最新1.4.1核酸课件PPT.ppt 70页

'1.4.1核酸 核苷酸核酸组成元素：C、H、O、N、P组成物质：1分子磷酸、1分子五碳糖、1分子碱基基本单位：脱氧核糖核苷酸（4种）核糖核苷酸（4种）核酸脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）：主要存在于细胞核核糖核酸（RNA）：主要存在于细胞质功能1种2种5种（8种）知识网络结构携带遗传信息，在生物体的遗传、变异和蛋白质的生物合成中具有极重要的作用。 核酸DNARNA＋蛋白质染色体基因：控制遗传性状的DNA片段。双链脱氧核糖核苷酸单链核糖核苷酸碱基脱氧核糖磷酸ATGC碱基核糖磷酸AUGC概念：细胞内携带遗传信息的物质。 AGCU腺嘌呤核糖核苷酸鸟嘌呤核糖核苷酸胞嘧啶核糖核苷酸尿嘧啶核糖核苷酸4.RNA的化学结构基本组成单位：核糖核苷酸 核糖核苷酸链连接AUGC RNA的结构A核糖PC核糖PU核糖PPG核糖腺嘌呤核糖核苷酸鸟嘌呤核糖核苷酸胞嘧啶核糖核苷酸尿嘧啶核糖核苷酸DNA的结构PAP脱氧核糖GP脱氧核糖CP脱氧核糖T脱氧核糖脱氧核糖APGPCPTP脱氧核糖脱氧核糖脱氧核糖腺嘌呤脱氧核苷酸鸟嘌呤脱氧核苷酸胞嘧啶脱氧核苷酸胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷酸胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷酸胞嘧啶脱氧核苷酸鸟嘌呤脱氧核苷酸腺嘌呤脱氧核苷酸 4种脱氧核苷酸脱氧核糖A、C、G、T四种磷酸细胞核（主要）线粒体、叶绿体规则双链螺旋结构4种核糖核苷酸核糖A、C、G、U四种磷酸细胞质（主要）细胞核单链考点1：DNA和RNA的比较8种核苷酸A、G、C、T、U五种由几十至上亿个核苷酸连接而成的长链 2、SARS病毒、噬菌体、蘑菇和小白兔各自体内的核酸所含有的碱基和核苷酸种类分别是()A．4、4、5、5和4、4、8、8B．4、4、4、5和4、4、4、8C．4、4、4、8和5、4、4、8D．4、5、5、5和4、4、8、81、下列有关核酸的叙述正确的是()A．尿嘧啶脱氧核糖核苷酸的结构式为B．DNA由一分子磷酸、一分子含氮碱基和一分子核糖构成C．DNA、RNA主要分布在细胞核和细胞质D．噬菌体含有DNA和RNA，其遗传物质是DNAAC考点演练 3、在观察DNA和RNA在细胞中的分布的实验里，下列哪项不是加入盐酸的作用（）A改变细胞膜的通透性B使染色体中DNA与蛋白质分离C有利于DNA与染色剂结合D有利于RNA分布在细胞质中D4、噬菌体,烟草,烟草花叶病毒的核酸中各具有碱基和核苷酸的种类依次是()A4,8,4和4,8,4B4,5,4和4,5,4C4,5,4和4,8,4D4,8,4和4,5,4C 核酸是细胞内携带遗传信息的物质，在生物体的中具有极其重要的作用。生物体内的各种遗传特性，以一定方式储存在核酸分子中，所以核酸是携带的物质。由于一切生命活动都离不开蛋白质，蛋白质是生命活动的主要承担者，所以核酸通过控制蛋白质的合成，来控制生物的性状从而表达出相应的遗传信息。遗传、变异和蛋白质的生物合成遗传信息考点2：核酸的功能 有细胞生物非细胞生物真核生物（DNA和RNA)原核生物（DNA和RNA)大多数病毒如噬菌体（DNA）少数病毒如烟草花叶病毒（RNA）遗传物质是DNA遗传物质是RNA一切真核生物和原核生物的遗传物质都是DNA，大多数病毒（DNA病毒）的遗传物质也是DNA，少数病毒（RNA病毒）的遗传物质是RNA。DNA是主要的遗传物质。 互动探究1.有人说生物的遗传物质是DNA和RNA，正确吗？为什么？ 2．DNA分子在结构和功能上的差异在哪里？DNA都是双链、RNA都是单链吗？ 3．有人说DNA存在于细胞核中，RNA存在于细胞质中，对吗？ 1、一切生物的遗传物质是（）A、核酸B、脱氧核糖核酸C、核苷酸D、核糖核酸2、120个碱基组成的DNA分子片段，可因碱基对组成和序列的不同而携带不同的遗传信息，其种类数最多可达（）A、4120B、1204C、460D、6043、在玉米根毛细胞所含的核苷酸中，含有碱基A、G、C、T的核苷酸共有（）A、4种B、5种C、7种D、8种CCA考点演练 4、100个核苷酸所含的五碳糖的个数是（）A、100B、200C、300D、4005、组成核酸的碱基、五碳糖、核苷酸各有的种类数是（）A、5，2，8B、4，2，2C、5，2，2D、4，4，8AA6、玉米根细胞中的DNA分布在下列哪些结构中（）①细胞核②叶绿体③线粒体④细胞质基质A.①②B.①③C.①②③D.①②③④B 知识网络结构决定基因表达蛋白质C、HO、N元素组成单位氨基酸H︱NH2—C—COOH︱R结构催化运输调节免疫肌酶血红胰抗蛋蛋白岛体白素核酸C、HO、N、P元素组成单位PDNARNA脱氧核糖核苷酸核糖核苷酸一切生物的遗传物质少数病毒：RNA大多数生物：DNA考点3：比较蛋白质和核酸五碳糖碱基 生物多样性的直接原因是蛋白质多样性、根本原因是DNA多样性 SAT语法 考试时间和分项组成TypeofQsNo.ofQsTimeAllottedImprovingSentences2535mins(includingone25-minsectionandone10-minsection)IdentifyingSentenceErrors18ImprovingParagraphs6TotalQs49 动词哪些词可以做主语(subject)?哪些词可以做谓语(predicate)？ 主谓一致一、就前原则1）N1+介词+N2+verbIntheearlytwentiethcentury,newthinkingabout(A)symbolismandtheunconsciouswere(B)greatlyinspiredby(C)thewritingsof(D)SigmundFreudandCarlJung.Noerror.