英美概况课件PPT测试题及课后练习答案PDF 刘白玉封丽丽主编 978 7 81134 751 7 美国部分Chapter 6.ppt 61页

'Chapter6CultureandEducationUSAPart Giveamanafishandhewilleatforaday.Teachamantofishandhewilleatfortherestofhislife.--ChineseProverb授人以鱼，不如授人以渔。--中国谚语 Newwordsdemographics:n.人口统计数据—China’seconomicboomandshiftingdemographicsaroundtheregionmeantasteadyclimbinenergy,food,andrawmaterialprices.individualism:n.abeliefintheimportanceoftheindividualandthevirtueofself-relianceandpersonalindependence个人主义—TheshifttowardindividualismamongJapaneseismostpronouncedamongtheveryyoung. Newwordssecular:adj.concerningthosenotmembersoftheclergy世俗的—ThegeneralhistorytendencyofChristianmusicisbecomingtothesecular.consolidate:v.巩固—Thearmyconsolidatedthepositionwhichtheyhadcaptured.mandatory：adj.命令的，强制性的—Everytakeoffisoptional.Everylandingismandatory. Newwordsmentalretardation:智力迟钝；智能缺陷（等于mentaldeficiency）—Andforsomereason,musicalgeniusoftenseemstoaccompanyblindnessandmentalretardation,asitdoesforLemke.impairment：n.损伤(毁损)—Shedidnothaveanyevidenceofhearingimpairment.decentralized：adj.分散的—Thebalancebetweencentralizedanddecentralizeddecisionmakingissometimesdelicate. AmericancultureFaithCuisineFashionNationalHolidaysMedia FaithIndividualFreedomandSelf-relianceWhetheryoucallitindividualfreedom,individualism,orindependence,itisthecornerstoneofAmericanvalues.EqualityofOpportunityandCompetitionAllpeoplehavebeen“createdequal”.MaterialWealthandHardWorkMaterialwealthisthemostwidelyacceptedmeasureofsocialstatusintheUnitedStates. Cuisine Fashion NationalHolidaysNewYear’sDayJanuary1President‘sDay华盛顿诞辰日ThirdMondayinFebruaryMemorialDay阵亡将士纪念日LastMondayinMayIndependenceDay独立日July4LaborDay劳动日FirstMondayinSeptemberThanksgiving感恩节FourthThursdayinNovemberChristmasDay圣诞节December25 ThanksgivingAsalegacyofcolonization,ThanksgivinghasbecomeatraditionalAmericanholidaywhichevolvedfromthewillofEnglishpilgrimsto“givethanks”fortheirwelfare. IndependenceDayIndependenceDay(colloquiallyknownastheFourthofJuly)celebratestheanniversaryofthecountry’sDeclarationofIndependencefromtheKingdomofGreatBritain.Itisgenerallyobservedbyparadesthroughoutthedayandtheshootingoffireworksatnight. HalloweenHalloweenisthoughttohaveevolvedfromtheancientCelticfestivalofSamhainwhichwasintroducedintheAmericancoloniesbyIrishsettlers.Ithasbecomeaholidaythatiswidelycelebratedbychildrenandteenswhotraditionallydressupincostumesandgodoortodoorsayingthewords“TrickorTreat”inexchangeforcandy.Italsobringsaboutanemphasisoneerieandfrighteningurbanlegendsandmovies. SocialcustomsGreetings1)shakehands:thefirsttimetheymeet.2)“Howareyou?”doesn’talwaysmeanthat.Itmaymean“goodmorning”or“hello”.Inansweryoumaynod,smile.3)Goodbye:“beseeingyousoon.”“Dropbysometime.”“we’llhaveyouoverfordinnersoon.” Invitation1)ifyoureceiveaninvitation,besuretoanswerpromptly.2)ifyoucannotaccept,thesimpleexplanationthatyouwillnotbeabletocomeisenough.3)itisbettertorefuseaninvitationthantoacceptandthenfailtogo.4)R.S.V.P.meansthatyoushouldcontactthehosttolethimorherknowwhetherornotyoucanattend.5)“Regretsonly”meansyoucontactthehostonlyifyoucannotattend.Otherwise,itisassumedthatyouwillbepresent. Sayingthankyou1)Itisconsideredtosendathankyounotetoyourhostorhostessaftertheevent.2)ThankyouisusedoftenintheU.S.evenforsmallfavorsdonebyapersonwhoisonlydoinghisorherjob(suchasaclerkinastoreorthetaxidriver).3)Expressthanksbyofferingtips:restaurantbills:about15-20%fooddeliverypersons(pizzaorother):10%-15%taxifare:10%bellboy:50centsto$1foreachpieceofluggagebeautyshopoperators:10%ofthepieceoftheservicehotelmaids:$1or$2perday