英美概况课件PPT测试题及课后练习答案PDF 刘白玉封丽丽主编 978 7 81134 751 7 美国部分Chapter 4.ppt 64页

'CHAPTERFOUREconomyoftheUnitedStates FamousQuotationItisnousedoingwhatyoulike;youhavegottolikewhatyoudo.—WinstonChurchill NewWordssneeze:v.exhalespasmodically,aswhenanirritantenteredone’snose打喷嚏—Thepepperinthefoodcausedmeto/mademesneeze.这食物中的胡椒味儿呛得我直打喷嚏。cruise:v.travelatamoderatespeed慢速行驶—Severalprivateeroftencruiseneartheentranceofthechannel.几只武装民船经常在这个海峡的进口附近巡航。 Newwordsinsistence:n.continualandpersistentdemands坚持，强调，坚决主张—Yourinsistenceoncauselessnessremovesallhopeoftheworldeverchanging.您对无因的坚持打消了世界不断变化的所有希望。assembly:n.agroupofmachinepartsthatfittogethertoformaself-containedunit集合，集会,议会，装配—Theproductionisgreatlyincreasedduetoanewassemblylineinstalled.由于安装了新装配线,生产量大大提高。 NewWordslobby:v.detaininconversationbyorasifbyholdingontotheoutergarmentsof;asforpoliticaloreconomicfavors游说—Theanti-nuclearlobbyisbecomingstronger.向议员游说的反核群众声势渐强。supersede:v.taketheplaceormoveintothepositionof取代，接替—Willfactoryworkersbeentirelysupersededbymachinesoneday?工人将来能完全由机器取代吗？ NewWordsobstacle:n.somethingimmaterialthatstandsinthewayandmustbecircumventedorsurmounted障碍—Herfather’soppositionremainedonlytheirobstacle.她父亲的反对是他们唯一的障碍。pension:n.aregularpaymenttoapersonthatisintendedtoallowthemtosubsistwithoutworking退休金—Apensionisoftencommutableintoalumpsum.养老金常可改为一次性总付款。 NewWordsmutualfunds:n.aregulatedinvestmentcompanywithapoolofassetsthatregularlysellsandredeemsitsshares共同基金—Usuallyindividualsdothisthroughmoneymarketmutualfund.通常个人通过货币共有基金来进行投资。recreation:n.anactivitythatdivertsoramusesorstimulates消遣，娱乐—Sportandrecreationhavealwaysbeenpartofuniversitylife.运动和娱乐活动一直是大学生活的一部分。 NewWordsliquidity:n.beingincashoreasilyconvertibletocash;debtpayingability流动性，偿债能力—Thebankhasprogressivelyincreaseditsliquidity.银行逐渐地增加其流动资产。 EconomyoftheUnitedStatesKeypoints1.Introduction1.1OverviewofU.S.Economy1.2TheU.S.EconomicSystem1.3BasicIngredientsoftheU.S.Economy1.4Sino-USEconomicRelationships1.5MajorCitiesandIndustries EconomyoftheUnitedStatesKeypoints2.EconomicSectors2.1internationalTrade2.2Manufacturing2.3ServiceIndustry2.4GlobalFinancialCrisisImpactsuponU.S. 1.Introduction1.1OverviewofU.S.EconomyWhentheUnitedStatessneezes,aneconomists’proverbsays,therestoftheworldcatchesacold.thelargestnationaleconomyGDPwasestimatedas$14.3trillionin2008GDPpercapitaisNo.12 1.1OverviewofU.S.EconomyCharacteristics:astableoverallGDPgrowthratealowunemploymentratehighlevelsofresearchandcapitalinvestment 1.1OverviewofU.S.EconomyTable1:2008world’sGDPandGDPpercapitaListbytheWorldBank 1.1OverviewofU.S.EconomytheU.S.economycruisedalongintheearly2000sAfteramildrecessioninMarch-November2001,theU.S.economyresumedexpanding,anaverage2.9percentduring2002-2006remainstheworld’smostproductive,competitive,andinfluentiallargeeconomy 1.2TheU.S.EconomicSystemdeclareditsindependencein1776,whenAdamSmithwroteTheWealthofNations“aninvisiblehand”guidesthemtoenrichandimproveallofsocietygovernmentshouldinterfereincommerceaslittleaspossible 1.2TheU.S.EconomicSystemAmericanindustrialdevelopmentinthe19thcenturytookatollonworkingmenandwomenWorkinlonghoursforlowwagesunsafeandunhealthyworkplaceshiredthechildrenofpoorfamiliesEntrepreneurs:formingmonopolieseliminatingcompetitionsettinghighpricesforproductssellingpoor-qualifiedgoods 1.2TheU.S.EconomicSysteminthelate19thcenturyAmericansbegantomodifytheirfaithinfreecapitalismtheShermanAntitrustActin1890ThesehaschangedAmericancapitalismfroma“freelyrunninghorsetoonethatisbridledandsaddled.” 