(E)Thebright(A)fiberglasssculpturesofLuisJimenezhasreceived(B)criticalacclaimnotonly(C)inhishomestate,NewMexico,butalsoin(D)NewYork.Noerror(E) 主谓一致一、就前原则2）N1+插入语/doing/done+N2+verbThegovernor"saidesareconvinced(A)thattheannouncementoftheinvestigation,comingjustdays(B)beforethefilingdeadline,werecalculated(C)todiscouragethegovernorfromrunning(D)forreelection.Noerror(E)Thegroovedandbarbedspearsoftheboxjellyfish,each(A)trailedby(B)apoisonthread,isreleased(C)when(D)theanimalisthreatened.Noerror(E) 固定用法anumberof+n+复数verbthenumberof+n+单数verbarowof/alistof/alineof+n+单数verb 二、就后原则：倒装结构1）only+状语置于句首AirpollutioncausedbyIndustrialfumeshasbeenstudied(A)foryears,but(B)onlyrecentlyhas(C)theharmfuleffectsofnoisepollutionbecome(D)known.Noerror(E)2）句首出现表地点或表否定的特殊介词（短语）或副词（短语）Among(A)themostdangerousenvironmentalthreatsthatwefaceare(B)“compu-garbage”,thenonbiodegradableandoftentoxic(C)wasteresultingfromtheimproperdisposalof(D)obsoletepersonalcomputers.Noerror(E) 二、就后原则：倒装结构3）当主语较长时，表语前置Alsosupported(A)bythecommissionwas(B)theproposedhealthclinicsandtheproposedcenter(C)todistributeinformationonjob-training(D)opportunities.Noerror(E) 三、就近原则1）therebe2)NeitherAnorB,eitherAorB,notonlyAbutalsoBSincethereis(A)twopencils,apadofpaper,andaruleroneachdesk,studentsdonothave(B)tobring(C)theirown(D)supplies.Noerror(E) 练习题Theregularlyscheduled（A）conferencebetweenmytutorandme（B）is（C）setforFriday,butmylowgradesinchemistryrequires（D）metoarrangeanearliermeeting.Noerror（E）D Althoughtheexactcauseoftype2diabetesisunknown,expertssaythatforsomepeopleimproperdietandlackofexercisecontributestotheonsetofthedisease.(A)exercisecontributes(B)exercise,theycontribute(C)exercisecontribute(D)exercise,contributing(E)exercisehasbeencontributing Absentfromthecurtaincall,toourdisappointment,was(A)thedirectorandtheproducer,bothofwhom(B)haddone(C)somuchtobringabout(D)thistriumphantopeningnight.Noerror(E)A Alongsidethetrailonwhichwerideourbikeseachmorningrunacrookedlineofruggedoldoaktrees.(A)runacrookedlineofruggedoldoaktrees(B)runsacrookedlineofruggedoldoaktrees(C)runsruggedoldoaktreesinacrookedline(D)thererunsruggedoldoaktreesinacrookedline(E)thererunacrookedlineofruggedoldoaktrees ThescientificwritingsofEdwardO.Wilson,StephenJayGould,andRichardDawkins,which(A)hascontinued(B)thediscussionofgeneticissuesraisedby(C)CharlesDarwin,are(D)familiartomanyhighschoolandcollegestudents.Noerror（E）B Peter"sseeminglyeffortless(A)flights,achievedthrough(B)theuseofsophisticatedtechnicalequipment,continues(C)todelightthosewho(D)seetheplayPeterPan.Noerror（E）C Thenumberofawardsgiventhisyear(A)tobiochemistsaccentuate(B)thesignificantgains(C)beingmadein(D)thestudyofthechemistryoflivingorganisms.Noerror（E）B LangstonHughesmaybebestknownfor(A)hispoetry,but(B)includedamong(C)hismanypublishedworksare(D)asizablecollectionofshortstories.Noerror（E）D Extending(A)alongseveralcityblocksare(B)arowofginkgotrees,theirleaves(C)turning(D)abrilliantyellownowthatsummerisover.Noerror（E）B Theideasforsongs,games,andskitsthatfilltheCubScoutLeader"sGuideisinvaluableforscoutleaderswhentheytrytofindcreativeactivitiesforthechildren.