecomponent,theRegularArmy;tworeservecomponents,theArmyNationalGuardandtheArmyReserveBoththeRegularArmyandtheArmyReserveareorganizedunderTitle10oftheUnitedStatesCodetheNationalGuardisorganizedunderTitle32 3.StructureofU.S.ArmytheArmyNationalGuardisacomponentoftheU.S.ArmyTheU.S.ArmyisledbyacivilianSecretaryoftheArmyTheArmyChiefofStaffisamemberoftheJointChiefsofStaff 4.PersonnelAsofFebruary28,2009,1,454,515peopleareonactivedutyinthemilitarywithanadditional848,000peopleinthesevenreservecomponents.Itisanallvolunteermilitary;however,conscriptioncanbeenactedbytherequestofthePresidentandtheapprovalofCongress.TheUnitedStatesmilitaryisthesecondlargestintheworld,afterthePeople’sLiberationArmyofChina,andhastroopsdeployedaroundtheglobe. 5.Equipment5.1PersonalWeaponsvariousindividualweaponstoprovidelightfirepowerthreetypesofmortarforindirectfiresupportThesmallestoftheseisthe60 mmM22481 mmM252mortars120 mmM120/M121 5.2UniformsTwosoldierswearingtheACU,aswellasACU-patternedpatrolcap(left)andbooniehat 5.2Uniforms“ArmyGreens”or“Class-As”The“ArmyBlue”uniformiscurrentlytheArmy’sformaldressuniformwillbecomethe“new”ArmyServiceUniformTheberetwillcontinuetobewornwiththenewACUforgarrisonduty 6.Recruitment 6.Recruitmentfamousforitssynchronizedmulti-conscriptionpropaganda“FleetWeek”themajorbranchesseizethisgoodopportunitytospreadrecruitmentadvertisementstheAirForcecanprovideavarietyofskillscourses,andgeneroussalaries 6.RecruitmentUSmilitaryalwayspayattentiontothemilitaryrecruitmentpropagandaInthepast20years,theannualrecruitmentpromotionalexpendituresaremorethan100millionU.S.dollars20millioncopiesmailedpromotionalmaterialstoschool-ageyoungpeoplefreemagazineswithinstructionstothemilitaryprofessiontocarryoutpublicwelfareactivities 6.RecruitmentInrecentyears,weirdmeasuresoneafteranotherthemilitarycooperatewithtelevisionstations,newspapersandwebsitestoengage“militarylifeexperience”activitiesInthefirsthalfofthisyear,thefamousWestPointdesignedakindofgamesoftwarecalled“theUnitedStatesArmy”inordertoattractyoungpeople 6.RecruitmentArecruitmentposterofUSarmyduringworldWarⅡ 6.Recruitmentit’sharderforthemilitarytorecruitwhentheeconomyisbetter,unemploymentrateislowerforevery1%declineintheU.S.unemploymentrate,theArmy’srecruitingisnecessarytoreducetherateofabout9% 6.RecruitmentComparedwiththeaverageannualunemploymentrateof4%in1990s,theU.S.unemploymentratehasnowrisento6%.Itisnotbadforthemilitarybecauseitmeanstherewillbemorepressureonyoungpeopleinemploymentandtheymayturntodefecttothebarracks. 6.Recruitment 59JoyfulMomentWhattoexpectandmissedMyfather,brotherandIvisitedWestPointtoseeafootballgamebetweenArmyandBostonCollege.Takingastrollbeforekickoff,wemetmanycadetsinneatlypresseduniforms.Severalvisitingfansaskedtherecruitsiftheywouldposeforphotographs,“toshowoursonwhattoexpectifheshouldattendWestPoint.”Onemiddle-agedcoupleapproachedaveryattractivefemalecadetandaskedhertoposeforapicture.Theyexplained,“WewanttoshowoursonwhathemissedbynotcomingtoWestPoint.” 60.Mr.Positive1.Loveistheimmortalflowofenergythatnourishes,extendsandpreserves.Itseternalgoalislife.2.Ifyoulovesomeone,setthemfree.Iftheycomeback,they’reyour;iftheydon’ttheyneverwere.'