1.2TheU.S.EconomicSystempoliticalconservativesbelievethereistoomuchgovernmentregulationofbusinessConsequently,thegovernmenthastriedtoreducethepaperworkrequiredofbusinessesandtosetoverallgoalsorstandardsforbusinessestoreach,asopposedtodictatingdetailedrulesofoperation 1.2TheU.S.EconomicSystemIfsometimescumbersome,therulesandregulationsgoverningbusinessconducttodaydonotseemtopreventambitiousAmericansfromrealizingtheirdreams--andoccasionallyofgoingbeyondthem.OnesuchentrepreneurisBillGates 1.3BasicIngredientsoftheU.S.Economy1.naturalresources.richinmineralresourcesandfertilefarmsoilisblessedwithamoderateclimatealsohasextensivecoastlinesonboththeAtlanticandPacificOceans,aswellasontheGulfofMexico2.laborLaborqualityisatleastasimportantasthenumberofworkers 1.3BasicIngredientsoftheU.S.Economyinearlydays,frontierliferequiredhardworkProtestantworkethicItisbaseduponthenotionthattheCalvinistemphasisonthenecessityforhardworkisproponentofaperson’scallingandworldlysuccessisasignofpersonalsalvation.新教工作道德，以专注的现世目标、克俭的生活作风、负有责任感的勤劳工作和合理的行为算计为特征。 1.4Sino-USEconomicRelationshipsThePRCandtheU.S.startedtraderelationsin1972and1973U.S.directinvestmentinmainlandChinacoversawiderangeofmanufacturingsectors,severallargehotelprojects,restaurantchains,andpetrochemicals 1.4Sino-USEconomicRelationshipsfactorsthatinfluencetheU.S.tradedeficitwithmainlandChinainclude:ThestrengthoftheU.S.economyU.S.demandforlabor-intensivegoodsexceedsdomesticoutputTheundervaluationoftheRenminbirelativetotheUnitedStatesDollar 1.5MajorCitiesandIndustriesAmerica’sindustryranksfirstactuallyanurbannationtraditionalindustriesusedtoincludesteel,automobile,housingandmilitaryNowisputtingmoreemphasisonelectronicsandchemistry 1.5MajorCitiesandIndustriesDuetohistoricalaswellasgeographicalreasons,America’sindustriesarenotevenlydistributedNewEngland---“theworkshopofthenation” 1.5MajorCitiesandIndustriesTheMidwestisAmerica’sleadingcenterofheavyindustryimportantintheproductionofmotorvehiclesandothertransportationequipment,fabricatedmetalsandnonelectricalmachinery 1.5MajorCitiesandIndustriesAmerica’sheavyindustriesnearthefiveGreatLakesdependheavilyuponthreeresources:ironorefromtheLakeSuperiorareacoaldepositsinWesternPennsylvaniaandWesternVirginiaandcheapwatertransportationacrosstheGreatLakes. 1.5MajorCitiesandIndustriesTheAmericanSouthisanewlydevelopedindustrialregionInaddition,theregion’slargepopulationprovidesagoodlaborsupplyandalargehomemarketAnetworkofrailway,highway,air,andrivertransportationandalong,irregularseacoastwithmanygoodharborsprovideexcellentbasesforindustrialexpansion 1.5MajorCitiesandIndustries 1.5.1WashingtonD.C.agrowing,diversifiedeconomywithanincreasingpercentageofprofessionalandbusinessservicejobs 1.5.1WashingtonD.C.Manyorganizationssuchaslawfirms,non-profitorganizations,lobbyingfirms,tradeunions,industrytradegroups,andprofessionalassociationshavetheirheadquartersinornearD.C.tobeclosetothefederalgovernment 