最新林黛玉进贾府路线图课件PPT.ppt 38页

'林黛玉进贾府路线图 东角门西角门荣国府贾赦院厢庑游廊厢庑游廊穿堂南大厅贾政院荣禧堂耳房厢房厢房抄手游廊厢房穿堂贾母前院五间上房穿堂夹道后廊贾母后院抱厦厅影壁凤姐屋北小正房东三间厅大插屏垂花门抄手游廊三层仪门 弥散性血管内凝血Chapter11中山医学院病理生理教研室邓宇斌 IntroductionDICischaracterizedbytheactivationofthecoagulationsystemwithresultantconsumptionofavarietyofcoagulationproteinsandplatelets,whichresultsinhemorrhagicdiathesisandischemicinjurytovarioustissues. 1.BloodCoagulationItispropagatedbyanenzymaticeventstermedcoagulationcascade.ContactfactorsandtheintrinsicpathwayTissuefactorandextrinsicpathway 2.FibrinolysisItistheresultoftheactionofplasmin,aproteolyticenzymeproducedfromaninertplasmaprecursor(plasminogen)bytheactionofvarioussubstancestermedplasminogenactivators. HumoralplasminogenactivatorsTissueplasminogenactivatorsFibrinorfibrinogendegradationproductsFDP(Significantbiologicalactivity)FragmentsX,YandE(potentantithrombins)FragmentsYandD(inhibitfibrinpolymerization) ⅡaⅡaⅢaPCAPCTM+Ⅱ灭活PS(+)C4bC4bPS(-) 酶纤溶FDP酶ATPC抗APCTM+Ⅱa凝PSPGI2VECTM 第二节DIC的病因发病学一、发病原因及机理1.VEC广泛受损⑴原因感染炎症、免疫损伤（抗磷脂综合征）高低温、放射损伤缺血缺氧酸中毒 EtiologyofDIC1.acuteDIC(1)septicemia(2)severetrauma(3)obstetricaccidents(4)shock2.subacuteDIC(1)malignanttumors(2)retaineddeadfetus3.chronicDIC(1)gianthemangioma(2)systemiclupuserythematosus(SLE) ⑵机理胶原暴露凝↑VEC释放Ⅲ受损合成PGI2↓→TXA2↑抗凝↓表达TM↓→APC↓ 2.血细胞大量受损⑴RBC受损感染：疟疾原因：溶血G6PDase↓：蚕豆病免疫损伤：异型输血红细胞素（Ⅲ）机理：释ADP→P聚集 ⑵WBC激活或受损坏死白血病细胞→释Ⅲ原因化疗受损机理炎症激活→合成、释Ⅲ（内毒素、补体、LC、P、Ag－Ab） ⑶P激活或受损原发性：免疫损伤（抗P抗体抗磷脂抗体）继发性：DIC粘（GPⅠb－胶原）聚（GPⅡb／Ⅲa－fg）TXA2等P聚、血管收缩机理PF1～11提供“反应面”ⅩⅡⅨa－Ca2+－ⅧaⅩa－Ca2+－ⅡaPF3PF3 3.大量致凝物质入血肿瘤细胞⑴Ⅲ坏死（包括产科意外）组织细胞⑵带负电颗粒物质（内毒素）→Ⅻa胰蛋白酶⑶其它丝氨酸蛋白水解酶→Ⅱa蝰蛇毒 PathogenesisofDIC1.extensivedamageofvascularendothelialcellsIntrinsicclottingcascade2.severetissueinjuryExtrinsicclottingreaction 3.excessivedestructionofthecirculatingbloodcellsGenerationofprocoagulant-activesubstancesIntravascularcoagulation4.otherthromboplasticmaterialsenteringthebloodActivationofclottingsystemthroughthecontactofbloodwithanabnormalsurface theneteffectsaresummarizedasfollows:1.lossofplasmafibrinogenasitisconsumedbytheclottingprocessandbytheactionofplasma.2.lossofotherclottingfactorsnotablyⅤ,ⅧandⅫ,astheyareusedupduringtheoperationoftheclottingcascade.3.fallintheplateletcount,astheplateletsaggregateandleavethecirculation.4.appearanceoffibrindegradationproducts,asplasminactsonitssubstrates. 二、诱因与发生机理消除致凝物质功能血液凝血活性↑／抗凝活性↓1.单核吞噬细胞系统功能内毒素血症、糖皮质激素、脾消除功能↓：致凝物、Ⅱa、凝纤产物 2.肝功能严重障碍灭活活化凝血因子↓合成AT－Ⅲ、PC↓枯否细胞吞噬功能↓3.血液的高凝状态凝血活性↑－凝血物质↑：怀孕、肿瘤、应激抗纤溶：胎盘、药抗凝活性↓抗肝素：H＋AT、PC、TM等↓4.血流郁滞 PredisposingfactorstoDIC1.impairmentoftheclearancemechanism.2.hypercoagulablestate.3.disorderofmicrocirculation. 第三节DIC的分期及分型高凝期分期消耗性低凝期继发性纤溶亢进期急性按发病速度亚急性分慢性型代偿型按代偿情况失代偿型过度代偿型 TypesofDIC1.acuteDICMultisidebleedingdiathesisThromboticcomplicationsusuallySeverebleedingleadtoshockandsevereischemicchangeinorgans2.subacuteDICRarelybleedingTheevidenceofDICcanbedetectedbylaboratoryexaminations3.chronicDIC StageofDIC1.hypercoagulablestage2.hypocoagulablestage3.secondaryfibrinolyticstage 第四节临床表现1.出血凝血物质消耗性↓酶：破坏凝血因子继发性纤溶亢进ⅡaFDP抗凝：竞争性抑制ⅢaP聚血管壁受损及溶栓 ConsequencesofDIC1.disturbanceofcoagulation----bleeding(1)theconsumptionofclottingfactorsandplatelets(2)theactivationoffibrinolyticsystem(3)theproductionoffibrindegradationproducts(FDPs) 2.休克出血回心血量↓微血栓阻断通路CO↓心泵功能↓:心肌DICBP↓右心后负荷↑:肺DIC外周阻力↓:四个酶系统激活↓A、B肽扩血管物质↑FDP(通透性↑)激肽C3a、C5a 2.disturbanceofcirculation----shockMicrothromobusincapillariesandvenulesBloodreturningdecreaseCardiacmuscledamageCardiacoutputandbloodvolumereduceEffectivecirculatingbloodvolumedecreaseHypotension 3.栓塞微血栓器官功能BP↓供血障碍4.溶血：微血管病性溶血性贫血 3.ischemictissuedamage----dysfunctionofmultipleorgansRenalinsufficiencyAcuteadrenalfailurePituitarynecrosisAdultoracuterespiratorydistresssyndrome(ARDS)Convulsionandcoma 4.microangiopathichemolyticanemia(MHA)characteristicmorphologicabnormalityoftheredbloodcellsTwistedcells,crenatedcells,triangularcells,helmet-shapedcells,andmicrospherocytesareseenonthebloodsmear. Pathophysiologicalbasisoflaboratorydiagnosis1.detectionofplateletcountanditsfunction2.determinationofclottingfactors3.determinationofactivityoffibrinolysis(1)thrombintimetest(TT)(2)plasmaprotamineparacoagulationtest(3Ptest)(3)euglobulinlysistime(ETL) PrinciplesofmanagementofDIC1.treatmentofthecausativedisease2.clottingfactorreplacement3.anticoagulationtherapy4.othermodesoftherapy TheEndgoodbye'