最新3.7土壤(1)课件PPT.ppt 75页

'3.7土壤(1) “土，地之吐生物者也。”“二象地之下，地之中。”即土壤位于岩石面之上、地面之下的大地表层；“|”是“物出形也”，表示土壤能够生长植物。土壤的本质属性：具有肥力，能够生长植物。土壤为什么具有肥力？ 案例分析、问题诊断：案例症结解决办法久晴无雨.农作物枯萎茎叶纤细，叶片瘦弱，颜色发淡，新叶片长不大盆栽花卉.只发营养枝叶.不开花，盆外有时长绿苔。土壤水分过少光照不足，氮肥过多施肥过多.尤其氮肥太多人工灌溉增加光照时间，减少肥力浓度减少施肥量忌在花期用氮肥 是土壤肥力高低的重要标志。是不是土壤中有机质含量越高，肥力就越高？没有土壤就没有农业，对吗？为什么说土壤是可再生资源？思考题返回 （含矿物养分没有肥力）裸露的岩石成土母质原始土壤成熟土壤风化作用高等植物微生物低等植物成土过程的开始土壤肥力不断发展 一、成土过程：1、在风化作用下，养分的释放与淋失疏松的成土母质低等生物微生物浅薄的原始土壤土壤颗粒团聚初具土壤肥力2、在低等生物、微生物的作用下，营养元素的富集过程坚硬的岩石风化作用疏松的成土母质分解释放矿物养分具有通气蓄水性能 3、在高等生物、微生物的作用下，营养元素的富集过程（有机质重新合成腐殖质）初具肥力的原始土壤高等生物微生物熟土、肥土、耕作土壤人类活动参与成土过程高产稳产的农业土壤 成土过程开始的标志是什么？在成土过程中起主导作用的是人类活动对土壤形成有什么影响?思考题返回生物 (1)图中箭头代表的过程：A过程，B过程，C过程。(2)生物在土壤形成过程中的主导作用表现为，具体是：a、b。(3)土壤是地表和转化非常活跃的场所，是联系有机界和无机界的环节。CBA淋失吸收循环对母质的改造作用有机质的积累过程养分元素的富集过程物质循环能量中心 二、生物对母质的改造作用1、有机质的积累过程植物吸收养分，合成有机质，有机质在微生物作用下转化腐殖质，腐殖质能释放母质中没有的氮素养分，并土壤颗粒团聚，形成土壤肥力。2、养分元素的富集过程矿物质分解释放的元素一部分逐渐淋失；而另一部分养分元素由于参与生物循环则在土壤表层富集起来。3、在生物作用下，再加上气候、地形等其他因素的参与作用，并且经过了长期的发育过程，成土母质就形成了具有一定肥力的土壤。 ⑵合理的耕作经营，可使土壤不断改良，保持和提高土壤肥力⑴自然土壤形成后的人类耕作过程，使耕作土壤形成：不断翻耕、施肥、灌溉，土壤不断熟化，形成高产稳定的耕作土壤，如北方的黑垆土、南方的水稻土⑷重视土壤保护和培育，用养结合，使土壤不断改良。⑶不合理的耕作经营会引起土壤退化，如土壤沙化、盐碱化、水土流失等 土壤在地理环境中的地位：1、处于四大圈层的过渡地带2、联系有机界与无机界的中心环节3、能够生长植物 一选择题1．关于土壤的叙述，正确的是（）A、土壤即陆地表面疏松的表层B、岩石经外力风化而产生土壤C、土壤是岩石圈的一部分,属于无机物质D、土壤必须是陆地表层具有一定肥力、能够生长植物的疏松表层练习D 2．关于土壤肥力的叙述，错误的是()A.具有肥力，能够生长植物，这是土壤的本质属性B.土壤中有机物的含量，通常是土壤肥力高低的重要标志C.壤肥力高低纯粹取决于土壤中有机质和矿物质含量的多少D.人类生产活动对土壤肥力影响很大C 3．土壤形成过程中起主导作用的是()A．岩石B.气候C.生物D.人类活动4.处于岩石圈、大气圈、水圈和生物圈相互紧密接触的过渡地带的是()A.岩石B.地表水C.土壤D.生物CC 5.成土过程开始的标志是()A.岩石在风化作用下形成疏松的成土母质B.成土母质中开始具有一定的通气蓄水能力并能释放少量的矿物养分C.一些低等植物和微生物在母质上着生D.人类开始在土地上耕种C 1、所谓土壤肥力，就是指土壤能同时并不断的供应和调节植物在生长过程中所需的、______、_____和的能力。2、土壤肥力的高低取决于土壤中、________、_______、_______四个因素之间的协调程度，以及。二．填空题水分养分空气热量水肥气热能否满足植物生长过程中的各种需求 3、在人类长期的耕作和培育下形成的高产稳产耕作土壤有北方的土，南方的___________土。4、生物对成土母质的改造作用，一是过程；二是过程。黑垆水稻有机质的积累养分元素的富集 三．综合题1．下面是土壤形成过程简介岩石风化成土母质A原始土壤B成熟土壤C耕作土壤写出字母代表的内容，以表示出生物（包括人类活动）(1)在土壤形成中的作用生物类别（包括人类活动）A.微生物及低等植物B.高等植物和微生物C.人类耕作与培育(2)人类活动状况土壤肥力提高土壤肥力减退DEA.微生物及低等植物D.合理经营管理E.利用不当B.高等植物和微生物C.人类耕作与培育 （1）根据图中数字位置，写出四大圈层名称：1234）（2）从ABCD的水循环称之为间的循环，大气圈生物圈水圈岩石圈海陆 （3）从图中可以看出，土壤正处于地带，是综合作用的产物，是联系界和界的中心环节。过渡陆地环境各要素无机有机 (1)图中箭头代表的过程：A过程，B过程，C过程。(2)生物在土壤形成过程中的主导作用表现为，具体是：a、b。(3)土壤是地表和转化非常活跃的场所，是联系有机界和无机界的环节。CBA淋失吸收循环对母质的改造作用有机质的积累过程养分元素的富集过程物质循环能量中心 SAT语法 考试时间和分项组成TypeofQsNo.ofQsTimeAllottedImprovingSentences2535mins(includingone25-minsectionandone10-minsection)IdentifyingSentenceErrors18ImprovingParagraphs6TotalQs49 动词哪些词可以做主语(subject)?哪些词可以做谓语(predicate)？ 主谓一致一、就前原则1）N1+介词+N2+verbIntheearlytwentiethcentury,newthinkingabout(A)symbolismandtheunconsciouswere(B)greatlyinspiredby(C)thewritingsof(D)SigmundFreudandCarlJung.Noerror.