MediaAmericansspendmoretimeabsorbingtheproductsofthemasscommunicationsmediathaninanyotheractivitiesexceptworkingandsleeping.Althoughthemediaareunderattack,publicconfidenceinthemediaremainssurprisinglyfavorable.Themediaareperceivedasmoretrustworthythanbusiness,stateandlocalgovernment,orthepresidency. TelevisionThereareabout99millionTVsetsintheUnitedStates;99percentofAmericanhouseholdshaveatleastoneset,and54percenthavetwoormore.IntheUnitedStates,thereisnogovernment-ownedtelevisionnetwork.Thereisonechannelwheretherearenocommercialbreaks.ProgramsonthischannelarerunbythePublicBroadcastingService(PBS)andcanbeseenallovertheUnitedStates.televisionnowbecomesausefultoolforpoliticianstoinfluencethepublicfortheirpoliticalpurposes. RadioSincethedevelopmentofTV,radioisnolongerthemajorsourceofhomeentertainment;butAmericansstillturntoradiowhentheywantthelatestnewsquickly.Manystationsbroadcastup-to-theminutenewseveryhalf-hour.VOA(VoiceofAmerica)perhapsisthemostfamousradiostationoftheUnitedStates.ItisinWashingtonD.C.andwaslaunchedin1942,originallyforwarinformation,butnowithas16broadcastingstations,sendingnewstothewholeglobein41languagesandnight.TherearetwotypesofradiobroadcastingAmerica---AM(amplitudemodulation)andFM(frequencymodulation).FMcanproduceawiderrangeof,soundsandcanalsobroadcastinstereophonicsound. NewspapersTherearealmost2,000dailynewspapers,withatotalcirculationof62million.TherearenoseparateSundaypapersintheUnitedStates,butU.S.dailypapershavespecialSundayeditions.Comicshavebeen"American’s"favoriteformoffiction".TheU.S.doesnothaveanationalpaper. MostinfluentialnewspapersTheNewYorkTimeswasestablishedin1851.Nowitscirculationismorethan850,000.TheWallStreetJournalisanEnglish-languageinternationaldailynewspaperpublishedbyDowJones&Company.TheJournalhasthelargestcirculationofanynewspaperintheUnitedStates.ithasacirculationof2.1millioncopies(including400,000onlinepaidsubscriptions)asofOctober2009. MostinfluentialnewspapersTheWashingtonPost,establishedin1877,isthesecondbiggestnewspaperintheU.S.withacirculationofmorethan500,000.ItsmainreadersaregovernmentalemployeesanditiscloselyassociatedwithAmericanCongress.ItwasTheWashingtonPostthatfirstuncoveredtheWatergatescandalin1972throughtheeffortsofreportersBobWoodwardandCarlBernstein.TheLosAngelesTimes,establishedin1881,isthethirdmostinfluentialnewspaperintheU.S.Itscirculationisaboutonemillion.Thepaperisphysicallyhuge,oftenrunningover200pagesonSunday. MagazinesTheU.S.hasthreeleadingweeklynewsmagazines:TIME,NewsweekandU.S.NewsandWorldReport.Timeiswell-knownfornaminga“PersonoftheYear”eachyear,whileU.S.NewspublishesannualratingsofAmericancollegesanduniversities. FiveFamousSymbolsofAmericanCulture TheStatueofLibertyTheStatueofLiberty(Frenchartist)wasdedicatedonanislandinUpperNewYorkBayin1886.Ithadhismother’sfaceandhiswife’sbody,butBartholdicalledit“mydaughter,Liberty”. BarbieBarbaraHandlerwasthedaughterofElliotandRuthHandler,co-foundersoftheMattelToyCompany.RuthcameupwiththeideaforBarbieafterherdaughterplaywithpaperdolls.Sinceherintroductionin1959,BarbiehasbecometheuniversallyrecognizedQueenoftheDolls. AmericaGothicGrantWoodinstantlyrosetofamein1930withhispaintingAmericanGothic,anoften-copiedinterpretationoftheseldomprideofAmericanfarmers.HewasstronglyinfluencedbymedievalartistsandinspiredbytheGothicwindowofanoldfarmhouse,butthefacesinhiscompositionwerewhatcapturedtheword’sattention. TheBuffaloNickelTheBuffalonickel,producedfrom1913to1938,honoredapairofconnectedtragediesfromthesettlementoftheAmericanfrontier—thedestructionofthebuffaloherdsandtheAmericanIndians. UncleSamFourteen-year-oldSamWilsonranawayfromhometojoinhisfatherandolderbrothersinthefighttoliberatetheAmericancoloniesfromtheBritishduringtheAmericanRevolution.Atage23,hestartedameatpackingbusinessandearnedareputationforbeinghonestandhardworking. Education