英美概况课件PPT测试题及课后练习答案PDF 刘白玉封丽丽主编 978 7 81134 751 7 英国部分Chapter 1.ppt 60页

'CHAPTERONEBriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom1 1.FamousQuotationHistoriesmakemenwise;poemswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.—FrancisBaconBritishPhilosopher2 2.Newwordssovereign:adj.independentofoutsideauthority(国家)有主权的；完全独立的—Whendiditbecomeasovereigncountry?这个国家是什么时候成为主权国的？complicated:adj.madeupofintricatepartsoraspectsthataredifficulttounderstandoranalyze复杂的—Whydoeshehavetowrapitallupinsuchcomplicatedlanguage?他为什么非得用这么艰深的语言说话呢?3 subdivision:n.aportionthatistheresultofsubdividing细分，一部分，分支—Alargecitizens’organizationbasedonkinship,constitutingthelargestpoliticalsubdivisionofanancientGreekcity-state.宗族一种基于亲戚关系的巨大的市民组织,它组成了古希腊城邦的最大的政治分支entity:n.thatwhichisperceivedorknownorinferredtohaveitsowndistinctexistence(livingornonliving)实体；存在；本质—Withbeesonealwaystalksaboutthecolonyasasingleentity.总是将蜜蜂这个群体作为一个单独的整体来谈论。4 jurisdiction:n.(law)therightandpowertointerpretandapplythelaw司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权—Thecourthasnojurisdictionoverforeigndiplomatslivinginthiscountry.法院对居住在本国的外交官无裁判权。distinction:n.adiscriminationbetweenthingsasdifferentanddistinct差别，不同—Weshouldmakeadistinctionbetweenrightandwrong.我们应该分清是非。5 navigable:adj.abletobesailedonorthroughsafely可航行的，可通船的，适于航行的—Withitsenginebroken,thisgreatshipwasnotnavigable.这条大船的马达坏了，无法再航行了。temperate:adj.(ofweatherorclimate)freefromextremes;mild;orcharacteristicofsuchweatherorclimate温和的，适度的，有节制的—Ninetypercentofthecountryliesinthetemperatezone.这个国家百分之九十的地方都是温带。6 sheltered:adj.provideshelterfor（动词shelter的过去式和过去分词形式）受保护的；受庇护的—Theseplantsmustbeshelteredfromdirectsunlight.这种植物必须遮起来，免受阳光直射。plausible:adj.apparentlyreasonableandvalid,andtruthful似真实合理的，似可信的—Hetrottedoutamostplausiblestory,butmostofuswereinclinedtodoubtthetruthofit.他提出了一个听起来很有道理的说法，但我们大多数人对此都持怀疑态度。7 semi-arid:adj.半干旱的annual:adj.occurringorpayableeveryyear每年的，年度的，一年生的—Ifyouwanttojoin,there’sanentrancefeeof$20andanannualmembershipfeeof$10.入会须缴入会费20美元，年费10美元。latitude:n.纬度，界限，自由选择权—Thelatitudeoftheislandis30degreesnorth.这个岛的纬度是北纬三十度。8 proximity:n.theregionclosearoundapersonorthing接近，亲近notoriously:adv.toanotoriousdegree臭名昭著地，众所周知地—Theinnkeeperisanotoriouslyharddriving,whip-crackingperfectionist.这个酒馆的老板出名地凶狠,不准手下人犯一点错误。convergence:n.theoccurrenceoftwoormorethingscomingtogether汇聚，汇合点，收敛9 maritime:adj.relatingtoorinvolvingshipsorshippingornavigationorseamen海的,海上的,海事的—Englandwasagreatmaritimepower.英国曾是海上的强国。airmass:n.气团susceptible:adj.easilyimpressedemotionally易受外界影响的，易受感染的—He’ssosusceptiblethatsheeasilygainedhisaffection.他易受感情影响，所以她很轻易就得到了他的爱。10 fracture:n.breakingofhardtissuesuchasbone破裂，断裂；骨折—Fractureofanypartofthebodycanbeveryseriousinoldpeople.老年人身体的任何部位发生骨折都有可能成为严重疾患。traverses:n.