(A)isinvaluableforscoutleaderswhentheytrytofindcreativeactivities(B)areinvaluableforscoutleaderstryingtofindcreativeactivities(C)arethosewiththeinvaluablecreativeactivitiesscoutleadertrytofind(D)forscoutleaderstryingtofindcreativeactivities,isinvaluable(E)andwhichisinvaluableforscoutleaderswhotrytofindcreativeactivities Aneconomicalandefficient(A)recyclingcenterisAccessible(B)tothepublic,responsivetocommunityneeds,andcomplywith(C)currentfederalregulationsgoverning(D)wastedisposal.Noerror（E）C Evidencefromsurveysandinterviewsshowfriendshipsmadeinhighschooltendtolastlongerthanthosemadeincollege.(A)showfriendshipsmadeinhighschooltendtolast(B)showhighschoolfriendshipsthattendtolast(C)isshowinghighschoolfriendshipstendingtolast(D)showsthatfriendshipsmadeinhighschooltendtolast(E)showsfriendshipsinhighschooltendstolast Oneofthemostpopularandattractivenewcarswereavailableforsolittlemoneythatpeoplethoughtsomethingwaswrong.(A)wereavailableforsolittlemoneythatpeoplethoughtsomethingwas(B)wasavailableforsolittlemoneythatpeoplethoughtsomethingwere(C)wasavailableforsolittlemoneythatpeoplethoughtsomethinghasgone(D)wasavailableforsolittlemoneythatpeoplethoughtsomethingwas(E)wassellingforverylittlemoneysopeoplethoughtofitassomethingwas NotoneofthestudentsintheadvancedchemistryclasshavepassedasingletestwithagradebetterthanaC,butthesecondhalfofthecoursewillbeeasier.(A)havepassedasingletestwithagradebetterthanaC(B)havemanagedtopassasingletestwithbetterthanaCgrade(C)havepassedasingletestanybetterthanagradeofC(D)haspassedhavingbetterthanaCgradeonssingletest(E)haspassedasingletestwithbetterthanaCgrade Notwoofthespecimenswassufficientlyaliketowarrantthembeingcalledmembersofasinglespecies.(A)wassufficientlyaliketowarrantthembeingcalled(B)wassufficientlyaliketowarrantthecallingofthem(C)wassufficientlyaliketowarranttheirbeingcalled(D)weresufficientlyaliketowarrantthecallingofthem(E)weresufficientlyaliketowarrantcallingthem 时态一、表时间的连词AsIenteredthePantheon,abuildingthathasexistedinRomesinceancienttimes,mybrotheristurningtometowhisperthatthegreatrotundaofthePantheonwasahavenofpeaceandharmony.(A)isturningtometowhisper(B)turnedtomeandwhispered(C)turnstomeandiswhispering(D)turnsandalsowhisperstome(E)wouldturnandwhispertome 时态Beforeshewrotethefamousaccountofherexperiencesas(A)aBuddhistnuntraveling(B)acrossJapan,LadyNijohaslived(C)atthecourtoftheJapaneseEmperorforover(D)twentyyears.Noerror（E）C 时态Dr.Chien-ShiungWuhasdisprovedawidelyacceptedtheoryofphysicswhensheshowedthatidenticalnuclearparticlesdonotalwaysactalike.(A)hasdisproved(B)havingdisproved(C)disproved(D)disproves(E)disproving 时态Bythebeginningof1755,eventsarereachingastagethatmadewarbetweenBritainandFranceallbutinevitable.(A)arereaching(B)willreach(C)couldreach(D)havingreached(E)hadreached 时态二、根据未划线部分动词时态或者表示时间的短语判断Nomatter(A)wheretheycamefromorwhat(B)theirpreviouslifestyleis(C),therefugeesweregrateful(D)forhavingbeengrantedpoliticalasylumintheUnitedStates.Noerror（E）C 时态二、根据未划线部分动词时态或者表示时间的短语判断Inthebeliefthatcrosswordpuzzlesstimulatedhermind,Doloreswillspendhoursonthemeveryweek.