IntroductionAmericahasagreatrespectforeducationfromitsearliesttime.Nowtheentirenationisdividedintoabout16,000schooldistricts,eachofwhichprovides12yearsoftreeschoolingtoitsresidents.Thus,therearesome23,000public(free)highschoolsand60,000publicelementaryschools.Ifpost-secondaryinstitutionsareincludedaswell,theAmericanpeoplesupportnearly100,000schools. IntroductionSchoolattendanceismandatoryandnearlyuniversalattheprimaryandsecondarylevels.Inmostpublicandprivateschools,educationisdividedintothreelevels:elementaryschool,juniorhighschool(oftencalledmiddleschool),andhighschool(sometimesreferredtoassecondaryeducation).Thecountryhasareadingliteracyrateat98%ofthepopulationoverage15. SchoolSystemPreschoolElementaryandSecondaryEducationHomeSchoolingEducationofStudentswithSpecialNeedsPublicandPrivateSchoolsCollegeandUniversityFamousUniversitiesandColleges PreschoolTherearenomandatorypublicprekindergartenorcrècheprograms.ThefederalgovernmentfundstheHeadStartpreschoolprogramforchildrenoflow-incomefamilies,butmostfamiliesareontheirownwithregardtofindingapreschoolorchildcare. ElementaryandSecondaryEducationMostchildrenbeginelementaryeducationwithkindergarten(usuallyfivetosixyearsold)andfinishsecondaryeducationwithtwelfthgrade(usuallyeighteenyearsold).Approximately85%ofstudentsenterthepublicschools,largelybecausetheyare“free”. ElementaryandSecondaryEducationIntheUnitedStateselementaryeducationbeginsattheageofsix.Insomeschoolsystems,elementaryschoolincludesgradesonethrougheight.Thenextfouryearsarecalledhighschool.Inotherschoolsystems,therearethreedivisions,elementaryschool(gradesonethroughsix),juniorhighschool(gradesseventhroughnine),andseniorhighschool(gradestenthroughtwelve). ElementaryschoolsAtelementarystage,nearlyalltheteachersarewomen,mostlymarried.Theatmosphereisusuallyveryfriendly.Elementaryschoolsteachreading,arithmetic,andlanguageartssuchascreativewriting,spelling,andhandwriting.Classesareheldfivedaysaweek,fromMondaytillFriday. JuniorandSeniorHighSchoolThestudentsgotohighschoolautomaticallyafterfinishingtheirelementaryschooleducation.Thereisnoentranceexam.Inhighschool,subjectmatterbecomesmorespecialized.Highschoolstudentsusuallytakeaone-yeargeneralsciencecourse,thenmoredetailedcoursesinbiology,chemistry,andphysics.TherearenowsomespecialhighschoolsinAmericawhichtrainboysandgirlsforjobs-secretaries,mechanics,computerspecialists,andaccountants. HomeSchoolingTherewere1.5millionchildrenthatwerehomeschooledin2007.Thiswas2.9%ofallchildren.Therearevariousreasonsforhomeschooling. EducationofStudentswithSpecialNeedsThefederalgovernmentdefinedthirteencategoriesofspecialneeds.Theseincludedautism,deaf-blindness,deafness,hearingimpairment,mentalretardation,multipledisabilities,otherhealthimpairment,andspecificlearningdisability. PublicandPrivateSchoolsPublicschoolsystemsaresupportedbyacombinationoflocal,state,andfederalgovernmentfunding.Classsizealsovariesfromonetoanother.Curriculumdecisionsaremadelargelyatthelocalandstatelevels;thefederalgovernmenthaslimitedinfluence.Privateschoolschargevaryingratesdependingongeographiclocation,theschool’sexpenses,andtheavailabilityoffundingfromsources,otherthantuition. HighEducationTherearefivecategoriesofinstitutionsofhighereducationinUnitedStates:1)Doctoral-levelinstitutionsThiscategoryincludesthelargeresearchuniversitiesandotheruniversitieswithstrongPh.D.programs.Thefacultyatsuchuniversitiesisusuallyexpectedtodoresearchandtopublish.Theaverageenrollmentattheseuniversitiesexceeds18,000students,andcampuseswith30,000to40,000studentsarecommon. HighEducation2)ComprehensiveinstitutionsInthisgroup,universitiesofferseveralprogramsbutusuallynodegreehigherthanamaster"s.Theytotal408,with245ofthempublicand154private.3)GeneralbaccalaureateinstitutionsMostoftheinstitutionsinthiscategoryaresmallcollegeswhoseliberalartsprogramdominatesthecurriculum.Ofthem,only123arepublic,whereas604areprivate,foratotalof727. HighEducation4)SpecializedinstitutionsThiscategoryconsistsoftheologicalseminaries,medicalschools,businesscollegesandotherinstitutionswhichspecializeinasinglefieldOfstudy.Ofatotalof583suchinstitutions,66arepublicand517areprivate.5)Two-yearinstitutionsThehistorictermforthiscategoryofinstitutionsis"juniorCollege",butnowitismainlyassociatedwithcommunitycolleges,thetwo-yearpublicinstitutionsfoundedduringthelastgenerationinsome900schooldistrictsaroundthecountry.Thusofatotalof1,206two-yearinstitutions,925arepublic,andonly281areprivate. CollegeandUniversityThereare4,352colleges,universities,andjuniorcollegesintheUSA.Admissionscriteriainvolvetherigorandgradesearnedinhighschoolcoursestaken,thestudents’GPA,classranking,andstandardizedtestscores(SuchastheSATortheACTtests).ThemostcommonmethodconsistsoffouryearsofstudyleadingtoaBachelorofArts(B.A.),aBachelorofScience(B.S.). Famousuniversitiesandcolleges HarvardUniversityFoundedin1636bythecolonialMassachusettslegislature,HarvardistheoldestinstitutionofhigherlearningintheUnitedStates.ItisalsothefirstandoldestcorporationinNorthAmerica.Administratively,Harvardcomprisestenprimaryacademicunits. YaleUniversityYaleUniversityisaprivateresearchuniversityinNewHaven,Connecticut,UnitedStatesofAmerica,andamemberoftheIvyLeague.Foundedin1701,Yalehasproducedmanynotablealumni,includingfiveU.S.presidents,nineteenU.S.SupremeCourtJustices,andseveralforeignheadsofstate. StandfordUniversityItisaprivateresearchuniversitylocatedinStanford,California,UnitedStates.Theuniversitywasfoundedin1885byformerCaliforniagovernor.Stanfordenrollsabout6,700undergraduateandabout8,000graduatestudentsfromtheUnitedStatesandaroundtheworldeveryyear. PrincetonUniversityPrincetonUniversityisaprivateresearchuniversitylocatedinPrinceton,andwasfoundedin1746.PrincetonUniversityhastraditionallyfocusedonundergraduateeducation,althoughithasalmost2,500graduatestudentsenrolled. MITTheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)isaprivateresearchuniversitylocatedinCambridge,Massachusetts.FoundedbyWilliamBartonRogersin1861inresponsetotheincreasingindustrializationoftheUnitedStates,theuniversityadoptedtheGermanuniversitymodelandemphasizedlaboratoryinstructionfromanearlydate. JoyfulMomentSecondLanguageAmothermousewasoutforastrollwithherbabieswhenshespottedacatcrouchedbehindabush.Shewatchedthecat,andthecatwatchedthemice.Mothermousebarkedfiercely,“Woof,woof,woof!”Thecatwassoterrifiedthatitranforitslife.Mothermouseturnedtoherbabiesandsaid,“Now,doyouunderstandthevalueofasecondlanguage?” Mr.Positive1.Thereisn’tanyformulaormethod.Youlearntolovebyloving.2.Youhavetoacceptwhatevercomesandtheonlyimportantthingisthatyoumeetitwiththebestyouhavetogive. Thankyouverymuch!'