&v.ahorizontalbeamthatextendsacrosssomething横贯，横木—Therailwaytraverseshundredsofmilesofdesert.这条铁路贯穿数百英里的沙漠。11 geomorphology:n.thebranchofgeologythatstudiesthecharacteristicsandconfigurationandevolutionofrocksandlandforms地形学tectonics:n.thescienceofarchitecture构造学，构造地质学—StructuralgeologyandTectonicsisanimportantbranchofgeology,whichshowsnoprosperityinrecentyears.摘要构造地质学是地质学中的一个重要分支学科，近来显得不大景气。12 glaciation:n.theconditionofbeingcoveredwithglaciersormassesofice;theresultofglacialaction冰河作用，冻结成冰terrain:n.apieceofgroundhavingspecificcharacteristicsormilitarypotential地带，地域，地形—Ajeepisidealfordrivingoverroughterrain.吉普车很适合在高低不平的路面上行驶.13 estuary:n.thewidepartofariverwhereitnearsthesea;freshandsaltwatermix河口，江口，海湾—Theriveropensoutsuddenlyintoabroadestuary.江面忽然开阔起来，形成一个宽广的河。rugged:adj.topographicallyveryuneven粗糙的，坚固的，崎岖的，高低不平的—Apostmanpedalsalongaruggedpath.Rainorshine,theybringthevillagersnewsabouttheworldbeyond.邮递员奔波在崎岖的山路上，他们每天风雨无阻，为村民们带去外面世界的信息。14 tidal:adj.oforrelatingtoorcausedbytides潮的，有关潮水的；潮汐的；定时涨落的—Thistrendofthoughtandsocietytidalcurrenthavedeeptraditionbasicandrealismreason.其思潮和社会潮流，本来就是有着深远传统基础和现实原因。catchment:n.astructureinwhichwateriscollected流域；集水—Buyingclosestooltoknowthecatchmentwayofoneselftoiletisaveryseriousproblem.购买马桶了解自家卫生间的排水方式是个很重要的问题15 margin:n.theboundarylineortheareaimmediatelyinsidetheboundary边缘；利润，余裕；页边的空白—Couldyouusecorrectionfluidtocoverthelettersonmargin.你能用涂改液涂去这一页边上的这些字母吗？derelict:adj.wornandbrokendownbyharduse玩忽职守的，被抛弃了的，无主的—Doorsofderelicthousesmaybeboardedandnaileduptopreventchildrenfromgettingin.无人居住的房子，可以用木板把门户钉起来，以防止小孩进入。16 lifeexpectancy:平均寿命pensionableage:可拿养老金的年纪。populationdensity:人口密度subsequent:adj.followingintimeororder随后的，后来的—Heconfessedtoothercrimessubsequenttothebankrobbery.他供认抢劫银行案后，又坦白了其他罪行.17 legacy:n.agiftofpersonalpropertybywill祖先传下来之物，遗赠物—Heleftmeasmalllegacyinanuncupativewill,asatokenofhiskindnesstome.他囗头遗言上遗留给我一点小小遗产作为他对我关爱的表征。forge:vt.comeupwith(anidea,plan,explanation,theory,orprinciple)afteramentaleffort锻造，想出，伪造，构建—Theyforgedtheirmanager’ssignatureonthecheque.他们在支票上伪造了经理的签名。18 dejure:adj.&adv.byright;accordingtolaw[法]根据法律的，权利上的predominant:adj.havingsuperiorpowerandinfluence卓越的；有力的；支配的；主要的；有影响的—WillChinesehavebecomethepredominantInternetlanguageby2025?到2025年，汉语会成为占主导地位的网络语言吗？19 3.BriefIntroductionKeypointsBriefIntroductionLocationandareaClimateTopographyRiversandlakesMountainsandhillsPopulationLanguages20 BriefIntroductionTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland(commonlyknownastheUnitedKingdom,theUK,orBritain)isasovereignstatelocatedoffthenorthwesterncoastofcontinentalEurope.Itisanislandcountry,spanningagroupofislandsincludingGreatBritain,thenortheasternpartofIreland,andmanysmallislands.NorthernIrelandistheonlypartoftheUKwithalandborder,sharingitwiththeRepublicofIreland.Apartfromthislandborder,theUKissurroundedbytheAtlanticOcean,theNorthSea,theEnglishChannelandtheIrishSea.Thelargestisland,GreatBritain,islinkedtoFrancebytheChannelTunnel[1].21 