英国概况课件PPT_Chapter 6 Leisure.ppt 43页

'ContemporaryBritishCulture&Society(6)Chapter6Leisure A1IntroductionLeisure–freelychosenactivitiespursuedduringnon-workingtime,relatedtofinancialsecurityprovidedbyworkLeisure--freetimeduringwhichsomebodyhasnoobligationsorworkresponsibilities,andthereforeisfreetoengageinenjoyableactivities AnEurostatsurvey,theEU"sstatisticaloffice,discoveredthatpeopleinBritainspend45%oftheirfreetimewatchingtelevision,24%oftheirfreetimesocializing,22-23%onsportandhobbies,10%onotheractivities.Otherpopularleisureactivitiesarelisteningtotheradio,listeningtopre-recordedmusic,reading,DIY,gardening,eatingoutandgoingtothecinema. HomebasedleisureactivitiesGardeningRadioTelevisionandDVDDIYCookeryPuzzlesandgamesReadingSewingandknitting A2LeisureatHomeThemostcommonleisureactivitiesamongpeopleintheUnitedKingdomarehome-based,orsocial,suchasentertainingorvisitingrelativesandfriendsWatchingtelevisionisbyfarthemostpopularleisurepastime;Britain"sregularweeklydramasor"soapoperas"suchas"Eastenders"and"CoronationStreet"havemoreviewersthananyotherprogramme.Otherregularpastimesincludelisteningtotheradioandtorecordedmusic,readingbooks,gardening,do-it-yourselfhomeimprovementsanddoingpuzzle.Popandrockalbumsarethemostcommontypeofmusicbought,andpopisbyfarthemostpopularformofmusicalexpressioninBritain A2LeisureatHomeNearlythreequartersofpeopleintheUKnowdosomesortofpuzzle,fromnewspapercrosswordsandcoffee-breakteaserstopuzzlesinmagazinesandeventakingpartathomeinTVshows. A2LeisureatHomeBritishSoapOperaThestorylinesofCoronationStreettendtoconcentrateonrelationshipswithinandbetweenfamiliesratherthanontopicalorsocialissuesCoronationStreetisimbuedwithadefinitefeelingofcommunity.Throughitsaccountofsupposedlyeverydaylife,theprogrammeshowsahighdegreeofsocialrealismTheStreet,asitisaffectionatelyknown,hasbeenatthetopoftheU.K.ratingsforoverthirtyyears.CoronationStreet EastEndersarenominatedintheprestigiousBritishSoapAwardsTheshowhashadanaction-packedyearwhichhasseenweddingbells,births,mentalillnessandthewhodunnitmysterytonamejustafewofthestorylines.TheshowisnominatedforBestSoap A2LeisureatHomeAllethnicminoritygroupsare,broadly,morelikelytoreadthreeofthefourbroadsheetsthanwouldbepredictedfromtheirsocio-economicprofile.Thissuggestssomethingofapreferenceforthesetitles,possiblybecauseofthescopeoftheirnewscoverageorbecauseoftheiroftenmorebalancedstyle.NewspaperReadership A2LeisureatHomeLeisure&Lifestyle A3LeisureoutsidetheHomeGreatergender&classdifferencesinpatternsofleisureactivitiesoutsidethehomeProvisionofleisureactivities--localgovernment,privatecompanies,voluntaryorganizationsThePub–publicbar&loungebar,dartboards,snookers,barbilliards,skittles,dominoes,electronicgames,jukeboxes,TV,livemusicentertainment,localjazzgrouporrock’n’rollbandMoremoneyspendondrinkinpubs,restaurantsorwinebarsthanonanyotherformofleisureactivity A3LeisureoutsidetheHomeBar A3LeisureoutsidetheHomePubdominoes A3LeisureoutsidetheHomeDartboardLoungebar A3LeisureoutsidetheHomeWinebar A3LeisureoutsidetheHomeBarBilliardsSnookers SkittlesTen-pinbowling A3leisureoutsidetheHomeJukeboxCountrybar A3LeisureoutsidetheHomeMealinrestaurantsLibraryCinemaHistoricbuildingsShortbreakholidayDiscoornightclubMuseumorartgalleryFunfairCampingorcaravanningBingoVisitingbettingshopsTheatre,ballet,opera,minoritypursuitsyetgivingBritainhighculturalprofile A3LeisureoutsidetheHomeGamblingBettingshop(Bookies)FootballpoolsHorseracingBetsplacedatBookiesPopularformsofgamblinginBritainBettingonhorseracingpractisedbyworkingratherthanmiddleclass A3LeisureoutsidetheHomeGamblingSincethefirstgameonSaturday19thNovember1994morethan90%oftheUKpopulationhaveplayedtheNationalLotterygamesatsometime,witharound65%ofthepopulationplayingonaregularbasis.Thetotalamountof£12billionhasbeengiventothe"goodcauses".Thegoodcauseshavealreadyhelpeddeprivedgroups,savedbuildingsandnationaltreasures,enabledmorepeopletoenjoysportsandthearts. A3LeisureoutsidetheHomeGamblingOutofevery£1spentonaLotteryticket28pencegoestowardsthegoodcauses.How"sthemoneydistributed:Wheredoesthegoodcausesmoneygo? NationalLotterypartnersTheNationalLotteryisapartnershipbetweenGovernment,theLotteryCommission,theNationalLotteryOperatorandtheDistributionBodiestoraisemoneyforthegoodcausesinlocalcommunities.GOVERNMENTTHEDEPARTMENTOFCULTUREMEDIAANDSPORTTHENATIONALLOTTERYCOMMISSIONNLDBsTheArtsCouncilNationalLotteryCharitiesBoardTheHeritageLotteryFundTheMillenniumCommissionTheNewOpportunitiesFundSportsCouncilTheTHENATIONALLOTTERYOPERATORCAMELOTNATIONALLOTTERYDISTRIBUTIONBODIESNLDBsGOODCAUSES