(E)Thebright(A)fiberglasssculpturesofLuisJimenezhasreceived(B)criticalacclaimnotonly(C)inhishomestate,NewMexico,butalsoin(D)NewYork.Noerror(E) 主谓一致一、就前原则2）N1+插入语/doing/done+N2+verbThegovernor"saidesareconvinced(A)thattheannouncementoftheinvestigation,comingjustdays(B)beforethefilingdeadline,werecalculated(C)todiscouragethegovernorfromrunning(D)forreelection.Noerror(E)Thegroovedandbarbedspearsoftheboxjellyfish,each(A)trailedby(B)apoisonthread,isreleased(C)when(D)theanimalisthreatened.Noerror(E) 固定用法anumberof+n+复数verbthenumberof+n+单数verbarowof/alistof/alineof+n+单数verb 二、就后原则：倒装结构1）only+状语置于句首AirpollutioncausedbyIndustrialfumeshasbeenstudied(A)foryears,but(B)onlyrecentlyhas(C)theharmfuleffectsofnoisepollutionbecome(D)known.Noerror(E)2）句首出现表地点或表否定的特殊介词（短语）或副词（短语）Among(A)themostdangerousenvironmentalthreatsthatwefaceare(B)“compu-garbage”,thenonbiodegradableandoftentoxic(C)wasteresultingfromtheimproperdisposalof(D)obsoletepersonalcomputers.Noerror(E) 二、就后原则：倒装结构3）当主语较长时，表语前置Alsosupported(A)bythecommissionwas(B)theproposedhealthclinicsandtheproposedcenter(C)todistributeinformationonjob-training(D)opportunities.Noerror(E) 三、就近原则1）therebe2)NeitherAnorB,eitherAorB,notonlyAbutalsoBSincethereis(A)twopencils,apadofpaper,andaruleroneachdesk,studentsdonothave(B)tobring(C)theirown(D)supplies.Noerror(E) 练习题Theregularlyscheduled（A）conferencebetweenmytutorandme（B）is（C）setforFriday,butmylowgradesinchemistryrequires（D）metoarrangeanearliermeeting.Noerror（E）D Althoughtheexactcauseoftype2diabetesisunknown,expertssaythatforsomepeopleimproperdietandlackofexercisecontributestotheonsetofthedisease.(A)exercisecontributes(B)exercise,theycontribute(C)exercisecontribute(D)exercise,contributing(E)exercisehasbeencontributing Absentfromthecurtaincall,toourdisappointment,was(A)thedirectorandtheproducer,bothofwhom(B)haddone(C)somuchtobringabout(D)thistriumphantopeningnight.Noerror(E)A Alongsidethetrailonwhichwerideourbikeseachmorningrunacrookedlineofruggedoldoaktrees.(A)runacrookedlineofruggedoldoaktrees(B)runsacrookedlineofruggedoldoaktrees(C)runsruggedoldoaktreesinacrookedline(D)thererunsruggedoldoaktreesinacrookedline(E)thererunacrookedlineofruggedoldoaktrees ThescientificwritingsofEdwardO.Wilson,StephenJayGould,andRichardDawkins,which(A)hascontinued(B)thediscussionofgeneticissuesraisedby(C)CharlesDarwin,are(D)familiartomanyhighschoolandcollegestudents.Noerror（E）B Peter"sseeminglyeffortless(A)flights,achievedthrough(B)theuseofsophisticatedtechnicalequipment,continues(C)todelightthosewho(D)seetheplayPeterPan.Noerror（E）C Thenumberofawardsgiventhisyear(A)tobiochemistsaccentuate(B)thesignificantgains(C)beingmadein(D)thestudyofthechemistryoflivingorganisms.Noerror（E）B LangstonHughesmaybebestknownfor(A)hispoetry,but(B)includedamong(C)hismanypublishedworksare(D)asizablecollectionofshortstories.Noerror（E）D Extending(A)alongseveralcityblocksare(B)arowofginkgotrees,theirleaves(C)turning(D)abrilliantyellownowthatsummerisover.Noerror（E）B Theideasforsongs,games,andskitsthatfilltheCubScoutLeader"sGuideisinvaluableforscoutleaderswhentheytrytofindcreativeactivitiesforthechildren.