22 Nationalflag23 Nationalanthem“GodSavetheQueen”,(alternatively“GodSavetheKing”),isananthemusedinanumberofCommonwealthrealms.ItisthenationalanthemoftheUnitedKingdomandherterritoriesanddependencies,NorfolkIsland,oneofthetwonationalanthemsoftheCaymanIslandsandNewZealand(since1977)andtheroyalanthemofCanada(since1980),Australia(since1984),theIsleofMan,Jamaica,andTuvalu.24 GodSaveTheQueenGodsaveourgraciousQueen,LongliveournobleQueen,GodsavetheQueen:Sendhervictorious,Happyandglorious,Longtoreignoverus:GodsavetheQueenOLordourGodarise,Scatterherenemies,Andmakethemfall:ConfoundtheirpoliticsFrustratetheirknavishtricks,OnTheeourhopeswefix:Godsaveusall.Thychoicestgiftsinstore,Onherbepleasedtopour;Longmayshereign:Mayshedefendourlaws,AndevergiveuscauseTosingwithheartandvoiceGodsavetheQueen.25 天佑吾皇上帝保佑女王，祝她万寿无疆，神佑女王。常胜利，沐荣光；孚民望，心欢畅；治国家，王运长；神佑女王！扬神威，张天网，保王室，歼敌人，一鼓涤荡。破阴谋，灭奸党，把乱萌一扫光；让我们齐仰望，神佑女王！愿上帝恩泽长，选精品，倾宝囊，万岁女王！愿她保护法律，使民心齐归向，一致衷心歌唱，神佑女王！26 RoyalCoatofArmsoftheUnitedKingdomTheshieldisquartered,depictinginthefirstandfourthquartersthethreepassantguardantlionsofEngland;inthesecond,therampantlionanddoubletressurefleury-counter-fleuryofScotland;andinthethird,aharpforIreland.Thecrestisastatantguardantlionwearingtheimperialcrown,himselfonanotherrepresentationofthatcrown.27 28 盾面上两组三只金狮象征英格兰，红狮象征苏格兰，竖琴象征爱尔兰。29 LocationandareaTheUnitedKingdom,consistingofGreatBritain(England,Wales,andScotland)andNorthernIreland,istwicethesizeofNewYorkState..30 LocationandareaThetotalareaoftheUnitedKingdomisapproximately245,000squarekilometres(94,600sqmi)comprisingoftheislandofGreatBritain,thenortheasternone-sixthoftheislandofIreland(NorthernIreland)andsmallerislands.GreatBritainliesbetweenlatitudes49°and59°N(theShetlandIslandsreachtonearly61°N),andlongitudes8°Wto2°E.31 Locationandarea32 ClimateTheUnitedKingdomhasatemperateclimate,withplentifulrainfallallyearround.Thetemperaturevarieswiththeseasonsbutseldomdropsbelow10°C(14°F)orrisesabove35°C(95°F).Theprevailingwindisfromthesouthwest,bearingfrequentspellsofmildandwetweatherfromtheAtlanticOcean.Easternpartsaremostshelteredfromthiswindandarethereforethedriest.Atlanticcurrents,warmedbytheGulfStream,bringmildwinters,especiallyinthewest,wherewintersarewet,especiallyoverhighground.SummersarewarmestinthesoutheastofEngland,beingclosesttotheEuropeanmainland,andcoolestinthenorth.Snowfallcanoccurinwinterandearlyspring,thoughitrarelysettlestogreatdepthawayfromhighground.33 ThefoggyLondonThesunnyLondon34 LondoninrainLondoninsnow35 