A3LeisureoutsidetheHomeTheNationalLotteryFivegroupsofbeneficiariesweredesignatedbytheGovernmenttoreceiveequalsharesoffundsfromTheNationalLottery:TheArtsCouncilsofEngland,Scotland,WalesandNorthernIrelandTheSportsCouncilsofEngland,Scotland,WalesandNorthernIrelandTheNationalLotteryCharitiesBoardTheNationalHeritageMemorialFundTheMillenniumFund(Afundtocelebratetheyear2000andthebeginningofthethirdmillennium.)Asixthwasaddedin1998TheNewOpportunitiesFund—forprojectscoveringeducation,healthandtheenvironment A3LeisureoutsidetheHomeGamblingUKNationalLotteryWinningCardsbyWeekThefirst20winningcards... A3LeisureoutsidetheHomeGamblingTicketssoldthroughnewsagentsandpostoffices--whereeverybodygoesOnSaturdaynightstheweeklyprogrammewherethedrawismadehas12millionviewersTheLotteryisaboutthepossibilityofsocialchangeIthascausedsocialupheavalanddivision. A3LeisureoutsidetheHomeBingohallBingohall A3LeisureoutsidetheHomeSportOfallsportingactivities,walkingisbyfarthemostpopularformenandforwomenofallages.Whilstmentendtodominategolfandcuesportssuchassnookerandbilliards,womengenerallypreferswimming,keep-fitclassesandyoga.Sport,whencomparedwithotherleisureactivities,hassecuredamorecentralplaceinthenationalcultureofcontemporaryBritain. A3LeisureoutsidetheHomeSports&theBritishCulturePreciselybecauseithasbecomesuchapartandparcelofBritishcultureandsociety,sportis,notunexpectedly,problematic.Sporthasnowadaysbeenrelatedtothequestionofdrugs;itisnolongeraleisureactivity;it’sabusiness!’,itisapotentiallypoliticalissue’.,Therealsoexistsinthefieldavariationofsocial-classmembershipwithregardtoactiveparticipationinsports.Itisnotedthatthebettertheclass,thegreatertherateoftheparticipation. A3LeisureoutsidetheHomeSport&theBritishCultureAndweshouldrememberthat“classconsciousnessisfundamentaltotheBritishsenseofnationalidentity.Differencesofaccent,dress,tasteandlifestyleallserveasmarkersofclass”(RawandWalker,1994,p.5).Sport,ofcourse,isofnoexception.Whilstfoxhuntingistraditionallyconsideredanupper-classpursuit,footballiswidelyregardedasahallmarkoftheworkingclass.Certainchangesmayhavetakenplaceinthetwentiethcentury,butdivisionsarestillthere.Crickethasaratherupperclassaswellasruralflavour;playingcricketismeanttobesynonymouswithgentlemanlybehaviour.–fairplay.teamspirit,individualexcellence,“notcricket”(seep109formore) A3LeisureoutsidetheHomeSportSoccer A3LeisureoutsidetheHomeSportCricket A3LeisureoutsidetheHomeSportCricketHorseracing A3LeisureoutsidetheHomeSportNetball A3LeisureoutsidetheHomeSportAroebics A3LeisureoutsidetheHomeWhyparticipate?Toknowmorepeople&understandthembetterTolearnhowtogetalongwithothersTogetafeelingofexcitement&asenseofsuccessTohaveexperienceofwearingpopular&fashionablesportsclothes A3leisureoutsidetheHomeFoxHunting Language&CultureVariationsinterminologyusedtodescribepeoplewatchingleisureentertainmentSoccer--crowds,suggesting“amorphous”Rugby--spectators,“dispassionateonlookers”Cinema--audiences,moresophisticated,listenTV--viewers,denyingpassivityofTV”couchpotato”Theatre--theatre-goers,someformofdynamismOpera--operabuffs,uniformwornbysmartregiments A3LeisureoutsidethehomeYouthorganizationsBoys’scoutsBoysbrigade ConclusionTheDefiningFactorsofIdentityEducation,work,andleisurearedefiningaspectsofBritishculturalidentity.Schoolsplaceadistinctivestampontheirpupils–apastpupilwillbedefinedasaproductofShrewburySchoolorKingStreetprimary.Thispatternisrepeatedintheworkarena.Peopledefinethemselvesbytheirschoolsandtheirworkfunctions. ConclusionTheDefiningFactorsofIdentityTherhetoricalquestion‘Howdoyoudo?’,onbeingintroducedtopeopleisveryshortlyfollowedby‘Whatdoyoudo?’andsoonby‘Wheredidyougotoschool?’Soeducationandworkaresignificantdefiningaspectsofidentity.Aswehaveseenfurther,peoplewillalwaystrytotakecontroloftheirlivesanddefinetheirownidentitiesthroughtheexerciseofindividualchoiceintheirleisureactivities.'