1.5.2NewYorkCityaglobalcenterofinternationalbusinessandcommerceoneoffour“commandcenters”fortheworldeconomy(alongwithLondon,ParisandTokyo)amajorcenterforfinance,insurance,realestate,mediaandtheartsintheUnitedStates 1.5.2NewYorkCityLowerManhattanisthethirdlargestcentralbusinessdistricthometoTheNewYorkStockExchange,locatedonWallStreet,andtheNASDAQ 1.5.2NewYorkCityFinancialservicesaccountformorethan35%ofthecity’semploymentincome.Realestateisamajorforceinthecity’seconomy.TheTimeWarnerCenteristhepropertywiththehighest-listedmarketvalueinthecity 1.5.2NewYorkCityThecity’stelevisionandfilmindustryisthesecondlargestinthecountryafterHollywoodCreativeindustriessuchasnewmedia,advertising,fashion,designandarchitectureaccountforagrowingshareofemployment 1.5.3ChicagothelargestcityintheU.S.stateofIllinoisthethirdlargestcityintheUnitedStates16thoftheworld’srichestcitiesin2008 1.5.3Chicagoamajorworldfinancialcenter,withthesecondlargestcentralbusinessdistrictintheU.S.theheadquartersoftheFederalReserveBankofChicago 1.5.3Chicagothelargestfood-processingcenterintheUSTheJungleSisterCarrieeacenterofclothingindustry 1.5.4.DetroitlocatedinsoutheasternMichiganandseparatedbytheDetroitRiverfromtheCanadianprovinceofOntario 1.5.4.DetroithomeoftheheadquartersofGeneralMotors,FordMotorCompany,andChryslerCorporationTheMotorCity 1.5.5LosAngelesTheeconomyofLosAngelesisdrivenbyinternationaltrade,entertainment(television,motionpictures,interactivegames,recordedmusic),aerospace,technology,petroleum,fashion,apparel,andtourism 1.5.5LosAngelesisthelargestmanufacturingcenterinthewesternUnitedStatesmajorcompaniesheadquarteredinthecitiesofLosAngelescountyare:HiltonHotels(BeverlyHills),TheWaltDisneyCompanyWarnerBros.SonyPicturesEntertainmentDreamWorks 2.EconomicSectors2.1internationalTrade2.1.1ImportandExportthemostsignificantnationintheworldwhenitcomestointernationaltradehasledtheworldinimportsoneofthetopthreeexporters 2.1.1ImportandExportanunfavorablebalanceoftradesincethe1970saprotectionistpolicyintradetoencourageitsexportandlimititsimportChinahasbecomeAmerica’sNo.1tradingpartnerinitsimportingfield 2.1.1ImportandExportFigure2.USexportsofgoodsandservices1960-2004 2.1.2InvestmentintheUnitedStatesForeigndirectinvestment(FDI)playsamajorroleintheU.S.economyakeydriveroftheeconomyandanimportantsourceofinnovation,exportsandjobsProvideastableandwelcomingmarket 2.1.2InvestmentintheUnitedStatestheUnitedStatesoffersapredictableandtransparentlegalsystemlowtaxesoutstandinginfrastructureaccesstotheworld’smostprofitableconsumermarket 2.1.2InvestmentintheUnitedStatesFigure3.ForeigndirectInvestmentintheUnitedStatesandU.S.DirectInvestmentAbroad,AnnualFlows,1990-2007(inbillionsofdollars) 2.1.2InvestmentintheUnitedStatesaslightdecreasefromthe$241billioninvestedin2006InvestmentsbyU.S.firmsabroadincreasedby38%in2007Theincreaseinforeigndirectinvestmentflowsmirrorsaturnaroundinglobalflows 2.1.3TradeAgreementsandOrganizationsTheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreementatrilateraltradeblocbythegovernmentsoftheUnitedStates,Canada,andMexicocameintoforceonJanuary1,1994 2.1.3TradeAgreementsandOrganizationsGATT&WTOtheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)wasfirstsignedbytheUnitedStatesandtwenty-twoothercountriesin1947Theagreementreducedtariffs,removedotherobstaclestointernationaltrade,andclarifiedrulessurroundingbarrierstofreetrade. 