NorthernIreland,WalesandwesternpartsofEnglandandScotland,beingclosesttotheAtlantic,aregenerallythemildest,wettestandwindiestregionsoftheUK,andtemperaturerangeshereareseldomextreme.Easternareasaredrier,cooler,lesswindyandalsoexperiencethegreatestdailyandseasonaltemperaturevariations.Northernareasaregenerallycooler,wetterandhaveasmallertemperaturerangethansouthernareas.36 TopographyThephysicalgeographyoftheUKvariesgreatly.TheoverallgeomorphologyoftheUKwasshapedbythecombinedforcesoftectonicsandclimatechange,inparticularglaciation.37 MostoftheEnglandconsistsoflowlandTerrain.Scotlandhashigh-Landstothenorthandwestandthelowlandstothesouthandeast.Walesismostlymoun-tainous.NorthernIrelandismostlyhilly.38 RiversandLakesThelongestriversintheUKbycountryare:England:RiverThames(215 mi,346 km)Scotland:RiverTay(117 mi,188 km)N.Ireland:RiverBann(76 mi,122 km)Wales:RiverTywi(64 mi,103 km)39 RiverThames40 ThelargestlakesintheUKbycountryare:N.Ireland:LoughNeagh(147.39 sq mi,381.74 km²)Scotland:LochLomond(27.46 sq mi,71.12 km²)England:Windermere(5.69 sq mi,14.74 km²)Wales:LakeVyrnwy(3.18 sq mi,8.24 km²)41 England:Windermere42 Scotland:LochLomond43 ThelongestriverinUK:TheRiverSevern44 RiverThamesTheRiverThamesisamajorriverflowingthroughsouthernEngland.WhilebestknownbecauseitslowerreachesflowthroughcentralLondon,theriverflowsthroughseveralothertownsandcities,includingOxford,ReadingandWindsor.45 LoughNeaghLoughNeagh—fromtheIrish:LochnEathachmeaning“LakeofEathach”(Irish)—isafreshwaterlakeinNorthernIreland.46 MountainsandHillsThetentallestmountainsintheUKareallfoundinScotland.ThehighestpeaksineachpartoftheUKare:·Scotland:BenNevis(AonachMòr,1,344metres)·Wales:Snowdon(Snowdonia,1,085metres)·England:ScafellPike(CumbrianMountains,977meters)·NorthernIreland:SlieveDonard(MourneMountains,852meters)47 BenNevisBenNevisisthehighestmountainintheBritishIsles.ItislocatedatthewesternendoftheGrampianMountainsintheLochaberareaoftheScottishHighlands,closetothetownofFortWilliam.48 BenNevis49 Wales:Snowdon50 England:ScafellPike51 NorthernIsland:SlieveDonard52 PopulationPopulation2009estimate61,612,300(22nd)2001census58,789,194Density246/km2(48th)637/sqmi53 Atthemostrecentcensusin2001,thetotalpopulationoftheUnitedKingdomwas58,789,194thethirdlargestintheEuropeanUnionthefifthlargestintheCommonwealththetwenty-firstlargestintheworld.54 EthnicGroups55 56 LanguagespredominantspokenlanguageisEnglishfourCelticlanguagesinuseintheUK:Welsh,IrishGaelic,ScottishGaelicandCornish.57 AcrosstheUnitedKingdom,itisgenerallycompulsoryforpupilstostudyasecondlanguagetosomeextent:uptotheageof14inEngland,anduptoage16inScotland.FrenchandGermanarethetwomostcommonlytaughtsecondlanguagesinEnglandandScotland.58 JoyfulMomentWhenWasRomeBuilt?Teacher:WhenwasRomebuilt?Tom:Atnight.Teacher:Whotoldyouthat?Tom:Youdid.YousaidRomewasn’tbuiltinaday.59 Mr.Positive1.Destinyisnotamatterofchance;itisamatterofchoice.2.Firstsaytoyourselfwhatyouwouldbe;andthendowhatyouhavetodo.60'