(A)Doloreswillspendhoursonthemeveryweek(B)Doloreswouldspendhoursonthemeveryweek(C)hoursofeveryweekarespentonthembyDolores(D)theyoccupiedhoursofeveryweekforDolores(E)everyweekwillfindDoloresspendinghoursonthem 时态二、根据未划线部分动词时态或者表示时间的短语判断Untilrecently,mostpeopleentering(A)politicsfeel(B)thatlossofprivacywasafairprice(C)topayfor(D)thechancetoparticipateinpolicymaking.Noerror(E)B 时态三、did,done的拼写问题Conflictsbetweenlanddevelopersandconservationistshaverepeatedlyarose(A),causing(B)Congresstoreconsiderlegislationthatprohibits(C)buildingwithinhabitats(D)ofendangeredspecies.Noerror（E）In1988aSovieticebreakingshiphelpedfree(A)threegraywhalesthathadbecometrapped(B)intheArcticiceaftertheyhadswam(C)intothecoastalwatersofAlaskatofeed(D).Noerror（E） 时态三、did,done的拼写问题Afterthegrueling(A)rehearsal,thepianistfeltwore(B)outandwantedonly(C)tosleep(D).Noerror(E)Ancientdocumentswroteon(A)vellum,aformoffineparchmentmadeofanimalhides,mustbestoredundercarefully(B)controlledconditionsbecausechangesinhumidity(C)canbedamaging(D).Noerror(E) 课堂练习Ihavegoneto(A)onlyone(B)footballgameafter(C)Igraduated(D)fromhighschool.Noerror(E)NextMondayacommitteechosenby(A)theschoolboardmet(B)toreview(C)thefinallistofapplicantsforthepositionof(D)principalatthenewhighschool.Noerror(E) Fourteenyearsafter(A)theGalileospaceprobewaslaunchedfromthespaceshuttleAtlantis,themissionwaspurposelyendedwhen(B)theGalileodisintegrates(C)inthedense(D)atmosphereoftheplanetJupiter.Noerror(E)By(A)theearly1920"s,LouisArmstrongrecordedhisfirst(B)solosasamemberofKingOliver"sCreoleJazzBandinsuchpiecesas(C)"ChimesBlues"and"Tears,"which(D)hecomposedwithpianistLilHardin.Noerror(E) Whiledescribinghisfirstattempttolearnsurfing,Jamalwouldbepleasedbytheinteresthisclassmateswereshowing.Whiledescribinghisfirstattempttolearnsurfing,Jamalwouldbepleased(B)Ashewasdescribinghisfirstattempttolearnsurfing,Jamalwaspleased(C)Jamal,describinghisfirstattempttolearnsurfing,hewaspleased(D)Whenhedescribedhisfirstattempttolearnsurfing,Jamal,pleased(E)Atthesametimewhenhedescribedhisfirstattempttolearnsurfing,Jamalwaspleased Topersuadehisparentstolethimstudyabroad,Kennethdescribedotherstudents"positiveexperiences,explainshowforeignstudywouldbenefithisfuturecareer,andassuredthemthathecouldgetfinancialaid.(A)explainshowforeignstudywouldbenefithisfuturecareer,andassured(B)explainedhowforeignstudywouldbenefithisfuturecareer,andassured(C)explaininghowforeignstudyisbeneficialtohisfuturecareer,andassures(D)heexplainedhowforeignstudywouldbenefithisfuturecareer,andassuring(E)inexplaininghowforeignstudywouldbenefithisfuturecareer,andheassures SamuelAdamswasbynomeansthefirstAmericantoespousethedemocraticcause,buthehasbeenthefirstwhoconceivedthepartymachinerythatmadeitpractical.(A)hasbeenthefirstwhoconceived(B)hadbeenthefirstwhoconceived(C)wasthefirsthavingconceived(D)wasthefirsttoconceive(E)havingbeenthefirsttoconceive Firstrunin1867andstilltakingplaceeverysummer,theBelmontStakes,ahorseraceforthoroughbredthree-year-olds,wasoneoftheoldestracesintheUnitedStates.