(A)isinvaluableforscoutleaderswhentheytrytofindcreativeactivities(B)areinvaluableforscoutleaderstryingtofindcreativeactivities(C)arethosewiththeinvaluablecreativeactivitiesscoutleadertrytofind(D)forscoutleaderstryingtofindcreativeactivities,isinvaluable(E)andwhichisinvaluableforscoutleaderswhotrytofindcreativeactivities Aneconomicalandefficient(A)recyclingcenterisAccessible(B)tothepublic,responsivetocommunityneeds,andcomplywith(C)currentfederalregulationsgoverning(D)wastedisposal.Noerror（E）C Evidencefromsurveysandinterviewsshowfriendshipsmadeinhighschooltendtolastlongerthanthosemadeincollege.(A)showfriendshipsmadeinhighschooltendtolast(B)showhighschoolfriendshipsthattendtolast(C)isshowinghighschoolfriendshipstendingtolast(D)showsthatfriendshipsmadeinhighschooltendtolast(E)showsfriendshipsinhighschooltendstolast Oneofthemostpopularandattractivenewcarswereavailableforsolittlemoneythatpeoplethoughtsomethingwaswrong.(A)wereavailableforsolittlemoneythatpeoplethoughtsomethingwas(B)wasavailableforsolittlemoneythatpeoplethoughtsomethingwere(C)wasavailableforsolittlemoneythatpeoplethoughtsomethinghasgone(D)wasavailableforsolittlemoneythatpeoplethoughtsomethingwas(E)wassellingforverylittlemoneysopeoplethoughtofitassomethingwas NotoneofthestudentsintheadvancedchemistryclasshavepassedasingletestwithagradebetterthanaC,butthesecondhalfofthecoursewillbeeasier.(A)havepassedasingletestwithagradebetterthanaC(B)havemanagedtopassasingletestwithbetterthanaCgrade(C)havepassedasingletestanybetterthanagradeofC(D)haspassedhavingbetterthanaCgradeonssingletest(E)haspassedasingletestwithbetterthanaCgrade Notwoofthespecimenswassufficientlyaliketowarrantthembeingcalledmembersofasinglespecies.(A)wassufficientlyaliketowarrantthembeingcalled(B)wassufficientlyaliketowarrantthecallingofthem(C)wassufficientlyaliketowarranttheirbeingcalled(D)weresufficientlyaliketowarrantthecallingofthem(E)weresufficientlyaliketowarrantcallingthem 时态一、表时间的连词AsIenteredthePantheon,abuildingthathasexistedinRomesinceancienttimes,mybrotheristurningtometowhisperthatthegreatrotundaofthePantheonwasahavenofpeaceandharmony.(A)isturningtometowhisper(B)turnedtomeandwhispered(C)turnstomeandiswhispering(D)turnsandalsowhisperstome(E)wouldturnandwhispertome 时态Beforeshewrotethefamousaccountofherexperiencesas(A)aBuddhistnuntraveling(B)acrossJapan,LadyNijohaslived(C)atthecourtoftheJapaneseEmperorforover(D)twentyyears.Noerror（E）C 时态Dr.Chien-ShiungWuhasdisprovedawidelyacceptedtheoryofphysicswhensheshowedthatidenticalnuclearparticlesdonotalwaysactalike.(A)hasdisproved(B)havingdisproved(C)disproved(D)disproves(E)disproving 时态Bythebeginningof1755,eventsarereachingastagethatmadewarbetweenBritainandFranceallbutinevitable.(A)arereaching(B)willreach(C)couldreach(D)havingreached(E)hadreached 时态二、根据未划线部分动词时态或者表示时间的短语判断Nomatter(A)wheretheycamefromorwhat(B)theirpreviouslifestyleis(C),therefugeesweregrateful(D)forhavingbeengrantedpoliticalasylumintheUnitedStates.Noerror（E）C 时态二、根据未划线部分动词时态或者表示时间的短语判断Inthebeliefthatcrosswordpuzzlesstimulatedhermind,Doloreswillspendhoursonthemeveryweek.(A)Doloreswillspendhoursonthemeveryweek(B)Doloreswouldspendhoursonthemeveryweek(C)hoursofeveryweekarespentonthembyDolores(D)theyoccupiedhoursofeveryweekforDolores(E)everyweekwillfindDoloresspendinghoursonthem 时态二、根据未划线部分动词时态或者表示时间的短语判断Untilrecently,mostpeopleentering(A)politicsfeel(B)thatlossofprivacywasafairprice(C)topayfor(D)thechancetoparticipateinpolicymaking.Noerror(E)B 时态三、did,done的拼写问题Conflictsbetweenlanddevelopersandconservationistshaverepeatedlyarose(A),causing(B)Congresstoreconsiderlegislationthatprohibits(C)buildingwithinhabitats(D)ofendangeredspecies.Noerror（E）In1988aSovieticebreakingshiphelpedfree(A)threegraywhalesthathadbecometrapped(B)intheArcticiceaftertheyhadswam(C)intothecoastalwatersofAlaskatofeed(D).Noerror（E） 时态三、did,done的拼写问题Afterthegrueling(A)rehearsal,thepianistfeltwore(B)outandwantedonly(C)tosleep(D).Noerror(E)Ancientdocumentswroteon(A)vellum,aformoffineparchmentmadeofanimalhides,mustbestoredundercarefully(B)controlledconditionsbecausechangesinhumidity(C)canbedamaging(D).Noerror(E) 课堂练习Ihavegoneto(A)onlyone(B)footballgameafter(C)Igraduated(D)fromhighschool.Noerror(E)NextMondayacommitteechosenby(A)theschoolboardmet(B)toreview(C)thefinallistofapplicantsforthepositionof(D)principalatthenewhighschool.Noerror(E) Fourteenyearsafter(A)theGalileospaceprobewaslaunchedfromthespaceshuttleAtlantis,themissionwaspurposelyendedwhen(B)theGalileodisintegrates(C)inthedense(D)atmosphereoftheplanetJupiter.Noerror(E)By(A)theearly1920"s,LouisArmstrongrecordedhisfirst(B)solosasamemberofKingOliver"sCreoleJazzBandinsuchpiecesas(C)"ChimesBlues"and"Tears,"which(D)hecomposedwithpianistLilHardin.Noerror(E) Whiledescribinghisfirstattempttolearnsurfing,Jamalwouldbepleasedbytheinteresthisclassmateswereshowing.Whiledescribinghisfirstattempttolearnsurfing,Jamalwouldbepleased(B)Ashewasdescribinghisfirstattempttolearnsurfing,Jamalwaspleased(C)Jamal,describinghisfirstattempttolearnsurfing,hewaspleased(D)Whenhedescribedhisfirstattempttolearnsurfing,Jamal,pleased(E)Atthesametimewhenhedescribedhisfirstattempttolearnsurfing,Jamalwaspleased Topersuadehisparentstolethimstudyabroad,Kennethdescribedotherstudents"positiveexperiences,explainshowforeignstudywouldbenefithisfuturecareer,andassuredthemthathecouldgetfinancialaid.(A)explainshowforeignstudywouldbenefithisfuturecareer,andassured(B)explainedhowforeignstudywouldbenefithisfuturecareer,andassured(C)explaininghowforeignstudyisbeneficialtohisfuturecareer,andassures(D)heexplainedhowforeignstudywouldbenefithisfuturecareer,andassuring(E)inexplaininghowforeignstudywouldbenefithisfuturecareer,andheassures SamuelAdamswasbynomeansthefirstAmericantoespousethedemocraticcause,buthehasbeenthefirstwhoconceivedthepartymachinerythatmadeitpractical.(A)hasbeenthefirstwhoconceived(B)hadbeenthefirstwhoconceived(C)wasthefirsthavingconceived(D)wasthefirsttoconceive(E)havingbeenthefirsttoconceive Firstrunin1867andstilltakingplaceeverysummer,theBelmontStakes,ahorseraceforthoroughbredthree-year-olds,wasoneoftheoldestracesintheUnitedStates.