最新主旨阅读题的解法课件PPT.ppt 49页

'主旨阅读题的解法 主旨题的识别和形式辨别和理解文章的中心思想是大学英语四级考试阅读测试的重中之重，2006年修订的新四级考试大纲仍然将对此项能力的考查置于首位。新四级仔细阅读部分(ReadinginDepth)与此项能力直接相关的一种题型称为主旨题。主旨题的识别一般都很简单，直接询问考生全文的中心思想是什么，通常包括三种形式：主题大意(mainidea)、写作目的(purpose)和文章标题(title)。常见的问法有以下几种： 主旨题的问题形式Themainideaofthispassageis…Themajorpointofthispassageis…Thispassageismainlyabout…Thispassagemainlytalksabout/discusses…Thispassagegivesageneraldescriptionof…Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassageis…Thetitleofthispassageis…Thispassagecanbeentitled… 跳读跳读可以作为略读的辅助。跳读旨在掌握文章的全貌和要点，但又不必将文章中所有的词句全部都读进眼帘，句子中期补充说明、修饰限定作用的，在跳读过程中就可以略去不读。因此，跳读主要是为了抓住句子的主干部分，忽略次要部分，这种阅读方法并不影响读者对于文章主题信息的把握。当主题信息处是长难句时，这种方式尤为有效。跳读可以分为以下三种形式：一、根据特殊的标点符号提示，采用跳读法。文章中的标点符号都有其一定的含义。如：两个逗号之间是插入成分或同位语;括号内表示举例或补充说明;冒号通常用来列举事物、附加解释说明性内容;破折号通常放在解释性分句或句子前，或是用来列举前面总括的若干内容，或是放在解释性的插入语之前或之后等。阅读时，可以将两个逗号之间的部分、括号内的部分、冒号后的部分、破折号后的部分和两个破折号之间的部分省略不读; 跳读二、根据句法结构，采用跳读法。主要是在遇到长难句时，抓住句子的主干部分，即主语部分、谓语部分和宾语部分，而其它补充成分，即定语(从句)、状语(从句)和补语部分可以略去不读;三、根据文章结构和组织形式及段落间逻辑关系、主题句等，采用跳读法。阅读时，重点关注主题句、表明作者观点的词句，对于举例论证、引用论证、数据论证、正反论证、比喻论证等部分则一带而过，跳过不读。 选择性阅读题分类根据历年四级考试真题中的文章结构，将四级仔细阅读文章中心思想获取的方式大致划分为五种。1、综合型2、开门见山型3、对比型4、问题型5、实验型 1、综合型Faces,likefingerprints,areunique.Didyoueverwonderhowitispossibleforustorecognizepeople.Evenaskilledwriterprobablycouldnotdescribeallthefeaturesthatmakeonefacedifferentfromanother.Yetaveryyoungchild—orevenananimal,suchasapigeon—canlearntorecognizefaces,wealltakethisabilityforgranted.Wealsotellpeopleapartbyhowtheybehave.Whenwetalkaboutsomeone’spersonality,wemeanthewaysinwhichheorsheacts,speaksthinksandfeelsthatmakethatindividualdifferentfromothers. Likethehumanface,humanpersonalityisverycomplex.Butdescribingsomeone’spersonalityinwordsissomewhateasierthandescribinghisface.Ifyouwereaskedtodescribewhata“niceface”lookedlike,youprobablywouldhaveadifficulttimedoingso.Butifyouwereaskedtodescribea“niceperson”,youmightbegintothinkaboutsomeonewhowaskindconsiderate,friendly,warm,andsoforth.Therearemanywordstodescribehowapersonthinks,feelsandacts.GordonAllport,anAmericanpsychologist,foundnearly18,000Englishwordscharacterizingdifferencesinpeople’sbehavior.Andmanyofususethisinformationasabasisfordescribing,ortyping,hispersonality.Bookworms,conservatives,militarytypes-peoplearedescribedwithsuchterms. Peoplehavealwaystriedto“type”eachother.ActorsinearlyGreekdramaworemaskstoshowtheaudiencewhethertheyplayedthevillain’s(坏人)orthehero’srole.Infact,thewords“person”and“personality”comefromtheLatinpersona,meaning“mask”.Today,mosttelevisionandmovieactorsdonotwearmasks.Butwecaneasilytellthe“goodguys”fromthe“badguys”becausethetwotypesdifferinappearanceaswellasinactions.70.Whichofthefollowingisthemajorpointofthepassage?A)Whyitisnecessarytoidentifypeople’spersonality　　