(A)was(B)is(C)were(D)are(E)hasbeen Forthepast(A)hundredyearsormore,YellowstoneNationalParkwas(B)akindofsociologicallaboratoryinwhich(C)NorthAmericanshavebeenexploringthemeaningof(D)thenational-parkconcept.Noerror(E)Duringthelast(A)fiftyyears,wecome(B)totake(C)radiocommunicationforgranted,butthemeresuggestionthatwecouldcommunicateinsuch(D)afashionmustoncehaveseemedoutlandish.Noerror(E)Katherinefeltthatshehasnothad(A)anyunderstandingof(B)thehighlyintricateworkings(C)ofthestockmarketuntil(D)heruncletookhertotheNewYorkStockExchange.Noerror(E) Setin(A)SouthCarolinain1964,thenovelTheSecretLifeofBeesis(B)notaboutbeesbutabout(C)Lily,afourteenyearoldwhoruns(D)awayfromhome.Noerror(E)Thosewho(A)defendsequoiatreesfrom(B)loggersjustified(C)doingso(D)onthegroundsthatsuchtreesareirreplaceable.Noerror(E)Despite(A)itsculturalimportance,theDailyGazettelost(B)70percentofitssubscriberssince1920and,by1955,waslosing(C)asmuchas(D)$200,000ayear.Noerror(E) 虚拟语气时间从句谓语形式主句谓语形式对将来动词过去式(be用were)should+动词原形wereto+动词原形would/should/might/could+动词原形对现在动词过去式(be用were)would/should/might/could+动词原形对过去had+动词过去分词would/should/might/couldhave+动词过去分词 虚拟语气Hewasconvincedthatifpropertytaxeswouldhaveroseanyhigher,hewouldhavehadtomovetoadifferentarea.(A)ifpropertytaxeswouldhaverose(B)ifpropertytaxeswouldrise(C)ifpropertytaxeshadrisen(D)hadpropertytaxesrose(E)werepropertytaxestorise 虚拟语气ProfessorBrownstarted(A)yesterday"slecturebysuggesting(B)thatif(C)BenjaminFranklinwerealivetoday,heprobablyworked(D)foranadvertisingagency.Noerror(E)Someoftheworkerswhoresent(A)thesupervisor"sauthoritywouldprobably(B)feeluncomfortableif(C)theyweretoacquiretheindependencethattheydemand(D).Noerror(E) 虚拟语气倒装IfIhaddoneHadIdoneIfIshoulddoShouldIdoHadIknown(A)thatthelinetogetintothemoviewouldbe(B)solong,Iwouldof(C)leftearliertogettothetheaterorbought(D)myticketonline. 虚拟语气真假错综Iftherehadbeenapowerfailure,thehospitalwillrunonelectricityfromitsowngenerators,whichcanoperatefor200hours.(A)Iftherehadbeen(B)Iftherewere(C)Hadtherebeen(D)Shouldtherebe(E)Therehasbeen 课堂练习Hewasconvincedthatifpropertytaxeswouldhaveroseanyhigher,hewouldhavehadtomovetoadifferentarea.(A)ifpropertytaxeswouldhaverose(B)ifpropertytaxeswouldrise(C)ifpropertytaxeshadrisen(D)hadpropertytaxesrose(E)werepropertytaxestorise Ellenwouldcallmeifshehadrememberedmyphonenumber.wouldcallmeifshehadrememberedwouldcallmeifsheweretohaverememberedwouldcalledmehadsherememberedwouldhavecalledmeifshewouldrememberwouldhavecalledmeifshehadremembered HadNightingaledieduponherreturntoEngland,herreputationwouldhardlyhavebeendifferentandherlegendwouldhavecomedowntousalmostasweknowittoday.HadNightingaledieduponherreturntoEnglandIfNightingaledieduponherreturntoEnglandNightingale,ifshehaddied,uponherreturntoEnglandHavingdieduponherreturntoEnglandAsaresultofherhavingdieduponherreturntoEngland'