(A)was(B)is(C)were(D)are(E)hasbeen Forthepast(A)hundredyearsormore,YellowstoneNationalParkwas(B)akindofsociologicallaboratoryinwhich(C)NorthAmericanshavebeenexploringthemeaningof(D)thenational-parkconcept.Noerror(E)Duringthelast(A)fiftyyears,wecome(B)totake(C)radiocommunicationforgranted,butthemeresuggestionthatwecouldcommunicateinsuch(D)afashionmustoncehaveseemedoutlandish.Noerror(E)Katherinefeltthatshehasnothad(A)anyunderstandingof(B)thehighlyintricateworkings(C)ofthestockmarketuntil(D)heruncletookhertotheNewYorkStockExchange.Noerror(E) Setin(A)SouthCarolinain1964,thenovelTheSecretLifeofBeesis(B)notaboutbeesbutabout(C)Lily,afourteenyearoldwhoruns(D)awayfromhome.Noerror(E)Thosewho(A)defendsequoiatreesfrom(B)loggersjustified(C)doingso(D)onthegroundsthatsuchtreesareirreplaceable.Noerror(E)Despite(A)itsculturalimportance,theDailyGazettelost(B)70percentofitssubscriberssince1920and,by1955,waslosing(C)asmuchas(D)$200,000ayear.Noerror(E) 虚拟语气时间从句谓语形式主句谓语形式对将来动词过去式(be用were)should+动词原形wereto+动词原形would/should/might/could+动词原形对现在动词过去式(be用were)would/should/might/could+动词原形对过去had+动词过去分词would/should/might/couldhave+动词过去分词 虚拟语气Hewasconvincedthatifpropertytaxeswouldhaveroseanyhigher,hewouldhavehadtomovetoadifferentarea.(A)ifpropertytaxeswouldhaverose(B)ifpropertytaxeswouldrise(C)ifpropertytaxeshadrisen(D)hadpropertytaxesrose(E)werepropertytaxestorise 虚拟语气ProfessorBrownstarted(A)yesterday"slecturebysuggesting(B)thatif(C)BenjaminFranklinwerealivetoday,heprobablyworked(D)foranadvertisingagency.Noerror(E)Someoftheworkerswhoresent(A)thesupervisor"sauthoritywouldprobably(B)feeluncomfortableif(C)theyweretoacquiretheindependencethattheydemand(D).Noerror(E) 虚拟语气倒装IfIhaddoneHadIdoneIfIshoulddoShouldIdoHadIknown(A)thatthelinetogetintothemoviewouldbe(B)solong,Iwouldof(C)leftearliertogettothetheaterorbought(D)myticketonline. 虚拟语气真假错综Iftherehadbeenapowerfailure,thehospitalwillrunonelectricityfromitsowngenerators,whichcanoperatefor200hours.(A)Iftherehadbeen(B)Iftherewere(C)Hadtherebeen(D)Shouldtherebe(E)Therehasbeen 课堂练习Hewasconvincedthatifpropertytaxeswouldhaveroseanyhigher,hewouldhavehadtomovetoadifferentarea.(A)ifpropertytaxeswouldhaverose(B)ifpropertytaxeswouldrise(C)ifpropertytaxeshadrisen(D)hadpropertytaxesrose(E)werepropertytaxestorise Ellenwouldcallmeifshehadrememberedmyphonenumber.wouldcallmeifshehadrememberedwouldcallmeifsheweretohaverememberedwouldcalledmehadsherememberedwouldhavecalledmeifshewouldrememberwouldhavecalledmeifshehadremembered HadNightingaledieduponherreturntoEngland,herreputationwouldhardlyhavebeendifferentandherlegendwouldhavecomedowntousalmostasweknowittoday.HadNightingaledieduponherreturntoEnglandIfNightingaledieduponherreturntoEnglandNightingale,ifshehaddied,uponherreturntoEnglandHavingdieduponherreturntoEnglandAsaresultofherhavingdieduponherreturntoEngland'