2.1.3TradeAgreementsandOrganizationsWTOtheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)wascreatedin1994AsofJuly2008,theWTOconsistedof153membercountriestheWTOistheonlyinternationalorganizationdealingwiththeglobalrulesoftradebetweennations 2.1.3TradeAgreementsandOrganizationsTheWorldBankTheIBRDandtheInternationalDevelopmentAssociation(IDA)arecommonlyknownastheWorldBankisnotabankTheWorldBankworkstocombatworldpovertybyprovidinglow-interestloans,interest-freecredit,andgrantstodevelopingcountries 2.2ManufacturingtheleadingmanufacturerintheworldMainindustriesarepetroleum,steel,motorvehicles,aerospace,telecommunications,chemicals,electronics,foodprocessing,consumergoods,andmining.Thepetroleumindustryincludestheglobalprocessesofexploration,extraction,refining,transportingandmarketingpetroleumproducts 2.2ManufacturingTheautomotiveindustrydesigns,develops,manufactures,markets,andsellstheworld’smotorvehiclesTheUnitedStatesbuildsmillionsofcomputerseachyearanditrankssecondintheworldintheproductionofelectroniccomponents 2.3ServiceIndustryIsthelargestsectoroftheU.S.economybeverydifferentfromeachotherIn2008theUnitedStatesserviceindustryrepresentsnearly78%ofUSeconomicoutputandasimilarproportionofemployment 2.3ServiceIndustryFinancialservicesmakeupanimportantsectionoftheserviceindustryrefertoservicesprovidedbythefinanceindustrymajortypesoffinancialservicesincludebankservices,foreignexchangeservices,investmentservices,insuranceandothers 2.3ServiceIndustryBankingintheUnitedStatesisregulatedbyboththefederalandstategovernmentsofU.S.TheUnitedStateshasmorethan10,000insuredbankswithtotalassetsof$5.44trillionTheUnitedStatesalsohasalargeinsuranceindustryTourismintheUnitedStatesisalargeindustry 2.3ServiceIndustryas“anationonthemove”or“anationonwheels”,theUnitedStateshasalargetransportationindustrytheEisenhowerInterstateHighwaySystemreliesmuchmoreheavilyonitsroadsbothforcommercialandpersonaltransit 2.4GlobalFinancialCrisisImpactsuponU.S.2.4.1ImpactsonUSFigure4:AnnualGrowthinRealGDP 2.4.1ImpactsonUSRealGDPdecreasedatanannualrateofapproximately6percentinthefourthquarterof2008andfirstquarterof2009TheU.S.unemploymentrateincreasedto9.5%byJune2009,thehighestratesince1983ThecrisishititspeakinSeptemberandOctober2008 2.4.2EmergencyandShort-TermResponsesTodate,variousgovernmentagencieshavecommittedorspenttrillionsofdollarsinloans,assetpurchases,guarantees,anddirectspending.theforthcomingrecessionwouldbetheworstsincetheReaganrecessionof1981and1982withnegative2009growthfortheU.S.,Eurozone,UKandCanada;verylimitedrecoveryin2010;butnotasbadastheGreatDepression,andsoontheeconomywillrecoverasitalwaysdidafterrecessions. JoyfulMomentSecretforaLong,HappyLifeAwomanwalksuptoalittleoldmanrockinginachaironhisporch.“Icouldn’thelpnoticinghowhappyyoulook,”shesays.“What’syoursecretforalong,happylife?”“Ismokethreepacksaday,drinkacaseofwhiskeyaweek,eatfattyfoodsandnever,everexercise.”“Wow,that’samazing,”saysthewoman.“Howoldareyou?”“Twenty-six.” Mr.Positive1.Whatissuccess?Ithinkitisamixtureofhavingaflairforthethingthatyouaredoing;knowingthatitisnotenough,thatyouhavegottohavehardworkandacertainsenseofpurpose.2.Ifyoutakeresponsibilityforyourselfyouwilldevelopahungertoaccomplishyourdreams.'