B)Whyitispossibletodescribepeople　　C)Howtogettoknowpeople　　D)Howbesttorecognizepeople 2、开门见山型Mostepisodesofabsent-mindedness—forgettingwhereyouleftsomethingorwonderingwhyyoujustenteredaroom-arecausedbyasimplelackofattention,saysSchacter.“You’resupposedtoremembersomething,butyouhaven’tencodeditdeeply.”Encoding,Schacterexplains,isaspecialwayofpayingattentiontoaneventthathasamajorimpactonrecallingitlater.Failuretoencodeproperlycancreateannoyingsituations.Ifyouputyourmobilephoneinapocket,forexample,anddon’tpayattentiontowhatyoudidbecauseyou’reinvolvedinaconversation,you’llprobablyforgetthatthephoneisinthejacketnowhanginginyourwardrobe(衣柜).“Yourmemoryitselfisn’tfailingyou.”saysSchacter.“Rather,youdidn’tgiveyourmemorysystemtheinformationitneeded.” Lackofinterestcanalsoleadtoabsent-mindedness.“Amanwhocanrecitesportsstatisticsfrom30yearsago.”saysZelinski,“maynotremembertodropaletterinthemailbox.”Womenhaveslightlybettermemoriesthanmen,possiblybecausetheypaymoreattentiontotheirenvironment,andmemoryreliesonjustthat.Visualcuescanhelppreventabsent-mindednesssaysSchacter.“Butbesurethecueisclearandavailable.”hecautions.Ifyouwanttoremembertotakeamedication(药物)withlunch,putthepillbottleonthekitchentable—don’tleaveitinthemedicinechestandwriteyourselfanotethatyoukeepinapocket. Anothercommonepisodeofabsent-mindedness:walkingintoaroomandwonderingwhyyou’rethere.Mostlikely,youwerethinkingaboutsomethingelse.“Everyonedoesthisfromtimetotime.”saysZelinski.Thebestthingtodoistoreturntowhereyouwerebeforeenteringtheroom,andyou’lllikelyremember.30.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)Theprocessofgradualmemoryloss.　　B)Thecausesofabsent-mindedness.　　C)Theimpactoftheenvironmentonmemory.　　D)Awayofencodingandrecalling. 3、对比型Americansareproudoftheirvarietyandindividuality,yettheyloveandrespectfewthingsmorethanauniform,whetheritistheuniformofanelevatoroperatorortheuniformofafive-stargeneral.WhyareuniformssopopularintheUnitedStates?Amongtheargumentsforuniforms,oneofthefirstisthatintheeyesofmostpeopletheylookmoreprofessionalthancivilian(百姓的)Clothes.Peoplehavebecomeconditionedtoexpectsuperiorqualityfromamanwhowearsauniform.Thetelevisionrepairmanwhowearsauniformtendstoinspiremoretrustthanonewhoappearsincivilianclothes.Faithintheskillofagaragemechanicisincreasedbyauniform.Whateasierwayisthereforanurse,apoliceman,abarber,orawaitertoloseprofessionalidentity(身份)thantostepoutofuniform? Uniformsalsohavemanypracticalbenefits.Theysaveonotherclothes.Theysaveonlaundrybills.Theyaretax-deductible(可减税的).Theyareoftenmorecomfortableandmoredurablethancivilianclothes.Primaryamongtheargumentsagainstuniformsistheirlackofvarietyandtheconsequentlossofindividualityexperiencedbypeoplewhomustwearthem.Thoughtherearemanytypesofuniforms,thewearerofanyparticulartypeisgenerallystuckwithit,withoutchange,untilretirement.Whenpeoplelookalike,theytendtothink,speak,andactsimilarly,onthejobatleast. Uniformsalsogiverisetosomepracticalproblems.Thoughtheyarelong-lasting,oftentheirinitialexpenseisgreaterthanthecostofcivilianclothes.Someuniformsarealsoexpensivetomaintain,requiringprofessionaldrycleaningratherthanthehomelaunderingpossiblewithmanytypesofcivilianclothes.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe_______.A)UniformsandSociety　　B)TheImportanceofWearingaUniform　　C)PracticalBenefitsofWearingaUniform　　D)AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofUniforms 4、问题型Amtrak(美国铁路客运公司)wasexperiencingadownswinginridership(客运量)alongthelinescomprisingitsrailsystem.OfmajorconcerntoAmtrakanditsadvertisingagencyDDBNeedham，werethelong-distancewesternrouteswhereridershiphadbeendecliningsignificantly.Atonetime，trainsweretheonlypracticalwaytocrossthevastareasofthewest.Trainswerefaster，luxurious，andquiteconvenientcomparedtootherformsoftransportationexistingatthetime.However，timeschangeandtheautomobilebecameAmerica"sstandardofconvenience.Also，airtravelhadeasilyestablisheditselfasthefastestmethodoftravelinggreatdistances.Therefore，thetaskforDDBNeedhamwastoencourageconsumerstoconsiderotheraspectsoftraintravelinordertochangetheirattitudesandincreasethelikelihoodthattrainswouldbeconsideredfortravelinthewest. Twoportionsofthetotalmarketweretargeted:1)anxiousfliers---thoseconcernedwithsafety，relaxation，andcleanlinessand2)travel-lovers---thoseviewingthemselvesasrelaxed，casual，andinterestedinthetravelexperienceaspartoftheirvacation.Theagencythendevelopedacampaignthatfocusedontravelexperiencessuchasfreedom，escape，relaxation，andenjoymentofthegreatwesternoutdoors.Itstressedexperiencesgainedbyusingthetrainsandportrayedwesterntraintripsaswonderfuladventures. Advertisementsshowedpicturesofthebeautifulscenerythatcouldbeenjoyedalongsomeofthemorefamouswesternroutesandemphasizedtheromanticnamesofsomeofthesetrains(EmpireBuilder，etc.).Theseadswerestrategicallyplacedamongfamily-orientedTVshowsandprogramsinvolvingnatureandAmericainordertomosteffectivelyreachtargetaudiences.Resultswereimpressive.TheEmpireBuilder,whichwasfocusedoninonead.enjoyeda15percentincreaseinprofitsonitsChicagotoSeattleroute.( What"stheauthor"spurposeinwritingthispassage?A)Toshowtheinabilityoftrainstocompetewithplaneswithrespecttospeedandconvenience.B)TostresstheinfluenceoftheautomobileonAmerica"sstandardofconvenience.C)Toemphasizethefunctionoftravelagenciesinmarketpromotion.D)Toillustratetheimportantroleofpersuasivecommunicationinchangingconsumerattitudes. 5、实验型Communicationstechnologiesarefarfromequalwhenitcomestoconveyingthetruth.Thefirststudytocomparehonestyacrossarangeofcommunicationsmediahasfoundthatpeoplearetwiceaslikelytotellliesinphoneconversationsastheyareinemails.Thefactthatemailsareautomaticallyrecorded-andcancomebacktohaunt(困扰)youappearstobethekeytothefinding. JeffHancockofCornellUniversityinIthaca,MewYork,asked30studentstokeepacommunicationsdiaryforaweek.Inittheynotedthenumberofconversationsoremailexchangestheyhadlastingmorethan10minutes,andconfessedtohowmanyliestheytold.Hancockthenworkedoutthenumberofliesperconversationfoeeachmedium.Hefoundthatliesmadeup14percentofemails，21percentofinstantmessages,27percentofface-to-faceinteractionsandanastonishing37percentofphonecalls. Hisresultstobepresentedattheconferenceonhuman-computerinteractioninVienna,Austria,inApril,havesurprisedpsychologists.Someexpectedemailerstobethebiggestliars,reasoningthatbecausedeceptionmakespeopleuncomfortable,thedetachment(非直接接触)ofemailingwouldmakeiteasiertolie.Othersexpectedpeopletoliemoreinface-to-faceexchangesbecausewearemostpracticedatthatformofcommunication. ButHancocksaysitisalsocrucialwhetheraconversationisbeingrecordedandcouldbereread,andwhetheritoccursinrealtime.Peopleappeartobeafraidtoliewhentheyknowthecommunicationcouldlaterbeusedtoholdthemtoaccount,hesays.Thisiswhyfewerliesappearinemailthanonthephone.Peoplearealsomorelikelytolieinrealtime—inainstantmessageorphonecall,say—thaniftheyhavetimetothinkofaresponse,saysHancock.Hefondmanyliesarespontaneous(脱口而出的)responsestoanunexpecteddemand,suchas:"Doyoulikemydress?" Hankcockhopeshisresearchwillhelpcompaniesworkoutthebestwaysfortheiremployeestocommunicate.Forinstance,thephonemightbethebestmediumforsaleswhereemployeesareencouragedtostretchthetruth.But,givenhisresults,workassessmentwherehonestyisapriority,mightbebestdoneusingemail.57.Hancock"sstudyfocuseson____________.A)theconsequencesoflyinginvariouscommunicationsmedia.B)thesuccessofcommunicationstechnologiesinconveyingideas.C)peoplearelesslikelytolieininstantmessages.D)people"shonestylevelsacrossarangeofcommunicationsmedia. 催产素引产与催产 产科催产素引产、催产使用常规引产助产晚期妊娠引产引产方法停止引产指征催产催产方法停止催产指征催产使用注意事宜适应症禁忌症准备引产前准备（医生）助产师及产科人员 催产素能使子宫平滑肌收缩，具有引发及加强子宫收缩的作用，是产科最常用引产、催产的有效药物。如病历选择恰当严格掌握剂量及用法是较安全的，但若不掌握适应症及禁忌症或缺乏严密的观察，可造成胎儿缺氧子宫破裂、羊水栓塞危机母婴生命安全的不良后果。因此制定正确应用催产素在引产、催产的使用常规，具有现实意义。返回 晚期妊娠引产指妊娠满28周以上，由于胎儿或孕妇原因继续妊娠对母婴双方均不利时需要采取措施诱发子宫收缩，结束分娩者。返回 适应症1.妊高征治疗效果不佳；2.妊娠≥41周，不伴有严重胎盘功能不良者；3.胎膜早破妊娠34周以上，6-12小时以上未能临产者；4.确诊为胎死宫内或严重胎儿先天异常，无产道梗阻者；5.妊娠合并内外科疾病，但可阴道分娩，需要终止妊娠者；6.高危妊娠继续妊娠对母儿危险时。母儿情况能经受产程考验者。以上适应症须征求孕妇及家属同意后家属签字方可实施。返回 禁忌症：1.明显的头盆不称；2.软产道异常；肿瘤、畸形子宫、严重阴道疤痕狭窄及未处理的生殖道先天异常；3.巨大胎儿，可能有头盆不称者，不宜阴道分娩者；4.胎位异常：横位、臀位；5.多胎妊娠或3胎以上的经产妇；6.高危妊娠，严重胎盘功能不良，有胎儿宫内缺氧者；7.宫内发育迟缓伴羊水过少；8.疤痕子宫；包括各种肌瘤剔除手术后，剖宫产术后，子宫先天畸形整复术及计划生育手术的子宫创伤；9.严重内科合并症及产科并发症孕妇不宜阴道分娩者；10.严重宫内感染者；11.胎儿窘迫12.孕期不明原因阴道出血或前置胎盘、胎盘早剥者。返回 引产前准备（医生）1.病史2.PV：骨盆、软产道、Bishop胎儿大小、胎先露3.宫颈评分4.交代利弊、问题、处理方法家属签字明确：指征禁忌症返回 Bishop评分返回条件0123前中后后中前软中硬硬中软高低-3-2-1——0+1——+2开大01——23——45——6容受0——3040——5060——7080——100 助产师及产科人员记录：（1）T、P、BP、宫缩（2）胎儿电子监护（3）灌肠返回 引产方法①②③返回 方法一低浓度、小剂量循序渐进生理性宫缩异常停药返回 方法二2.5单位催产素5%GS500ml5毫单位/ml3次/10分钟强度：强直强中弱≥60’’45-60’’30-45’’＜30’’返回 方法三每15’调整一次滴数至40滴，若无宫缩或宫缩弱，浓度可达1%2个减半：（1）浓度达1%，滴数减半≤25滴（2）进入活跃期小于1000ml/日返回 停止引产指征宫缩过强、强直、过频宫内窘迫、宫内感染、头盆不称、难产倾向改CS返回 催产指正式临产后因宫缩乏力需用人工方法，加强宫缩促进产程进展，减少由于产程延长而导致母婴并发症。1.适应症2.禁忌症返回 适应症主要用于无明显头盆不称及胎位异常的低张力性宫缩乏力所导致潜伏期、活跃期延长，宫口开张延缓或停滞，抬头下降延缓等情况。返回 禁忌症无明显指征，不应随便催产同引产禁忌症返回 催产方法①②返回 催产方法PV：骨软产道Bishop先露下降，宫口开大除外头盆不称≥8、7、6、5返回 催产方法未破膜者在宫口开大2-3cm，人工破膜羊水清亮，经1-2小时观察宫缩不够强时催产素点滴。一般用1-2-2.5单位催产素加入5%GS500ml或者0.5催产素250ml，7号针头，8滴开始，15分钟调整一次宫缩，达到1——2’2——3’3——4’二程活跃期潜伏期持续30’’——50’’返回 停止催产的指征潜伏期＞12小时，且伴宫颈水肿者；催产后活跃期异常：可表现为下列任何一项；活跃期＞8小时；宫口扩张＜1cm/h或宫口开大达≥4cm后不再进展、活跃期停滞或先露下降停滞1——2h或出现头盆不称时；宫口全开，产力良好，而先露部仍停滞于坐骨棘水平或以上者；胎心率＞160次/分，＜120次/分或胎心监护异常；产程中羊水粪染，短时间内胎儿不能经阴道分娩者；返回 催产素使用注意事项必须有经过专业培训的产科人员，在待产室内进行连续监护，并每15-30分钟记录一次宫缩频率，强度及持续时间；胎心频率、节律、曲线有无异常；羊水的色、量等。一定要防止过强及过频的宫缩。血压、脉搏每2-4小时测量一次。产妇取半卧位或左侧卧位。妊高征酌情测血压。无论使用催产素引产或催产是均应以低浓度、小剂量循序增加的持续静脉点滴。严禁使用肌注。穴位注射及滴鼻给药法。因这些方法均难以掌握催产素实际进入体内计量且有短时间内催产素进入危险过大造成的严重危害，如子宫破裂。先用5%葡萄糖液静脉点滴，调好所需要的滴速后，再加入所需要的催产素、摇匀。因一次性标准的静脉输液管中均有15ml葡萄糖液不含催产素，为节省时间，可将这部分液体放掉，再接好输液管。切勿用配制好的催产素混合液直接作静脉穿刺。避免短时间内过多催产素进入体内引起过强宫缩。返回'